Hierarchical Bi₂WO₆/TiO₂-nanotube composites derived from natural cellulose for visible-light photocatalytic treatment of pollutants

• Zehao Lin,
• Zhan Yang and
• Jianguo Huang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 745–762, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.66

• nanotubes were formed by TiO2 nanotubes that uniformly anchored with Bi2WO6 nanoparticles of various densities on the surface. The composites exhibited improved photocatalytic activities toward the reduction of Cr(VI) and degradation of rhodamine B under visible light (λ > 420 nm), which were attributed to

• the uniform anchoring of Bi2WO6 nanoparticles on TiO2 nanotubes, as well as strong mutual effects and well-proportioned formation of heterostructures in between the Bi2WO6 and TiO2 phases. These improvements arose from the cellulose-derived unique structures, leading to an enhanced absorption of

• fabricated by depositing Bi2WO6 nanoparticles on hierarchically interwoven TiO2 nanotubes via the solvothermal method, and the densities of Bi2WO6 nanoparticles in the composites were regulated by the concentrations of the precursors. When the Bi2WO6/TiO2-NT nanocomposites were used for the photocatalytic

A nonenzymatic reduced graphene oxide-based nanosensor for parathion

• Sarani Sen,
• Anurag Roy,
• Ambarish Sanyal and
• Parukuttyamma Sujatha Devi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 730–744, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.65

• , selective, sensitive, and point-of-care (POC) analytical tools for monitoring environmental pollutants [2][11]. They can also detect residual OPs based on their electrocatalytic activity and affinity toward nanomaterials, such as nanoparticles, carbon nanomaterials, and metal oxides [11]. In a few reports

• nanoribbons doped with silver nanoparticles, rGO doped with ZrO2, and CuO–TiO2 hybrid nanocomposites were proposed to detect methyl parathion [19][20][21][22]. Rajaji et al. (2019) modified glassy carbon electrodes with graphene oxide encapsulated 3D porous chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) nanocomposites to detect

Antibacterial activity of a berberine nanoformulation

• Hue Thi Nguyen,
• Tuyet Nhung Pham,
• Anh-Tuan Le,
• Nguyen Thanh Thuy,
• Tran Quang Huy and
• Thuy Thi Thu Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 641–652, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.56

• the preparation of berberine (BBR) in nanoformulation to enhance its solubility and increase its antibacterial effectiveness against hospital-acquired infections. BBR nanoparticles (BBR NPs) were formed by antisolvent precipitation (ASP) using glycerol as a safe organic solvent. UV–vis absorption

• bacterial cells and severely damaged the cell walls. Therefore, BBR NPs prepared by ASP appear to be a potential candidate for the treatment of bacterial pathogens. Keywords: antibacterial activity; antisolvent precipitation (ASP); berberine nanoparticles (BBR NPs); glycerol; solubility; Introduction

• nanoparticles produced by EPN and ASP techniques have notably increased solubility and dissolution rate due to their semicrystalline form. The small size of the nanoparticles can be obtained by adjusting the drug concentration, flow rate, stirring rate, and antisolvent volume in EPN and ASP methods [28]. Many

Comparative molecular dynamics simulations of thermal conductivities of aqueous and hydrocarbon nanofluids

• Adil Loya,
• Antash Najib,
• Fahad Aziz,
• Asif Khan,
• Guogang Ren and
• Kun Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 620–628, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.54

• , Karachi, Pakistan University of Hertfordshire, School of Engineering and Technology, Hatfield, UK Changzhou University, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou Science Town, Changzhou, P. R. China 10.3762/bjnano.13.54 Abstract The addition of metal oxide nanoparticles to fluids has been

• used as a means of enhancing the thermal conductive properties of base fluids. This method formulates a heterogeneous fluid conferred by nanoparticles and can be used for high-end fluid heat-transfer applications, such as phase-change materials and fluids for internal combustion engines. These

• nanoparticles can enhance the properties of both polar and nonpolar fluids. In the current paper, dispersions of nanoparticles were carried out in hydrocarbon and aqueous-based fluids using molecular dynamic simulations (MDS). The MDS results have been validated using the autocorrelation function and previous

Sodium doping in brookite TiO₂ enhances its photocatalytic activity

• Boxiang Zhuang,
• Honglong Shi,
• Honglei Zhang and
• Zeqian Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 599–609, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.52

• increased due to its importance for photocatalytic application. Ohtani et al. reported that extra-fine brookite TiO2 exhibited good photocatalytic activity for redox reactions in aqueous propan-2-ol and silver sulfate solution [7]. Kobayashi et al. suggested that the photoactivity of brookite nanoparticles

A new method for obtaining the magnetic shape anisotropy directly from electron tomography images

• Cristian Radu,
• Ioana D. Vlaicu and
• Andrei C. Kuncser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 590–598, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.51

• developed in order to increase the reliability of the correlations between morphology and magnetism. Using the Magn3t software, the magnetic shape anisotropy magnitude and direction of magnetite nanoparticles has been extracted for the first time directly from transmission electron tomography. Keywords

• inaccurate. In the case of magnetometry, the size can be roughly evaluated from the magnetized volumes of the material [10] with a volume–size relationship depending on shape and morphology of the nanoparticles. Such indirect approaches more or less suit the investigated systems, and whether one technique is

• -obtained distance transform image has local maxima, which are situated in the centers of the nanoparticles. The positions of the local maxima are obtained using the morphological reconstruction method [26]. The morphological reconstruction can be viewed as repeated dilation operations on a marker image

Revealing local structural properties of an atomically thin MoSe₂ surface using optical microscopy

• Lin Pan,
• Peng Miao,
• Anke Horneber,
• Alfred J. Meixner,
• Pierre-Michel Adam and
• Dai Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 572–581, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.49

• pronounced correlation, which is exemplarily indicated by the dashed red circle in Figure 2a and Figure 2b. Figure 2c shows the AFM topographic image of the corresponding region of CuPc/MoSe2. The surface of the MoSe2 flake is covered by some nanoparticles marked by the dashed red circle, which were reported

• nanoparticles, which lead to a redshift by 2 to 4 nm in the photoluminescence peak position as compared to the pristine flake. They attributed the observed photoluminescence redshift to the formation of different states or strains in the presence of oxidation nanoparticles [42]. In Figure 2f, we see redshifts

• in the photoluminescence peak maxima, which are correlated to the high SERS intensity. Likely, new energy states through the presence of the oxidized nanoparticles were formed. The change in energy states is localized at the position of the particle aggregates, which is sensitively revealed by the

Detection and imaging of Hg(II) in vivo using glutathione-functionalized gold nanoparticles

• Gufeng Li,
• Shaoqing Li,
• Rui Wang,
• Min Yang,
• Lizhu Zhang,
• Yanli Zhang,
• Wenrong Yang and
• Hongbin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 549–559, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.46

• University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia 10.3762/bjnano.13.46 Abstract The optical and biological properties of functionalized gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have been widely used in sensing applications. GNPs have a strong binding ability to thiol groups. Furthermore, thiols are used to bind functional

• the fluorescent “ON” form. Keywords: cell imaging; fluorescence probes; glutathione; gold nanoparticles; mercury ions; rhodamine 6G derivatives; Introduction Metal nanoparticles have been widely used in the development and construction of sensor systems and drug carriers due to their excellent

• biocompatibility, large specific surface area, and remarkable photoelectric properties [1][2][3]. Among them, gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have been frequently employed for drug delivery, sensing, imaging, and photodynamic therapy owing to their high extinction coefficient, distinct optical properties, excellent

Stimuli-responsive polypeptide nanogels for trypsin inhibition

• Petr Šálek,
• Jana Dvořáková,
• Sviatoslav Hladysh,
• Diana Oleshchuk,
• Ewa Pavlova,
• Jan Kučka and
• Vladimír Proks

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 538–548, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.45

• , soft hydrogel nanoparticles, have been proven efficient carriers of proteins or peptides preserving the biological activity of their payload [12][13][14]. For instance, Ozawa et al. introduced a nanogel from highly branched cyclic dextrin derivatives that trapped fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled

• ) (PLGA) nanoparticles loaded with AAT were successfully manufactured and AAT release profiles from the nanoparticles were investigated [21][22]. In our previous studies, we investigated and described in detail the process of nanogelation from Nα-ʟ-lysine-grafted α,β-poly[(2-propyne)-ᴅ,ʟ-aspartamide-ran

• increased with the decrease of initial concentration of the 125I-radiolabeled BSA. The inverse effect was found when loading BSA onto poly(acrylic acid) and hybrid hydroxyapatite nanoparticles with chitosan/polyacrylic acid nanogels, where the loading was predominantly influenced by electrostatic

Influence of thickness and morphology of MoS₂ on the performance of counter electrodes in dye-sensitized solar cells

• Lam Thuy Thi Mai,
• Hai Viet Le,
• Ngan Kim Thi Nguyen,
• Van La Tran Pham,
• Thu Anh Thi Nguyen,
• Nguyen Thanh Le Huynh and
• Hoang Thai Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 528–537, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.44

• MoS2/FTO. The resulting DSSCs showed a PCE of 7.16%, similar to that of a Pt/FTO CE (7.48%). The MoS2 film was amorphous and contained agglomerated clusters of nanoparticles [22]. Recently, Gurulakshmi et al. reported on DSSCs using a flexible CE fabricated by electrodeposition of a MoS2 thin film onto

Design and characterization of polymeric microneedles containing extracts of Brazilian green propolis

• Camila Felix Vecchi,
• Rafaela Said dos Santos,
• Jéssica Bassi da Silva and
• Marcos Luciano Bruschi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 503–516, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.42

• of large molecules, nanoparticles, and proteins through the skin [39][40]. Considering the height, the MNs containing EE and P407 exhibited a significant positive interference (p > 0.05) (Supporting Information File 1, Table S2 and Figure S5), being greater for the amount of extract, which

Ethosomal (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate as a novel approach to enhance antioxidant, anti-collagenase and anti-elastase effects

• Çiğdem Yücel,
• Gökçe Şeker Karatoprak,
• Sena Yalçıntaş and
• Tuğba Eren Böncü

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 491–502, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.41

• cell line, one study investigated the anticancer activity of polymeric nanoparticles developed with many compounds (curcumin, EGCG, green tea extract, resveratrol, saponins, silymarin, and grape seed extract). Those nanoparticles target multiple signaling pathways and cause growth inhibitory effects on

Zinc oxide nanostructures for fluorescence and Raman signal enhancement: a review

• Ioana Marica,
• Fran Nekvapil,
• Maria Ștefan,
• Cosmin Farcău and
• Alexandra Falamaș

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 472–490, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.40

• fluorescence (SEF), these techniques have shown huge potential for applications in biomedicine, biotechnology, and optical sensors. Both methods rely on the high electromagnetic fields created at locations on the surface of plasmonic metal nanoparticles, depending on the geometry of the nanoparticles, their

• as well as on tuning the photoluminescence properties of ZnO nanostructures through combination with metal nanoparticles. This review covers the major recent results of ZnO-based nanostructures used for fluorescence and Raman signal enhancement. The broad range of ZnO and ZnO–metal nanostructures

• noble metal nanoparticles and the molecular fluorescence enhancement in the presence of ZnO alone and in combination with metal nanoparticles are also reviewed. Keywords: fluorescence; surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy; ZnO–metal nanomaterials; ZnO nanostructures; Introduction Over the last decades

A non-enzymatic electrochemical hydrogen peroxide sensor based on copper oxide nanostructures

• Irena Mihailova,
• Vjaceslavs Gerbreders,
• Marina Krasovska,
• Eriks Sledevskis,
• Valdis Mizers,
• Andrejs Bulanovs and
• Andrejs Ogurcovs

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 424–436, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.35

• ]. Nanostructured materials are widely used as the working surface of the electrode [47][48][49]. The most common are transition metal nanoparticles [33][37][50][51][52][53][54], carbon nanotubes [8], metal oxides [55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64], graphene [32][33], and ordered mesoporous carbon [38][65][66

A chemiresistive sensor array based on polyaniline nanocomposites and machine learning classification

• Jiri Kroutil,
• Alexandr Laposa,
• Ali Ahmad,
• Jan Voves,
• Vojtech Povolny,
• Ladislav Klimsa,
• Marina Davydova and
• Miroslav Husak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 411–423, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.34

• coefficient. The resistivity of these nanocomposites depends on the p–n depletion layer width on the interface between the n-type nanoparticles and the surrounding p-type PANi molecules. Gas sensing analysis The gas sensing characterizations of sensitive layers were performed using a custom-built apparatus

Micro- and nanotechnology in biomedical engineering for cartilage tissue regeneration in osteoarthritis

• Zahra Nabizadeh,
• Mahmoud Nasrollahzadeh,
• Hamed Daemi,
• Mohamadreza Baghaban Eslaminejad,
• Ali Akbar Shabani,
• Mehdi Dadashpour,
• Majid Mirmohammadkhani and
• Davood Nasrabadi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 363–389, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.31

• /nanoscale topographical cues, microspheres, nanoparticles, nanofibers, and nanotubes. Keywords: biological cues; cartilage regeneration; micro/nanotopographical cues; nanotechnology; osteoarthritis; regenerative medicine; Review 1 Introduction Osteoarthritis (OA) is a widespread degenerative disease of

• . Afterward, recent advances in osteochondral tissue engineering resulting from the application of microspheres, nanoparticles, nanofibers, and nanotubes in the structure of biomaterials will be covered (Figure 1). Finally, the role of various cues such as biological cues, microscale/nanoscale topographical

• biomimetic nanocomposites to imitate pseudostratified features of the ECM to develop bioinspired scaffolds [47][48][49]. 3.1.2.1 Nanoparticles (NPs). In recent years, NPs have been increasingly used in regenerative medicine (Table 1) and other medical areas. NPs have been successfully developed for drug

The effect of metal surface nanomorphology on the output performance of a TENG

• Yiru Wang,
• Xin Zhao,
• Yang Liu and
• Wenjun Zhou

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 298–312, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.25

• concentration, and temperature during the electrodeposition of copper. The samples were characterized using XRD and SEM. The output performance of the TENG is closely related to the size, charge density distribution, and shape of the metal nanoparticles. Keywords: charge density; green energy; metal

• agglomerate. Results and Discussion The XRD data (Figure 4) were processed using the JADE software to calculate the average particle sizes. SEM micrographs were screened according to the surface morphology size of the nanoparticles and colored according to the nanoscale topography size (Figure 5 and Figure 6

• surface charge density, which, in turn, influences output current and voltage. Size and shape of the particles are related to the performance of TENG. The particle size distributions are given in Figure 7 and Figure 8. Narrower size distributions of copper nanoparticles lead to a higher output performance

Coordination-assembled myricetin nanoarchitectonics for sustainably scavenging free radicals

• Xiaoyan Ma,
• Haoning Gong,
• Kenji Ogino,
• Xuehai Yan and
• Ruirui Xing

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 284–291, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.23

• good hydrophilicity and biocompatibility. However, it is easily metabolized by enzymes. To take advantages of their antioxidation activity and to overcome the abovementioned limitations, GSH, Zn2+, and Myr were selected to co-assemble into Myr-Zn2+-GSH nanoparticles or nanoarchitectonics. This study

• offers a new design to harness stable, sustainable antioxidant nanoparticles with high loading capacity, high bioavailability, and good biocompatibility as antioxidants. Keywords: antioxidant; co-assembly; glutathione; myricetin; nanoarchitectonics; Introduction Oxidative stress, caused by an imbalance

• antioxidant peptides by proteases. The combination of liposomes or polymers with different payload materials has been reported, for example, PEG-modified liposomes loaded with resveratrol, layer-by-layer-coated gelatin nanoparticles, or Gelucire-based solid lipid and polymeric micelles [14][15][16][17][18][19

Systematic studies into uniform synthetic protein nanoparticles

• Nahal Habibi,
• Ava Mauser,
• Jeffery E. Raymond and
• Joerg Lahann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 274–283, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.22

• , 48109, USA 10.3762/bjnano.13.22 Abstract Nanoparticles are frequently pursued as drug delivery carriers due to their potential to alter the pharmacological profiles of drugs, but their broader utility in nanomedicine hinges upon exquisite control of critical nanoparticle properties, such as shape, size

• , or monodispersity. Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) jetting is a probate method to formulate synthetic protein nanoparticles (SPNPs), but a systematic understanding of the influence of crucial processing parameters, such as protein composition, on nanoparticle morphologies is still missing. Here, we address

• ]. Nanoparticles made of proteins [6] hold significant promise in this respect and different methods have been adopted to fabricate protein-based nanoparticles including nab technology [1], desolvation methods [2], and self-assembly [3]. The protein human albumin is a natural carrier of endogenous hydrophobic

Photothermal ablation of murine melanomas by Fe₃O₄ nanoparticle clusters

• Xue Wang,
• Lili Xuan and
• Ying Pan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 255–264, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.20

• nanomaterial that has received considerable attention is Fe3O4 core-based nanoparticles, which have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as safe biomaterial with no long-term toxicity [6][7]. The superparamagnetic properties make them ideally suited for many biomedical applications, such as

• MRI imaging, targeted drug delivery and hyperthermia therapy [8][9]. Hyperthermia therapy can be achieved by using either magnetic fields or NIR irradiation. Application of an external alternating magnetic field on these nanoparticles leads to the production of heat to mediate magnetic hyperthermia

• , whereas exposure to and subsequent absorption of NIR light by iron oxide nanoparticles promotes NIR-induced hyperthermia [10]. Although magnetic hyperthermia has been widely used in biomedical research, it is subject to several limitations such as the need for sophisticated equipment, cellular confinement

Surfactant-free syntheses and pair distribution function analysis of osmium nanoparticles

• Mikkel Juelsholt,
• Jonathan Quinson,
• Emil T. S. Kjær,
• Baiyu Wang,
• Rebecca Pittkowski,
• Susan R. Cooper,
• Tiffany L. Kinnibrugh,
• Søren B. Simonsen,
• Luise Theil Kuhn,
• María Escudero-Escribano and
• Kirsten M. Ø. Jensen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 230–235, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.17

• -free synthesis of precious metal nanoparticles (NPs) performed in alkaline low-boiling-point solvents has been recently reported. Monoalcohols are here investigated as solvents and reducing agents to obtain colloidal Os nanoparticles by using low-temperature (<100 °C) surfactant-free syntheses. The

• effect of the precursor (OsCl3 or H2OsCl6), precursor concentration (up to 100 mM), solvent (methanol or ethanol), presence or absence of a base (NaOH), and addition of water (0 to 100 vol %) on the resulting nanomaterials is discussed. It is found that no base is required to obtain Os nanoparticles as

• ] complexes. Keywords: metal nanoparticles; osmium; pair distribution function; surfactant-free synthesis; Findings Precious metals are limited resources, yet fundamental for a range of applications, such as in medicine or catalysis [1][2][3]. There are relatively few reports on osmium (Os) compared to

Impact of device design on the electronic and optoelectronic properties of integrated Ru-terpyridine complexes

• Max Mennicken,
• Sophia Katharina Peter,
• Corinna Kaulen,
• Ulrich Simon and
• Silvia Karthäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 219–229, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.16

• of gold nanoparticles and contacted by nanoelectrodes. The resulting small-area nanodevices were thoroughly electrically characterized as a function of temperature and light exposure. Differences in the resulting device conductance could be attributed to the device design and the respective transport

• transfer in the Ru-terpyridine complexes used as switching ligands. Finally, our results reveal a superior device performance of nanoparticle-based devices compared to molecular wire devices based on Ru-terpyridine complexes as functional units. Keywords: conductance switching; gold nanoparticles

• the wire-growth protocol developed recently and, thus, to assemble Ru(TP)2-complex wire nanodevices [19]. Additionally, we will use our already successfully applied approach to fabricate nanodevices from ligand-stabilized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) immobilized between nanoelectrodes [21][22][23][24

Engineered titania nanomaterials in advanced clinical applications

• Padmavati Sahare,
• Paulina Govea Alvarez,
• Juan Manual Sanchez Yanez,
• Gabriel Luna-Bárcenas,
• Samik Chakraborty,
• Sujay Paul and
• Miriam Estevez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 201–218, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.15

• , inorganic, or organometallic material whose chemical, physical, and/or electrical properties change as a function of the size and shape of the material. Nanomaterials are designed at the atomic or molecular level, and most of the therapeutic nanoparticles (nps) are usually between 10 and 100 nm in size so

• reported by Rehman [8], who used the photodynamic properties of TiO2 for killing HeLa cancer cells. The hydrophobic nature of photosensitizers commonly used in photodynamic therapy led to selectivity and aggregation issues that jeopardize their effectiveness. Therefore, TiO2 nanoparticles (nps), which

• shell for the selective and rapid capture of peptides from human serum and urine samples [17]. Many studies have been published on using TiO2 nanotubes as photoelectrochemical glucose sensors for health purposes [18][19][20]. The present review focuses on contemporary research of TiO2 nanoparticles and

Thermal oxidation process on Si(113)-(3 × 2) investigated using high-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy

• Hiroya Tanaka,
• Shinya Ohno,
• Kazushi Miki and
• Masatoshi Tanaka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 172–181, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.12

• experimental challenge toward elucidating the dynamic processes in oxidation. For example, the formation processes of iron oxide nanoparticles have been studied in detail using state-of-the-art X-ray scattering methods [4]. As a complementary method, variable-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy (VT-STM

A comprehensive review on electrospun nanohybrid membranes for wastewater treatment

• Senuri Kumarage,
• Imalka Munaweera and
• Nilwala Kottegoda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 137–159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.10

• regulation of parameters has made the electrospun nanofibers find its applications in various areas such as the health sector, food, energy and textile industries, and environmental remediation. Electrospun nanohybrids (ENHs) produced by immobilization of function-specific nanoparticles or mixtures of

• magnetic fibers by dispersing garnet nanoparticles for magnetically assisted bioseparation [10] and also they developed bandages of 165Ho iron garnet nanoparticles incorporated in electrospun PAN to be used against skin cancers [11]. Bugatti and co-workers developed an antimicrobial electrospun hybrid

• predominant PEMs [13]. Zhang et al. developed nanohybrid PVDF membranes by incorporating zeolite with enhanced thermal and electrochemical performance for lithium-ion batteries [14]. ENHs have also been used as a heterogeneous catalyst in indole synthesis by Savva et al. by incorporating gold nanoparticles