Mapping the local dielectric constant of a biological nanostructured system

• Wescley Walison Valeriano,
• Rodrigo Ribeiro Andrade,
• Juan Pablo Vasco,
• Angelo Malachias,
• Bernardo Ruegger Almeida Neves,
• Paulo Sergio Soares Guimarães and
• Wagner Nunes Rodrigues

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 139–150, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.11

• ; electrostatic force microscopy (EFM); natural photonic crystals; relative permittivity; structural colors; Introduction The dielectric constant, or relative permittivity, is a fundamental physical property that is crucial for describing various biological, chemical, or physical phenomena. It is a material

• natural photonic crystals remain essentially undetermined due to the great difficulties in measuring the dielectric response at the nanometric scale [11]. The nanometric local relative permittivity of a natural photonic crystal has not been directly measured yet. Fumagalli et al. [12][13][14][15], and

• Riedel et al. [16] developed several techniques of electrostatic force microscopy (EFM) to extract the relative permittivity at the nanoscale, allowing for new fields to be explored. Here we use EFM to map the relative permittivity of nanostructures within the wings of the Chalcopteryx rutilans damselfly

Mapping of integrated PIN diodes with a 3D architecture by scanning microwave impedance microscopy and dynamic spectroscopy

• Rosine Coq Germanicus,
• Peter De Wolf,
• Florent Lallemand,
• Catherine Bunel,
• Serge Bardy,
• Hugues Murray and
• Ulrike Lüders

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1764–1775, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.159

• volume of the sample material under the tip. Optimized for an incident frequency of approx. 3 GHz, the subsurface analysis volume extends to a depth of approx. 100 nm. For a material with a conductivity σ and a permittivity ε, the AFM sMIM tip–sample impedance is a complex impedance [26], equivalent to a

Walking energy harvesting and self-powered tracking system based on triboelectric nanogenerators

• Mingliang Yao,
• Guangzhong Xie,
• Qichen Gong and
• Yuanjie Su

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1590–1595, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.141

• the theoretical analysis of the TENG [53], where σ is the surface triboelectric charge density, d is the interlayer distance, ε0 is the vacuum permittivity, and εr is the relative permittivity of the PTFE layer. The standstill deformation gives rise to the saturated output voltage in the inelastic

Electrokinetic characterization of synthetic protein nanoparticles

• Daniel F. Quevedo,
• Cody J. Lentz,
• Adriana Coll de Peña,
• Yazmin Hernandez,
• Nahal Habibi,
• Rikako Miki,
• Joerg Lahann and
• Blanca H. Lapizco-Encinas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1556–1567, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.138

• at the trapping voltage of each particle. For the simulations, a conductivity of 21.3 µS·cm−1 and a relative permittivity of 78.4 for the suspension medium were used, while the substrate was assumed to be an insulator due to the low conductivity of PDMS [58]. The nonlinear empirical electrophoretic

• the zeta potential of the PDMS (ζW) and on that of the particle (ζp), while both mobility values depend on the permittivity (εm) and the viscosity (η) of the media. However, at relatively high electric fields, the effect of nonlinear EK, in particular electrophoresis of the second kind (EP(3)), is

Analysis of catalyst surface wetting: the early stage of epitaxial germanium nanowire growth

• Owen C. Ernst,
• Felix Lange,
• David Uebel,
• Thomas Teubner and
• Torsten Boeck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1371–1380, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.121

• of solid–fluid and AFF of fluid-fluid interactions: The Hamaker constants are a gauge for the interaction between particles of certain materials and the electric fields they generate [28]. This electrical responsiveness (or susceptibility) is closely related to the permittivity/polarizability, α, of

High permittivity, breakdown strength, and energy storage density of polythiophene-encapsulated BaTiO₃ nanoparticles

• Adnanullah Khan,
• Amir Habib and
• Adeel Afzal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1190–1197, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.103

• Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Hafr Al Batin, PO Box 1803, Hafr Al Batin, 39524, Saudi Arabia 10.3762/bjnano.11.103 Abstract High permittivity and breakdown strength are desired to improve the energy storage density of dielectric materials based on reinforced polymer composites

• excellent dielectric properties with high permittivity (25.2) and low loss (0.04) at high frequency (106 Hz). A thick PTh encapsulation layer on the surface of the BTO nanoparticles improves their breakdown strength from 47 to 144 kV/mm and the energy storage density from 0.32 to 2.48 J/cm3. A 7.75-fold

• increase in the energy storage density of the BTO-PTh nanoparticles is attributed to simultaneously high permittivity and breakdown strength, which are excellent for potential energy storage applications. Keywords: barium titanate (BaTiO3) nanoparticles; breakdown strength; dielectric materials; energy

Revealing the local crystallinity of single silicon core–shell nanowires using tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

• Marius van den Berg,
• Ardeshir Moeinian,
• Arne Kobald,
• Yu-Ting Chen,
• Anke Horneber,
• Steffen Strehle,
• Alfred J. Meixner and
• Dai Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1147–1156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.99

• the coupling between the oscillation field in the excited tip and its mirror image in the substrate. We have shown in a previous theoretical work that the permittivity of the tip and the substrate influences the near-field enhancement at the tip apex significantly [33]. In the next set of experiments

Thermophoretic tweezers for single nanoparticle manipulation

• Jošt Stergar and
• Natan Osterman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1126–1133, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.97

• thermophoresis and fluid flow can be used to highly concentrate (trap) nanoparticles and molecules [24][25]. Suspended biological cells can be easily thermophoretically manipulated by harnessing the permittivity gradient in the electric double layer of the charged surface of the cell membrane [26]. Optical

A new photodetector structure based on graphene nanomeshes: an ab initio study

• Babak Sakkaki,
• Hassan Rasooli Saghai,
• Ghafar Darvish and
• Mehdi Khatir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1036–1044, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.88

• permittivity and system volume, respectively. The relative dielectric constant, εr, is related to the susceptibility, χ, as [26][27]: The photocurrent is calculated by first-order perturbation theory in the framework of the Born approximation. In short, light–electron interaction is added to the Hamiltonian as

Gas-sensing features of nanostructured tellurium thin films

• Dumitru Tsiulyanu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1010–1018, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.85

• dielectric relaxation time (τr). As τr = εε0ρ (ρ is the bulk resistivity, ε and ε0 are the permittivity and the electric constant, respectively), it is clear that τr decreases since there is a reduction in the resistivity when the temperature increase and the system reaches steady state in less time. Another

Hexagonal boron nitride: a review of the emerging material platform for single-photon sources and the spin–photon interface

• Stefania Castelletto,
• Faraz A. Inam,
• Shin-ichiro Sato and
• Alberto Boretti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 740–769, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.61

Evolution of Ag nanostructures created from thin films: UV–vis absorption and its theoretical predictions

• Robert Kozioł,
• Marcin Łapiński,
• Paweł Syty,
• Damian Koszelow,
• Wojciech Sadowski,
• Józef E. Sienkiewicz and
• Barbara Kościelska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 494–507, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.40

• excited by the electromagnetic field of light. The conditions for its occurrence are primarily met by materials with a large number of free electrons, which leads to intensive plasmon resonance and a negative real permittivity over a wide frequency range. Particularly important are noble-metal

Plasmonic nanosensor based on multiple independently tunable Fano resonances

• Lin Cheng,
• Zelong Wang,
• Xiaodong He and
• Pengfei Cao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2527–2537, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.243

• dielectric in the waveguide and cavities is air, of which the relative permittivity is εd = 1. The metal is silver, with permittivity εm characterized by the Drude model covering the wavelength range of 1000 to 2000 nm [25] represented by where ε∞ = 3.7 is the electric constant at the infinite angular

Multiple Fano resonances with flexible tunablity based on symmetry-breaking resonators

• Xiao bin Ren,
• Kun Ren,
• Ying Zhang,
• Cheng guo Ming and
• Qun Han

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2459–2467, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.236

• is W0. A metal wall with the thickness t is placed inside the MDM waveguide. The grey parts in Figure 1 stand for metal (εm). Both the metal wall and the background metal are silver the complex relative permittivity of which is characterized by the Drude model, where ω is the angular frequency of

Nonlinear absorption and scattering of a single plasmonic nanostructure characterized by x-scan technique

• Tushar C. Jagadale,
• Dhanya S. Murali and
• Shi-Wei Chu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2182–2191, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.211

• characterize the nonlinearity of the optical absorption and scattering of single nanostructures. Currently, the common method to quantify optical nonlinearity is the z-scan technique, which yields real and imaginary parts of the permittivity by moving a thin sample with a laser beam. However, z-scan typically

• with high-intensity laser light, the photothermal effect induces a change of the particle permittivity leading to the nonlinearity. However, this equation only explains a square-order difference between scattering and absorption. The above equation considers the total scattering cross section

Effects of surface charge and boundary slip on time-periodic pressure-driven flow and electrokinetic energy conversion in a nanotube

• Mandula Buren,
• Yongjun Jian,
• Yingchun Zhao,
• Long Chang and
• Quansheng Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1628–1635, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.158

• is the equilibrium distance of the Lennard–Jones potential, e is the elementary charge, lB = e2/(4πεkBT), kB is the Boltzmann constant, ε is the permittivity of the electrolyte solution and T is the absolute temperature [19][25]. The electric potential distribution φ in EDL satisfies the Poisson

Rapid thermal annealing for high-quality ITO thin films deposited by radio-frequency magnetron sputtering

• Petronela Prepelita,
• Ionel Stavarache,
• Doina Craciun,
• Florin Garoi,
• Catalin Negrila,
• Beatrice Gabriela Sbarcea and
• Valentin Craciun

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1511–1522, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.149

• treated ITO films is essential in assessing the advantages of the RTA procedure. To obtain information on the bandgap width, absorption coefficient, refractive index, extinction coefficient, dielectric permittivity, position of the impurity levels in the bandgap and characteristics of the optical

• carriers, N, the real and imaginary parts of the complex dielectric permittivity characterizes the transparency of thin films to electromagnetic radiation (see Figure 9a,b). Thus, when the imaginary part, ε'', can be neglected, the layer is transparent to electromagnetic radiation. The dependence of the

• real and imaginary parts of the dielectric permittivity on the wavelength is illustrated in Figure 8. The increase in thickness of the ITO films influenced the optical constants (i.e., Drude damping coefficient, Drude frequency, complex permittivity, refractive indices, extinction coefficients

On the relaxation time of interacting superparamagnetic nanoparticles and implications for magnetic fluid hyperthermia

• Andrei Kuncser,
• Nicusor Iacob and
• Victor E. Kuncser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1280–1289, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.127

• , with the only effect of the perturbation reflected in the expression of the relaxation time. Accordingly, the dissipated power is where τ is the effective relaxation time (only the Néel component), f and H are the frequency and the amplitude of the applied AC magnetic field, µ0 is the permittivity of

CuInSe₂ quantum dots grown by molecular beam epitaxy on amorphous SiO₂ surfaces

• Henrique Limborço,
• Pedro M.P. Salomé,
• Rodrigo Ribeiro-Andrade,
• Jennifer P. Teixeira,
• Nicoleta Nicoara,
• Kamal Abderrafi,
• Joaquim P. Leitão,
• Juan C. Gonzalez and
• Sascha Sadewasser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1103–1111, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.110

• ], and ε = 9.3–16ε0 (where ε0 is the vacuum electrical permittivity) [52][55][56]. The experimentally determined peak emission energies are also plotted, as a function of Rc for each sample. Clearly, the obtained values are in agreement with the emission from the quantum-confined energy levels in CIS

Review of time-resolved non-contact electrostatic force microscopy techniques with applications to ionic transport measurements

• Aaron Mascaro,
• Yoichi Miyahara,
• Tyler Enright,
• Omur E. Dagdeviren and
• Peter Grütter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 617–633, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.62

• parameters. Theoretically, , where ε is the permittivity and V is the applied voltage, and is the effective tip radius. The oscillation amplitude for both experiments was 6 nm, thus the x-axis is the average tip–sample separation and the zero-point was chosen as the point when the oscillation stopped due to

Nanocomposite–parylene C thin films with high dielectric constant and low losses for future organic electronic devices

• Marwa Mokni,
• Gianluigi Maggioni,
• Abdelkader Kahouli,
• Sara M. Carturan,
• Walter Raniero and
• Alain Sylvestre

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 428–441, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.42

• of the permittivity. In particular, β-relaxation is affected by the addition of nanoparticles as well as the dissipation factor, which is even improved. A dielectric constant of 5 ± 1 with a dissipation factor of less than 0.045 in the range from 0.1 Hz to 1 MHz is obtained for a 2.7 µm thick NCPC

• develop NCPCs is the integration as gate insulating layer in such applications. A sufficiently high capacitance Ci of the gate insulating material is required for optimizing performances in OFETs [3]. Ci is given by: where ε0 is the vacuum permittivity (8.85 × 10−12 F·m−1), t the thickness of the

• dielectric, S the surface of electrodes and ε’ (often named k in the industry of microelectronics) is the dielectric constant (more rigorously called relative permittivity). As seen by this equation, the insulating gate capacitance Ci is directly proportional to ε’. Typically, for parylene C ε’ = 3.15 (at 1

Electromagnetic analysis of the lasing thresholds of hybrid plasmon modes of a silver tube nanolaser with active core and active shell

• Denys M. Natarov,
• Trevor M. Benson and
• Alexander I. Nosich

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 294–304, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.28

• εmet(λ) = −εhost where εhost > 0 is the relative dielectric permittivity of the host medium – see [1][2] for details. If the host medium is air, then the corresponding wavelength is found in the ultraviolet range for silver and in the green range for gold where the bulk losses in metals are

• modes. Note also that there exist other LEP-like formulations aimed at the extraction of mode threshold [28][29][30][31][32]; some of them differ from LEP only by the choice of the material-gain parameter, which can be the imaginary part of the dielectric permittivity (because Im εa = 2αγ, where α is

• transcendental Equation 5 numerically, we use an iterative Newton-type algorithm that needs some initial guess values of the unknown wavelength λ and threshold gain γ. Because of the strong dispersion of the dielectric permittivity of silver, it is convenient to take these initial values after plotting the color

Magnetic-field sensor with self-reference characteristic based on a magnetic fluid and independent plasmonic dual resonances

• Kun Ren,
• Xiaobin Ren,
• Yumeng He and
• Qun Han

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 247–255, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.23

• magnetic fluid. The background metal in the grey part is silver, the complex permittivity of which is characterized by the well-known Drude model: , where ε∞ = 3.7 is the permittivity at infinite angular frequency, the bulk plasma frequency is ωp = 1.38 × 1016 Hz, the damping frequency of the oscillations

Interaction of Te and Se interlayers with Ag or Au nanofilms in sandwich structures

• Arkadiusz Ciesielski,
• Lukasz Skowronski,
• Marek Trzcinski,
• Ewa Górecka,
• Wojciech Pacuski and
• Tomasz Szoplik

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 238–246, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.22

• migrate only in silver. The Te concentration curve clearly suggests that this migration is an effect of the segregation of Te atoms in the silver structure. The differences in crystallinity, as well as the migration process, strongly influence the optical parameters of Ag and Au. In the permittivity of Ag

• deposited on either Te or Se, additional plasmonic bands originating from grain boundary segregation or diffusion occur, while for the Au layer, such resonances were not pronounced. In the permittivity of both materials, the intensity of the interband transition peaks is strongly altered, possibly due to

• the nano-alloy formation, but more likely due to the microstrain on metal grains. Keywords: diffusion; gold; microstrain; nanocrystallinity; permittivity; plasmonics; segregation; selenium; silver; tellurium; Introduction In recent years, there has been growing interest in layered, sandwich-like

Threshold voltage decrease in a thermotropic nematic liquid crystal doped with graphene oxide flakes

• Mateusz Mrukiewicz,
• Krystian Kowiorski,
• Paweł Perkowski,
• Rafał Mazur and
• Małgorzata Djas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 71–78, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.7

• the tilt angle θ is small. When the voltage is above Uth, we start to observe the increase of θ [4]. The complete reorientation of the director n, θ = 90°, occurs at higher voltages U > Uth. The reorientation is caused by the anisotropy of the electric permittivity where ε|| and is the electric

• permittivity measured along the directions parallel and perpendicular to n, respectively. In the case of positive electric anisotropy (Δε > 0), the director is forced to align along the electric field. One of the most efficient methods to reduce the threshold voltage in nematic liquid crystals for high electro

• ) experimental technique. On one hand, in EO we measure the intensity of light passing through the cell between crossed polarizers as a function of an applied voltage. On the other hand, DS is based on measurements of electric permittivity ε at a given frequency under different bias (dc) electric fields. These