Durable antimicrobial activity of fabrics functionalized with zeolite ion-exchanged nanomaterials against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

• Perla Sánchez-López,
• Kendra Ramirez Acosta,
• Sergio Fuentes Moyado,
• Ruben Dario Cadena-Nava and
• Elena Smolentseva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 262–274, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.18

• functionalization. This method demonstrates a simple and industry-compatible approach for producing durable antimicrobial cotton fabrics. Keywords: antimicrobial activity; Escherichia coli; fabrics functionalization; ion exchange; nanomaterial; Staphylococcus aureus; zeolite; Introduction The development of

• /CBV-600 in Figure 2b, Cu/CBV-600 in Figure 2c, and Zn/CBV-600 in Figure 2d) were incorporated into the fabric, small, well-dispersed particles were observed on the textile surface. Panoramic micrographs of the functionalized fabrics showed varying degrees of nanomaterial aggregation: Ag/CBV-600 > Cu

• were found for Zn/CBV-600-bramante (Figure 2d) with uniform dispersion of nanomaterials on the fabric surface. Note, that the changes in the degree of aggregation may be attributed to the nature of the nanomaterial. The functionalization of fabrics with acrylic resin as a binder allowed for the

Micro- and nanoscale effects in biological and bioinspired materials and surfaces

• Thies H. Büscher,
• Rhainer Guillermo Ferreira,
• Manuela Rebora and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 214–217, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.14

• detection of vitamin B12. The reviewed approaches, with a particular focus on bioinspired and nanomaterial-based platforms, address the needs for fast, reliable, and noninvasive detection of specific nutrients in food industry and pharmaceutics. This thematic issue offers a distinctive set of new concepts

Safe and sustainable by design with ML/AI: A transformative approach to advancing nanotechnology

• Georgia Melagraki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 176–185, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.11

• (SSbD) framework, which integrates safety considerations throughout the nanomaterial lifecycle, from design to disposal [12][13][14]. The SSbD concept is closely aligned with the EC Joint Research Centre SSbD framework , the European Chemical Industry Council (Cefic) “Safe and Sustainable by Design

• , temperature, surface coating) on nanomaterial behaviour in complex biological or ecological systems [27]. Examples of AI implications within the NM life cycle are depicted in Figure 1. Crucially, these AI-driven methods harmonize with the SSbD frameworks by embedding safety and sustainability considerations

• networks, where standardized information on nanomaterial properties and toxicity profiles can be used to train increasingly robust ML models. Overall, the synergy between the SSbD concept, advanced ML/AI algorithms, and comprehensive regulatory directives fosters a future-oriented model of nanotechnology

Internal 3D temperature mapping in biological systems using ratiometric light-sheet imaging and lipid-coated upconversion nanothermometers

• Dannareli Barron-Ortiz,
• Enric Pérez-Parets,
• Rubén D. Cadena-Nava,
• Emilio J. Gualda,
• Jacob Licea-Rodríguez,
• Juan Hernández-Cordero,
• Pablo Loza-Álvarez and
• Israel Rocha-Mendoza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2306–2316, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.159

• ability to map temperature with high spatial resolution is a critical tool for probing disease mechanisms, potentially aiding in diagnostics and therapeutic evaluation. To address these limitations, luminescent nanomaterial-based thermometers (LNTs) have emerged as promising alternatives for biological

Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B₁₂ analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks

• Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi and
• Zeynep Altintas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153

Missing links in nanomaterials research impacting productivity and perceptions

• Santosh K. Tiwari and
• Nannan Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2168–2176, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.149

• branches of science and engineering. Importantly, all of these studies are directly related to the creation of nanomaterials aimed at delivering much higher efficiency for specific applications compared to their conventional counterparts. In this way, progress in nanomaterial research has seen a remarkable

• now visualize materials at molecular and atomic scales with unprecedented resolution. Without the demands of nanomaterials research, such advancements in instrumentation and methodology would likely have taken much longer to emerge. Notably, nanomaterial research not only has expanded the

• , and metallurgy background have been exceptional at understanding and uncovering fundamental insights into nanomaterials. They have pioneered breakthroughs and developed most of the essential tools required to industrialize nanomaterial-based products. However, they have largely not focused on the

Microplastic pollution in Himalayan lakes: assessment, risks, and sustainable remediation strategies

• Sameeksha Rawat,
• S. M. Tauseef and
• Madhuben Sharma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2144–2167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.148

• degrading enzymes from biofilms with nanomaterial carries can enhance MP degradation under cold, UV-rich conditions [47]. Such synergies offer sustainable MP removal in remote high-altitude lakes. Future work should explore their performance under freeze–thaw cycles, low sunlight penetration, and high

• -altitude pH variability. 6 Nanomaterial applications in microplastic remediation 6.1 Role of photocatalysis in degradation Photocatalysis uses nanomaterials to break down MPs by converting light energy, often UV or visible light, into ROS. These ROS, which include superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals

• Case studies of nanomaterial efficiency The effectiveness of nanomaterials in the remediation of MPs has been confirmed in numerous experimental studies and real-world practical applications. Jeyaraj et al. found that after 12 h of UV irradiation, TiO2 nanoparticles degraded PP MPs with an efficiency

Toward clinical translation of carbon nanomaterials in anticancer drug delivery: the need for standardisation

• Michał Bartkowski,
• Francesco Calzaferri and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2092–2104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.144

• improve the reproducibility and comparability of results across studies and to facilitate the regulatory approval of carbon nanomaterial-based drug delivery systems. Model therapeutics in nanocarrier development Chemotherapy drugs are designed to kill rapidly dividing cancer cells by disrupting their cell

• nanomaterial has been defined in the EU’s Recommendation on the Definition of a Nanomaterial (originally defined in 2011/696/EU, and updated in 2022/C 229/01) [45]. In regulating the definition, it was intended to capture the unique properties and potential risks associated with materials at the nanoscale

• evaluation of carbon nanomaterial-based nanocarriers for targeted anticancer therapeutic delivery. Selected international standards and guidelines relevant to the characterisation, nomenclature, and evaluation of nanomaterials. Summary of select regulatory frameworks across USA, EU, UK and Japan governing

Laser ablation in liquids for shape-tailored synthesis of nanomaterials: status and challenges

• Natalie Tarasenka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1963–1997, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.137

• of their impact on the conditions for anisotropic NP formation and growth. The description of the methods developed for the control over nanomaterial morphology is summarized by the vision of the current challenges and development routes of laser ablation in liquids. Keywords: laser ablation in

• solvents including methanol. The authors explained the influence of the methanol environment on the nanomaterial shape by attributing it to chemical reactions between iron and methanol molecules, which resulted in the formation of goethite (FeO(OH)) and subsequently led to nanowire growth: Since iron oxide

Current status of using adsorbent nanomaterials for removing microplastics from water supply systems: a mini review

• Nguyen Thi Nhan and
• Tran Le Luu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1837–1850, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.127

• ]. Modifying a cellulose nanofiber aerogel, Zhuang et al. showed the ability for MP removal with an improved adsorption capacity of 146.38 mg·g−1 for MPs [90]. Thus, while conventional methods remain practical and widely applied, nanomaterial-based strategies demonstrate superior effectiveness. Despite proving

• efficiency, potential nanomaterial leaching raises environmental concerns, leading to the necessity for risk assessments to ensure safe integration into water treatment processes. Risk assessment of adsorbent nanomaterials The use of adsorbent nanomaterials has shown promise for removing MPs from aqueous

• nanomaterials. Numerous adverse health effects, such as inflammation, gastrointestinal disorders, cellular toxicity, and genetic damage, are linked to nanomaterial accumulation, as shown in many studies [115]. Furthermore, the application of biosolids containing nanomaterials to agricultural soils can lead to

Exploring the potential of polymers: advancements in oral nanocarrier technology

• Rousilândia de Araujo Silva,
• Igor Eduardo Silva Arruda,
• Luise Lopes Chaves,
• Mônica Felts de La Roca Soares and
• Jose Lamartine Soares Sobrinho

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1751–1793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.122

• chitosan conjugates with other biopolymers. Alginate (Figure 4b) is among the most extensively studied biopolymers for forming conjugates with chitosan, as its anionic character complements chitosan’s cationic properties, resulting in a more stable nanomaterial. Additionally, alginate is water-soluble

Nanotechnology-based approaches for the removal of microplastics from wastewater: a comprehensive review

• Nayanathara O Sanjeev,
• Manjunath Singanodi Vallabha and
• Rebekah Rubidha Lisha Rabi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1607–1632, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.114

• contaminated with MPs. Meanwhile, a higher cost of these adsorbents limit their use for the removal of MPs [82]. Research is actively exploring alternative adsorbents, with a particular focus on nanomaterial-based options. Among these, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), nanoscale metals, nanocomposites, and metal oxides

• , and Tx represents surface functional groups like oxygen, fluorine, hydroxy, or hydrogen. MXenes are synthesized by selective removal of A-layers with elements from group IIIA or IVA, such as aluminium or silicon, from a parent material. This process results in a nanomaterial with an expansive surface

Nanomaterials for biomedical applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Filippo Pierini,
• Seda Kizilel and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1499–1503, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.105

• conditions such as cancer, neurological disorders, and infections. Quantum dots are a widely studied type of nanomaterial used in biomedical diagnostics. When these semiconductor particles are exposed to light, they strongly and stably emit fluorescence. Unlike regular dyes, quantum dots do not quickly fade

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

• pulses of varying durations (nanoseconds, picoseconds, and femtoseconds), the influence of laser parameters (wavelength, fluence, and pulse duration) and surrounding environments on the morphology of nanostructures focusing on nanomaterial synthesis and their applications in sensing and photonics. The

• nanomaterial synthesis and device fabrication [28]. 1.2 Laser fragmentation in liquids Laser fragmentation in liquids (LFL) is an innovative and environmentally friendly technique that offers precise control over the size and distribution of NPs and atomic clusters. This method involves the use of short-pulse

• potential of laser irradiation for nanomaterial synthesis. Laser processing techniques such as ablation, fragmentation, and melting in liquids have shown tremendous potential in the fabrication and modification of nanomaterials for a wide range of applications. These methods offer distinct advantages

Photochemical synthesis of silver nanoprisms via green LED irradiation and evaluation of SERS activity

• Tuan Anh Mai-Ngoc,
• Nhi Kieu Vo,
• Cong Danh Nguyen,
• Thi Kim Xuan Nguyen and
• Thanh Sinh Do

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1417–1427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.103

• C–H stretching modes [21][22]. These findings demonstrate the SERS-enhancing capability of the silver nanomaterials synthesized in this study. The SERS enhancement effect of each nanomaterial was evaluated based on the intensity of the 1589 cm−1 peak. Overall, AgNPrs exhibited significantly stronger

Crystalline and amorphous structure selectivity of ignoble high-entropy alloy nanoparticles during laser ablation in organic liquids is set by pulse duration

• Robert Stuckert,
• Felix Pohl,
• Oleg Prymak,
• Ulrich Schürmann,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Lorenz Kienle and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1141–1159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.84

• alloy nanoparticles is a prerequisite for further development of nanomaterial fabrication methods for applications in heterogeneous catalysis and magnetism. This suitability has been shown in earlier studies for high-entropy alloy nanoparticles, including laser-generated HEA NPs, in the application

Time-resolved probing of laser-induced nanostructuring processes in liquids

• Maximilian Spellauge,
• David Redka,
• Mianzhen Mo,
• Changyong Song,
• Heinz Paul Huber and
• Anton Plech

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 968–1002, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.74

• ultrafast phenomena, enabling precise control of material properties [55][56][57][58]. This advancement has catalyzed new directions in nanomaterial processing and synthesis, such as producing controlled NPs through ultrafast laser–matter interactions. A notable example is the production of monodisperse NPs

Changes of structural, magnetic and spectroscopic properties of microencapsulated iron sucrose nanoparticles in saline

• Sabina Lewińska,
• Pavlo Aleshkevych,
• Roman Minikayev,
• Anna Bajorek,
• Mateusz Dulski,
• Krystian Prusik,
• Tomasz Wojciechowski and
• Anna Ślawska-Waniewska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 762–784, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.59

• with different Néel temperatures (400 K, 250–300 Κ, and 77 K for α, β, and γ polymorphs, respectively), while in the case of ferrihydrite, which is in fact an unstable form of FeO(OH) and exists only as a nanomaterial, a canted antiferromagnetic structure is expected [16]. There are many other iron

Feasibility analysis of carbon nanofiber synthesis and morphology control using a LPG premixed flame

• Iftikhar Rahman Bishal,
• Muhammad Hilmi Ibrahim,
• Norikhwan Hamzah,
• Mohd Zamri Mohd Yusop,
• Faizuan Bin Abdullah,
• I Putu Tedy Indrayana and
• Mohd Fairus Mohd Yasin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 581–590, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.45

• synthesis; liquefied petroleum gas (LPG); nanomaterial synthesis; Introduction Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and carbon nanofibers (CNFs) have gained significant interest because of their distinctive properties and their wide range of applications in nanotechnology [1][2][3]. CNTs are a modified version of CNFs

• graphene sheath. These nanofibers can have three different structural configurations including herringbone, tubular, and platelet configurations [4][5]. A premixed flame of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) can be used as a fuel source for carbon nanomaterial growth processes. A premixed flame is a specific

• al. used temperatures around 550 °C for CNF growth [15]. As the height increases from 1 mm, where decomposition occurs around 650 °C (Figure 4b), the premixed flame temperature drops in the absence of a secondary diffusion flame. Nanomaterial growth and characterization The equivalence ratio values

Nanomaterials in targeting amyloid-β oligomers: current advances and future directions for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and therapy

• Shiwani Randhawa,
• Trilok Chand Saini,
• Manik Bathla,
• Rahul Bhardwaj,
• Rubina Dhiman and
• Amitabha Acharya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 561–580, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.44

Pulsed laser in liquid grafting of gold nanoparticle–carbon support composites

• Madeleine K. Wilsey,
• Teona Taseska,
• Qishen Lyu,
• Connor P. Cox and
• Astrid M. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 349–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.26

• reactive pulsed laser in liquid nanomaterial fabrication [1]. Reductive and oxidative solution chemistries are widely available and well investigated in wet chemistry contexts [17][77][78][79][80][81]. Our novel ability to utilize general solution chemistry toolkits to prepare tailored nanoparticles

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• the photothermal properties of these nanomaterials and their innovative therapeutic mechanisms. We review the latest research on photothermal nanomaterial-based treatments for various eye diseases. Additionally, we discuss the current challenges and future perspectives in this field, with a focus on

• enhancing global visual health. Keywords: multifunctional composite; ophthalmology; photothermal nanomaterial; thermal field distribution; vapor nanobubble; Review 1 Introduction The human eye, serving as a primary organ for information acquisition, is vulnerable to various diseases over a lifetime [1

• an aim to contribute to the improvement of global visual health. 2 Photothermal treatment mechanisms and nanomaterial properties of ophthalmic nanomedicines Nanomaterials with highly tunable photothermal conversion properties are referred to as photothermal nanomaterials [22]. These materials are

Nanocarriers and macrophage interaction: from a potential hurdle to an alternative therapeutic strategy

• Naths Grazia Sukubo,
• Paolo Bigini and
• Annalisa Morelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 97–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.10

• affect NP internalization. They actively engulf NCs and accelerate their clearance, acting differentially in a time-dependent manner and altering the fate of nanomaterials [26]. In addition to immune-related barriers, the physicochemical properties of the nanomaterial itself can impair the NCs’ ability

Instance maps as an organising concept for complex experimental workflows as demonstrated for (nano)material safety research

• Benjamin Punz,
• Maja Brajnik,
• Joh Dokler,
• Jaleesia D. Amos,
• Litty Johnson,
• Katie Reilly,
• Anastasios G. Papadiamantis,
• Amaia Green Etxabe,
• Lee Walker,
• Diego S. T. Martinez,
• Steffi Friedrichs,
• Klaus M. Weltring,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli,
• Claus Svendsen,
• Christine Ogilvie Hendren,
• Mark R. Wiesner,
• Martin Himly,
• Iseult Lynch and
• Thomas E. Exner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 57–77, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.7

• approach and the tool are highlighted. Keywords: data collection and quality control; data provenance; experimental workflow visualisation; FAIR; nanomaterial life cycle stages; study design; Introduction The manipulation of matter at the nanoscale and the emergence of nanoscale materials, whose

• nanomaterial properties, which can change as the surroundings change (such as zeta potential, which depends on the pH value and ionic strength of the surrounding medium [17]), and intrinsic nanomaterial properties, which are not affected by the surroundings (such as bandgap and structural arrangement) [18

• chemicals are currently being revised for the use with nanomaterials [26]. Development of the instance map concept The complexity and transformability of nanomaterials also has consequences for the databases used to organise and store nanomaterial characterisation and (eco)toxicity data. Databases needed to

Theoretical study of the electronic and optical properties of a composite formed by the zeolite NaA and a magnetite cluster

• Joel Antúnez-García,
• Roberto Núñez-González,
• Vitalii Petranovskii,
• H’Linh Hmok,
• Armando Reyes-Serrato,
• Fabian N. Murrieta-Rico,
• Mufei Xiao and
• Jonathan Zamora

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 44–53, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.5

• because of the migration and coalescence of nanoparticles on the carrier material [21][22]. Such changes can significantly modify the physicochemical properties of the original nanomaterial. Also, the most interesting physicochemical properties are exhibited by clusters with subnanometer dimensions. For