Quantitative dynamic force microscopy with inclined tip oscillation

• Philipp Rahe,
• Daniel Heile,
• Reinhard Olbrich and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 610–619, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.53

• Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a quantitative technique that allows for probing the force field above a surface in one, two, or three dimensions. While imaging in a plane parallel to the surface provides nanoscale and atomic structural information [1], force curves, usually acquired along a recording

• acquisition with an inclined tip sampling path requires modifications of the experimental procedures and data analysis protocols for force measurements to avoid systematic errors in the interpretation of force curve and imaging data. Results and Discussion Sensor positioning, sensor displacement, and tip

• function of the tip position that is usually described in Cartesian coordinates with the origin placed in the sample surface and the z-axis with unit vector oriented perpendicular to the surface as shown in Figure 1. Lateral movements of the tip as applied for imaging are associated with the x and y axes

Sodium doping in brookite TiO₂ enhances its photocatalytic activity

• Boxiang Zhuang,
• Honglong Shi,
• Honglei Zhang and
• Zeqian Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 599–609, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.52

• wafer pasted on an aluminum sample holder by a carbon conducting resin. The EDX spectra were acquired from individual morphologies or grains in the samples. Electron diffraction and high-resolution imaging experiments were carried out on a high-resolution transmission electron microscope (JEOL JEM-2100

A new method for obtaining the magnetic shape anisotropy directly from electron tomography images

• Cristian Radu,
• Ioana D. Vlaicu and
• Andrei C. Kuncser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 590–598, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.51

• , X-ray diffraction, magnetometry [4], transmission/scanning electron imaging [5][6], small-angle scattering techniques [7], dynamic light scattering, laser diffraction [8][9], resonant mass measurement, and spatial filter velocimetry. Each of these has certain features (i.e., ease of access, ease of

• use, suitability for particular systems, and global or local information), which limit their practical use to specific types of physical systems. Apart from direct imaging techniques (optical, scanning electron, and transmission electron microscopy), there are well-established indirect methods for the

• better than the other is difficult to reason in the absence of certain a priori knowledge of the system. Direct imaging techniques provide the most accurate information regarding the morphology of a system, while direct and complete morphological information can be obtained only through 3D imaging [11

Revealing local structural properties of an atomically thin MoSe₂ surface using optical microscopy

• Lin Pan,
• Peng Miao,
• Anke Horneber,
• Alfred J. Meixner,
• Pierre-Michel Adam and
• Dai Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 572–581, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.49

• -photon devices (MPD, MPD-PD-100-CTD) for optical imaging. The optical spectra are recorded using a spectrometer coupled with a thermoelectrically cooled charge-coupled device (CCD) camera (Acton SP 2500, Princeton Instruments). Raman and photoluminescence measurements Raman and photoluminescence

• filters. The Raman and photoluminescence signals are collected by an avalanche photodiode (APD, SPCM-AQR-14, Perkin Elmer) for optical imaging. A spectrometer coupled with a liquid nitrogen-cooled CCD camera (Acton Research, SpectraPro 300i, Perkin Elmer) is used to obtain optical spectra. Preparation and

• pressure of 10−8 mbar, CuPc powder (Sensient Imaging Technologies SA) is evaporated from a resistively heated crucible. The nominal deposition rate (0.2–0.3 nm/min) is monitored by a quartz crystal micro balance. A commercial optical microscope (MX50, Olympus) is used to obtain the bright-field optical

Effects of substrate stiffness on the viscoelasticity and migration of prostate cancer cells examined by atomic force microscopy

• Xiaoqiong Tang,
• Yan Zhang,
• Jiangbing Mao,
• Yuhua Wang,
• Zhenghong Zhang,
• Zhengchao Wang and
• Hongqin Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 560–569, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.47

• unclear how mechanical properties regulate the cellular response to the environmental matrix. In this study, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and laser confocal imaging were used to qualitatively evaluate the relationship between substrate stiffness and migration of prostate cancer (PCa) cells. Cells

• elastography, whose imaging is based on the differences in stiffness between the lesion and the adjacent healthy tissue. It was found that an external environment with a high stiffness value promotes PC-3 cell migration and proliferation by inducing yes-associated protein and tafazzin (YAP/TAZ) nuclear

• properties of the cells themselves has not been discussed in detail. In this study, polyacrylamide hydrogel substrates with different stiffness values (3–35 kPa) were prepared to simulate the stiffness of normal and prostate cancer tissues [21][22][23]. Combined with confocal microscopic imaging techniques

Detection and imaging of Hg(II) in vivo using glutathione-functionalized gold nanoparticles

• Gufeng Li,
• Shaoqing Li,
• Rui Wang,
• Min Yang,
• Lizhu Zhang,
• Yanli Zhang,
• Wenrong Yang and
• Hongbin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 549–559, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.46

• the fluorescent “ON” form. Keywords: cell imaging; fluorescence probes; glutathione; gold nanoparticles; mercury ions; rhodamine 6G derivatives; Introduction Metal nanoparticles have been widely used in the development and construction of sensor systems and drug carriers due to their excellent

• biocompatibility, large specific surface area, and remarkable photoelectric properties [1][2][3]. Among them, gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have been frequently employed for drug delivery, sensing, imaging, and photodynamic therapy owing to their high extinction coefficient, distinct optical properties, excellent

• conjugate with drug molecules and fluorescent dyes [24]. Recently, we developed a novel Cu(II)-triggered release system with gold nanoparticles surface-modified with ʟ-cysteine for molecular delivery and imaging in cells [31]. Well dispersed GNP–ʟ-cysteine was conjugated with Rh6G2 (GNP–ʟ-Cys–Rh6G2) for a

Investigation of electron-induced cross-linking of self-assembled monolayers by scanning tunneling microscopy

• Patrick Stohmann,
• Sascha Koch,
• Yang Yang,
• Christopher David Kaiser,
• Julian Ehrens,
• Jürgen Schnack,
• Niklas Biere,
• Dario Anselmetti,
• Armin Gölzhäuser and
• Xianghui Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 462–471, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.39

• the effective cross-sections of a complete cross-linking of 4'-nitro-1,1'-biphenyl-4-thiol SAMs [56]. These studies provided valuable insights into the chemical transformations associated with cross-linking. However, direct imaging on the atomic scale to visualize the evolution of irradiation-induced

• values determined by STM are smaller than the areal density of ≈7 × 1017 m−2 and the pore diameter of 0.7 ± 0.1 nm determined using AFM [36]. This is mainly due to different imaging mechanisms and different threshold definitions used for pore determination. Finally, the evolution of electron-induced

• . The irradiated area was typically around 30 × 40 µm2. The time per cycle was 2.5 s. Imaging of SAMs by STM The STM experiments were performed on a commercial Omicron Multiscan system combining both a temperature-variable STM (Multiscan STM VT) and an SEM. The STM tip is aligned at ≈45° with respect to

Effect of sample treatment on the elastic modulus of locust cuticle obtained by nanoindentation

• Chuchu Li,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Hamed Rajabi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 404–410, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.33

• , 1 kPa to 20 GPa [1]. Owing to developments in mechanical testing [2] and imaging techniques [3] and the use of evolutionary algorithms [4], our knowledge about the biomechanics of insect cuticle has been widely broadened recently. However, cuticle remains to be one of the least studied biological

Electrostatic pull-in application in flexible devices: A review

• Teng Cai,
• Yuming Fang,
• Yingli Fang,
• Ruozhou Li,
• Ying Yu and
• Mingyang Huang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 390–403, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.32

• switch, thus reducing the need for external excitation. Ultrasonic transducers based on capacitive switch structures are widely used in medical imaging, underwater tests, and obstacle detection. Saadatmand and Kook [97] conducted a theoretical analysis on electrostatically driven ultrasonic transducers

Micro- and nanotechnology in biomedical engineering for cartilage tissue regeneration in osteoarthritis

• Zahra Nabizadeh,
• Mahmoud Nasrollahzadeh,
• Hamed Daemi,
• Mohamadreza Baghaban Eslaminejad,
• Ali Akbar Shabani,
• Mehdi Dadashpour,
• Majid Mirmohammadkhani and
• Davood Nasrabadi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 363–389, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.31

• delivery [50], in vitro diagnosis [51], in vivo imaging [52], and TE purposes. Various NPs can be prepared in the form of liposomes, nanocapsules, micelles, dendrimers, and nanospheres based on their composition and method of preparation. Basically, NPs are designed to function as carriers for bioactive

• ratio. CNTs were discovered in 1991 by Sumio Iijima [120] and have been widely used in different biomedical areas including cellular imaging [121], biosensor development [122], bioactive molecular delivery [123], and, in particular, TE. To provide scaffolds with improved mechanical strength and

Systematic studies into uniform synthetic protein nanoparticles

• Nahal Habibi,
• Ava Mauser,
• Jeffery E. Raymond and
• Joerg Lahann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 274–283, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.22

• thorough shape analysis into the assessment of emerging platforms from the very onset of their expansion into the general nano-bio research. The solution-based corollary to dry-state imaging that can provide the above parameters is dynamic light scattering (DLS). DLS uses the deconvolution of a correlation

• support from the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship under Grant No. DGE 1256260. We furthermore thank the University of Michigan Center for Materials Characterization for technical support with SEM imaging (NSF grant #DMR-0320740). Acknowledgements The Graphical Abstract was made

Photothermal ablation of murine melanomas by Fe₃O₄ nanoparticle clusters

• Xue Wang,
• Lili Xuan and
• Ying Pan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 255–264, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.20

• development of resistance. Here, we fabricated Fe3O4 nanoparticle clusters (NPCs), which have drawn widespread attention, and investigated their role in the treatment of melanoma by photothermal therapy (PTT). Scanning electron microscopy imaging shows that our synthesized NPCs are spherical with an average

• MRI imaging, targeted drug delivery and hyperthermia therapy [8][9]. Hyperthermia therapy can be achieved by using either magnetic fields or NIR irradiation. Application of an external alternating magnetic field on these nanoparticles leads to the production of heat to mediate magnetic hyperthermia

• nanoprobes, which were doped with lanthanide elements to allow for up-conversion luminescence imaging [15]. We assessed their photothermal effects in both A375 cells and BALB/c mice models. However, the synthesis of these nanoprobes requires complex procedures and is economically challenging. Recent findings

Relationship between corrosion and nanoscale friction on a metallic glass

• Haoran Ma and
• Roland Bennewitz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 236–244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.18

• about 0.51 nN. This is expected because the imaging load is constant and the area surrounding the scan fields is not altered by preceding scans. The friction forces of the scan fields produced at different normal loads are also similar, but about 0.40 nN lower than that on the surrounding area. This

• for 72 h and after scanning the central area (1.0 × 0.125 μm2) 16 times at a normal load of 1.5 nN (imaging load: 1.0 nN); (b) cross section of the topography and friction image corresponding to the lines drawn in (a); (c) friction force of the scan field and surrounding area as a function of the

• normal load applied during 16 repetitive scans in the scan field. Friction data were extracted from images recorded at an imaging load of 1.0 nN. The dependence on the applied normal load during the repetitive scans of: (a) friction force of the inner layer and (b) friction force of the outer layer in

Engineered titania nanomaterials in advanced clinical applications

• Padmavati Sahare,
• Paulina Govea Alvarez,
• Juan Manual Sanchez Yanez,
• Gabriel Luna-Bárcenas,
• Samik Chakraborty,
• Sujay Paul and
• Miriam Estevez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 201–218, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.15

• recent studies have indicated that nanostructured TiO2 is an inert and safe material and could be used in advanced imaging and nanotherapeutics, as depicted in Table 1. Biomedical applications Titania nanomaterials as implant materials Implanting is a challenging aspect of medical science since the

Bacterial safety study of the production process of hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers

• Axel Steffen,
• Yu Xiong,
• Radostina Georgieva,
• Ulrich Kalus and
• Hans Bäumler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 114–126, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.8

• Berlin, Berlin, Germany) for their support in the work with microorganisms and Dr. Dimitriya Borisova (Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Golm, Germany) for SEM imaging. Funding We acknowledge the financial support from the European Community (EFRE-ProFIT 10139827, 10169193).

Theranostic potential of self-luminescent branched polyethyleneimine-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles

• Rouhollah Khodadust,
• Ozlem Unal and
• Havva Yagci Acar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 82–95, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.6

• partial PEI oxidation during the synthesis. Here, we demonstrate in vitro dye-free optical imaging and successful gene transfection with luminescent SPION@bPEI, which was further modified for receptor-mediated delivery of the cargo selectively to cancer cell lines overexpressing the epidermal growth

• selective uptake and hence the targeting ability of Erb-tagged nanoparticles. Altogether, this study proves luminescent, cationic, and small SPION@bPEI nanoparticles as strong candidates for imaging and gene therapy. Keywords: Erbitux; photoluminescence; polyethyleneimine; polyinosinic–polycytidylic acid

• sodium; superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles; Introduction Luminescent materials are of great interest in biotechnology and medicine since they can be utilized in sensors, labelling, and imaging [1][2][3][4][5]. Luminescent proteins, luminescent synthetic polymers, and quantum dots are the most

Influence of magnetic domain walls on all-optical magnetic toggle switching in a ferrimagnetic GdFe film

• Rahil Hosseinifar,
• Evangelos Golias,
• Ivar Kumberg,
• Quentin Guillet,
• Karl Frischmuth,
• Sangeeta Thakur,
• Mario Fix,
• Manfred Albrecht,
• Florian Kronast and
• Wolfgang Kuch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 74–81, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.5

• , Universitätsstraße 1, 86135 Augsburg, Germany Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.13.5 Abstract We present a microscopic magnetic domain imaging study of single-shot all-optical magnetic toggle switching of a ferrimagnetic Gd26Fe74

• deterministic toggle switching. Keywords: all-optical magnetic switching; GdFe; laser-induced domain-wall motion; magnetic domain imaging; photoemission electron microscopy; Introduction The reversal of magnetization at the fastest possible time scales and microscopic length scales is one of the most

• individual ultrashort focused laser pulses has been reported [21]. In this paper, we investigate nondeterministic all-optical toggle switching of a Gd26Fe74 film with out-of-plane easy axis of magnetization by magnetic imaging using photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM) with X-ray magnetic circular

Sputtering onto liquids: a critical review

• Anastasiya Sergievskaya,
• Adrien Chauvin and
• Stephanos Konstantinidis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 10–53, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.2

Topographic signatures and manipulations of Fe atoms, CO molecules and NaCl islands on superconducting Pb(111)

• Carl Drechsel,
• Philipp D’Astolfo,
• Jung-Ching Liu,
• Thilo Glatzel,
• Rémy Pawlak and
• Ernst Meyer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1–9, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.1

• demonstrated. We show a general propensity of these adsorbates to diffuse at low temperature under gentle scanning conditions. Our findings provide new insights into high-resolution probe microscopy imaging with terminated tips, decoupling atoms and molecules by NaCl islands or tip-induced lateral manipulation

• superconducting Re(0001) [16] and Ta(100)-O surfaces [37]. Despite being well established on many noble metals, the use of CO-terminated tips also remains quite scarce in the literature [38], which severely limits the use of AFM as imaging tool on superconductors. Recently, Heinrich et al. have demonstrated the

• believe that our results help to identify these adsorbates and constitute an important step for future experiments to perform high-resolution STM/AFM imaging with CO-terminated tips or in the electronic decoupling of atoms and molecules from the prototypical Pb(111) superconducting surface. Experimental

Measurement of polarization effects in dual-phase ceria-based oxygen permeation membranes using Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Kerstin Neuhaus,
• Christina Schmidt,
• Liudmila Fischer,
• Wilhelm Albert Meulenberg,
• Ke Ran,
• Joachim Mayer and
• Stefan Baumann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1380–1391, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.102

• , KPFM measurements were started with an imaging velocity of 1 image per minute to measure the relaxation of the introduced gradient. Electron microscopy The TEM specimens were cut from 60CSO20-FC2O pellets by focused ion beam (FIB) milling using a FEI Strata400 system with Ga ion beam. Further thinning

• and cleaning were performed with an Ar ion beam in a Fischione Nanomill 1040 at 900 eV and 500 eV beam energy, respectively. TEM and energy-filtered TEM (EFTEM) imaging were performed with a FEI Tecnai F20 at 200 kV. High-resolution HAADF imaging and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) chemical mapping were

• electrochemical experiments or KPFM imaging. Additionally, temperature-dependent measurements of the polarization–relaxation behavior are planned. TEM image (a) and the corresponding energy-filtered TEM (EFTEM) image (b) showing the grain size and phase distribution inside 60CSO20-FC2O (red: Ce and thus

Alteration of nanomechanical properties of pancreatic cancer cells through anticancer drug treatment revealed by atomic force microscopy

• Xiaoteng Liang,
• Shuai Liu,
• Xiuchao Wang,
• Dan Xia and
• Qiang Li

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1372–1379, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.101

• from measuring the alteration of cellular mechanics, which provides a guide for the innovation and development of anticancer drugs [11]. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has matured into a forceful nanoscale platform for imaging biological samples and quantifying biomechanical properties of living cells

• under (almost) physiological conditions in situ. It offers nanoscale force sensitivity, the ability to work in liquid phases, and requires no staining [12][13][14]. With the development of AFM, researchers have been able to conduct extensive research on biological issues through imaging the

• membranes were stained with Hoechst 33342 (1 µg/mL) or AF488-WGA (1 µg/mL) for 10 min. Then, the cells were rinsed three times with PBS before imaging with laser confocal microscopy. To investigate the effect of DOX on the nanostructure of MIA-PaCa-2, cell nuclei and the cytoskeleton were stained with DAPI

Biocompatibility and cytotoxicity in vitro of surface-functionalized drug-loaded spinel ferrite nanoparticles

• Sadaf Mushtaq,
• Khuram Shahzad,
• Tariq Saeed,
• Anwar Ul-Hamid,
• Bilal Haider Abbasi,
• Nafees Ahmad,
• Waqas Khalid,
• Muhammad Atif,
• Zulqurnain Ali and
• Rashda Abbasi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1339–1364, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.99

• -assisted control of the behavior of MNPs makes them suitable candidates for targeted drug delivery, hyperthermia, biosensors, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and magnetic separation [9][10]. Magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (NPs), belonging to the spinel ferrite class, are the most extensively studied

Polarity in cuticular ridge development and insect attachment on leaf surfaces of Schismatoglottis calyptrata (Araceae)

• Venkata A. Surapaneni,
• Tobias Aust,
• Thomas Speck and
• Marc Thielen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1326–1338, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.98

• imaging of young leaf surfaces [7][23]. By means of confocal microscopy experiments, we demonstrate that polarity in ridge development also occurs on leaves of S. calyptrata and that the surface roughness of the leaves increases as the leaves mature. Previous studies have found reduced insect adhesive

Identifying diverse metal oxide nanomaterials with lethal effects on embryonic zebrafish using machine learning

• Richard Liam Marchese Robinson,
• Haralambos Sarimveis,
• Philip Doganis,
• Xiaodong Jia,
• Marianna Kotzabasaki,
• Christiana Gousiadou,
• Stacey Lynn Harper and
• Terry Wilkins

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1297–1325, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.97

• -based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent (Feridex) was withdrawn from the market, following concerns regarding its observed side effects [2][7]. In spite of concerns around safety [7][8][9] and other challenges [10], there remains interest in developing novel metal oxide nanomaterials for

Cantilever signature of tip detachment during contact resonance AFM

• Devin Kalafut,
• Ryan Wagner,
• Maria Jose Cadena,
• Anil Bajaj and
• Arvind Raman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1286–1296, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.96

• (e.g., ten in simulations of Figure 1 and Figure 3) to few or one (e.g., the first basis function of state variables and ). Tip–sample detachment is detrimental to CR-AFM measurements and imaging. Techniques that attempt to use cantilever amplitude to predict material properties depend on a unique

• can be observed while taking measurements or imaging. In the linear regime of low operating amplitude, the probe tip remains indented into the sample; it oscillates as a single-frequency sinusoid, and resonance peaks do not shift in frequency with varying operating amplitudes. At moderate operating