A review of carbon-based and non-carbon-based catalyst supports for the selective catalytic reduction of nitric oxide

• Shahreen Binti Izwan Anthonysamy,
• Syahidah Binti Afandi,
• Mehrnoush Khavarian and
• Abdul Rahman Bin Mohamed

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 740–761, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.68

• process is also important for the purification of pristine CNTs from amorphous carbon, fullerenes, coal, and catalyst particles by means of their production. The wet chemical method is considered to be one of the most efficient methods for purification, activation, and functionalisation of CNTs. In this

Synthesis and characterization of two new TiO₂-containing benzothiazole-based imine composites for organic device applications

• Anna Różycka,
• Agnieszka Iwan,
• Krzysztof Artur Bogdanowicz,
• Michal Filapek,
• Natalia Górska,
• Damian Pociecha,
• Marek Malinowski,
• Patryk Fryń,
• Agnieszka Hreniak,
• Jakub Rysz,
• Paweł Dąbczyński and
• Monika Marzec

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 721–739, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.67

• of diamine/amine and aldehyde/dialdehyde, are an emerging class of organic materials for organic photovoltaic applications due to their inexpensive production and short purification time [18][19][20]. In the last 10 years, photovoltaic devices containing imines and polyimines with various device

Optimisation of purification techniques for the preparation of large-volume aqueous solar nanoparticle inks for organic photovoltaics

• Furqan Almyahi,
• Thomas R. Andersen,
• Nathan A. Cooling,
• Natalie P. Holmes,
• Matthew J. Griffith,
• Krishna Feron,
• Xiaojing Zhou,
• Warwick J. Belcher and
• Paul C. Dastoor

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 649–659, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.60

• , Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia CSIRO Energy Technology, Newcastle, NSW 2300, Australia 10.3762/bjnano.9.60 Abstract In this study we have optimised the preparation conditions for large-volume nanoparticle inks, based on poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT):indene-C60 multiadducts (ICxA), through two purification

• processes: centrifugal and crossflow ultrafiltration. The impact of purification is twofold: firstly, removal of excess sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) surfactant from the ink and, secondly, concentration of the photoactive components in the ink. The removal of SDS was studied in detail both by a UV–vis

• nanoparticle films prepared from inks without purification have exhibited a higher degree of trap states than inks where the excess free SDS has been removed [14]. Residual SDS is generally removed by dialysis which is also applied for concentrating the ASNP inks. A centrifugal ultrafiltration process is a

Electron interactions with the heteronuclear carbonyl precursor H₂FeRu₃(CO)₁₃ and comparison with HFeCo₃(CO)₁₂: from fundamental gas phase and surface science studies to focused electron beam induced deposition

• Ragesh Kumar T P,
• Paul Weirich,
• Lukas Hrachowina,
• Marc Hanefeld,
• Ragnar Bjornsson,
• Helgi Rafn Hrodmarsson,
• Sven Barth,
• D. Howard Fairbrother,
• Michael Huth and
• Oddur Ingólfsson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 555–579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.53

• and simple in handling, but these benefits come at the expense of incorporation of large amounts of carbon in the deposits by incomplete decomposition or co-deposition of the liberated ligands. Recent developments demonstrate elegant deposit purification techniques to obtain pure, high quality metals

Ultralight super-hydrophobic carbon aerogels based on cellulose nanofibers/poly(vinyl alcohol)/graphene oxide (CNFs/PVA/GO) for highly effective oil–water separation

• Zhaoyang Xu,
• Huan Zhou,
• Sicong Tan,
• Xiangdong Jiang,
• Weibing Wu,
• Jiangtao Shi and
• Peng Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 508–519, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.49

• ., Ltd. These materials were all used without further purification. Preparation of carbon nanofibers The chemical treatment of bamboo powder was prepared by a modified method described in the literature [27]. The detailed experimental steps of preparing the cellulose suspension are documented in our

Colloidal solution of silver nanoparticles for label-free colorimetric sensing of ammonia in aqueous solutions

• Alessandro Buccolieri,
• Antonio Serra,
• Gabriele Giancane and
• Daniela Manno

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 499–507, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.48

• further purification. During the experiments, deionized ultrafiltered Milli-Q grade water was used. Several ammonia concentrations were prepared by suitable dilutions in ultrapure water. Protocol for ammonia sensing The synthesis of the colloidal AgNP seed solution represents the first step in the

Influence of the preparation method on the photocatalytic activity of Nd-modified TiO₂

• Patrycja Parnicka,
• Paweł Mazierski,
• Tomasz Grzyb,
• Wojciech Lisowski,
• Ewa Kowalska,
• Bunsho Ohtani,
• Adriana Zaleska-Medynska and
• Joanna Nadolna

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 447–459, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.43

• of Nd3+ ions on the surface of TiO2 NPs can be conveniently exploited for a variety of environmental purification processes. We presented the experimental studies concerning the effect of synthesis methods on the photocatalytic activity of Nd-modified TiO2. Nanocrystalline anatase-phase TiO2 NPs were

• photocatalytic degradation experiments, the Nd-modified TiO2 photocatalyst preparated via HT method can be effectively used for air purification using LED irradiation (the degradation rate of toluene reached 3.36 μmol·dm−1·min−1). Furthermore, photocatalytic activity test in the presence of Nd-TiO2 and

• the chemicals were used as received without further purification. Preparation of Nd-TiO2 Nd-TiO2 NPs were synthesized by two methods, i.e., hydrothermal (HT) and sol–hydrothermal (SHT). HT method In a typical procedure, 15 mL of TBOT was dissolved in 80 mL of ethanol. Then, 40 mL water (pH 3 adjusted

Facile synthesis of ZnFe₂O₄ photocatalysts for decolourization of organic dyes under solar irradiation

• Arjun Behera,
• Debasmita Kandi,
• Sanjit Manohar Majhi,
• Satyabadi Martha and
• Kulamani Parida

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 436–446, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.42

• been carried out to investigate the photocatalytic decolourization of organic dyes (Congo red and Rh B) under solar light irradiation. Experimental Fe(NO3)3·9H2O (98%, Merck), Zn(NO3)2·6H2O (98%, Lobachemie) and urea (99.5%, Spectrochem) were used directly without any further purification. Synthesis of

Synthesis and characterization of electrospun molybdenum dioxide–carbon nanofibers as sulfur matrix additives for rechargeable lithium–sulfur battery applications

• Ruiyuan Zhuang,
• Shanshan Yao,
• Maoxiang Jing,
• Xiangqian Shen,
• Jun Xiang,
• Tianbao Li,
• Kesong Xiao and
• Shibiao Qin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 262–270, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.28

• ) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. All the reagents were used as-received without further purification. In a typical procedure, a PAN solution (10 wt %) was prepared by dissolving PAN powder in DMF and stirring for 12 h. Next, PMA (3 g) was added to the above solution and

Gas-assisted silver deposition with a focused electron beam

• Luisa Berger,
• Katarzyna Madajska,
• Iwona B. Szymanska,
• Katja Höflich,
• Mikhail N. Polyakov,
• Jakub Jurczyk,
• Carlos Guerra-Nuñez and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 224–232, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.24

• arises from the surface enhanced Raman from the silver crystals as previously reported by various groups [13][24]. We assume that the line conductivity could be further improved by purification of the deposit, thus reducing the amount of carbon. Alternatively, annealing could coalesce the individual

Bombyx mori silk/titania/gold hybrid materials for photocatalytic water splitting: combining renewable raw materials with clean fuels

• Stefanie Krüger,
• Michael Schwarze,
• Otto Baumann,
• Christina Günter,
• Michael Bruns,
• Christian Kübel,
• Dorothée Vinga Szabó,
• Rafael Meinusch,
• Verónica de Zea Bermudez and
• Andreas Taubert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 187–204, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.21

• completely washed out during purification. Figure 3 shows representative TEM images of the same materials. Lower magnification images reveal significant differences between the TS and TPS materials. The TPS materials exhibit tightly packed pores with diameters ranging between 0.4 and 4.0 µm and rather thin

Comparative study of post-growth annealing of Cu(hfac)₂, Co₂(CO)₈ and Me₂Au(acac) metal precursors deposited by FEBID

• Marcos V. Puydinger dos Santos,
• Aleksandra Szkudlarek,
• Artur Rydosz,
• Carlos Guerra-Nuñez,
• Fanny Béron,
• Kleber R. Pirota,
• Stanislav Moshkalev,
• José Alexandre Diniz and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 91–101, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.11

• relatively simple vacuum-based post-growth annealing protocol may be useful for other precursors as it proved to be efficient in reliably tuning the electrical properties of as-deposited FEBID materials. Finally, a H2-assisted gold purification protocol is demonstrated at temperatures around 300 °C by fully

• material. Several purification methods have been successfully employed to remove the residual carbon content from Pt and Au deposits. They consist of post-growth electron-beam-irradiation under a local O2 or H2O ambient [3][32][33][34][36][37][38][39], in situ direct growth under O2 flow [35][40], as well

• FEBID material purification at temperatures below 300 °C is presented, which results in pure Au crystals by fully removing the carbon matrix. This allows for electrical conductivity improvements by three orders of magnitude. Experimental FEBID was used to separately obtain 35 nm thick CoxCyOz, 50 nm

Electron-driven and thermal chemistry during water-assisted purification of platinum nanomaterials generated by electron beam induced deposition

• Ziyan Warneke,
• Markus Rohdenburg,
• Jonas Warneke,
• Janina Kopyra and
• Petra Swiderek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 77–90, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.10

• carbon-containing precursors, a new general approach to the generation of pure metallic nanostructures could be implemented. Therefore this study aims to understand the chemical reactions that are fundamental to the water-assisted purification of platinum FEBID deposits generated from trimethyl

• between contributions of thermal chemistry, direct chemistry between water and the deposit, and electron-induced reactions that all contribute to the purification process. We discuss reaction kinetics for the main volatile products CO and CH4 to obtain mechanistic information. The results provide novel

• insights into the chemistry that occurs during purification of FEBID nanostructures with implications also for the stability of the carbonaceous matrix of nanogranular FEBID materials under humid conditions. Keywords: carbon contamination; electron induced reactions; focused electron beam induced

Review on optofluidic microreactors for artificial photosynthesis

• Xiaowen Huang,
• Jianchun Wang,
• Tenghao Li,
• Jianmei Wang,
• Min Xu,
• Weixing Yu,
• Abdel El Abed and
• Xuming Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 30–41, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.5

• and better hydrogen production rate than the conventional ones. CO2 reduction Optofluidic microreactors have been firstly applied for water purification [50], water splitting [73], photocatalytic fuel cells [75] and then CO2 reduction [76]. Chen et al. combined the optofluidics with the TiO2/carbon

• chromatography and gas chromatography mass spectrometer. As demonstrated by our group in a work on microfluidic water purification [99], on-chip detection would make it convenient to monitor the reaction process in real time, to probe the intermediate reactions/productions and to study the reaction kinetics. In

Facile synthesis of silver/silver thiocyanate (Ag@AgSCN) plasmonic nanostructures with enhanced photocatalytic performance

• Xinfu Zhao,
• Dairong Chen,
• Abdul Qayum,
• Bo Chen and
• Xiuling Jiao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2781–2789, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.277

• Co. Ltd (China). All chemicals were used as received without further purification. Synthesis of Ag@AgSCN nanostructures Ag@AgSCN nanostructures were prepared by photoreducing AgSCN nanoparticles. Due to the slow reducing rate of AgSCN under UV–vis light irradiation, the AgSCN nanoparticles (with a

Impact of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on purification and contamination of nematic liquid crystals

• Dmitrii Pavlovich Shcherbinin and
• Elena A. Konshina

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2766–2770, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.275

• developed by Garbovskiy et al. [27][28][29][30]. In the framework of this theory it was shown that the same nanoparticles can lead to both contamination and purification of LCs. The theory considers adsorption and desorption of ions on nanoparticle surfaces and takes into account the initial ionic

• contamination of LCs. The same NP can lead to both purification and contamination of LCs under certain conditions. The aim of this study is the experimental verification of Garbovskiy’s assumption that the same NPs may have a different effect on the LC ionic conductivity depending on the initial LC

• contamination. We have examined nematic liquid crystals with low (LC1) and high (LC2) ionic contamination and their composites with TiO2 nanoparticles. The impact of TiO2 nanoparticles on purification and contamination in LCs has been experimentally shown. The plane-parallel cells consisted of two glass

The rational design of a Au(I) precursor for focused electron beam induced deposition

• Ali Marashdeh,
• Thiadrik Tiesma,
• Niels J. C. van Velzen,
• Sjoerd Harder,
• Remco W. A. Havenith,
• Jeff T. M. De Hosson and
• Willem F. van Dorp

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2753–2765, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.274

• electrical conductivity [31]. Many applications require pure metal deposition, and widespread use by non-expert users asks for a simple and fast process. While purification is possible by adding gases [32][33][34][35][36] or post-treatment [37], these methods only work for selected precursors and selected

CdSe nanorod/TiO₂ nanoparticle heterojunctions with enhanced solar- and visible-light photocatalytic activity

• Fakher Laatar,
• Hatem Moussa,
• Halima Alem,
• Lavinia Balan,
• Emilien Girot,
• Ghouti Medjahdi,
• Hatem Ezzaouia and
• Raphaël Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2741–2752, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.273

• %, Sigma), p-benzoquinone (>98%, Sigma) and ethanol (>99%, anhydrous) were used as received without additional purification. All solutions were prepared using Milli-Q water (18.2 MΩ·cm, Millipore) as the solvent. Synthesis of CdSe nanorods CdSe NRs were synthetized via a solvothermal method according to

L-Lysine-grafted graphene oxide as an effective adsorbent for the removal of methylene blue and metal ions

• Yan Yan,
• Jie Li,
• Fangbei Kong,
• Kuankuan Jia,
• Shiyu He and
• Baorong Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2680–2688, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.268

• . Reduced graphene oxide as an effective adsorbent can be used for the removal of malachite green dye and metal ions [10][11]. A high-performance hydrophilic polyvinylidene fluoride/graphene oxide (PVDF/GO)–lysine composite membrane can be used for sea water desalination and purification [12]. However, the

• organic molecules and metal nanoparticles via covalent or non-covalent binding [13][14][15][16]. Recently, functionalized graphene materials have shown great potential as highly efficient absorbers for the treatment of environmental pollutants and wastewater purification [17][18][19]. However, most of the

The role of ligands in coinage-metal nanoparticles for electronics

• Ioannis Kanelidis and
• Tobias Kraus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2625–2639, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.263

• ]. Elimination of a labile ligand (e.g., 3-mercaptopropanol) from the mixed ligand shell during purification of the gold nanoparticles in water created particles that were protected by only a sparse monolayer of ω-functionalized ionic ligands (25% surface coverage). The particles with the sparse layer remained

Synthesis of [{AgO₂CCH₂OMe(PPh₃)}_n] and theoretical study of its use in focused electron beam induced deposition

• Jelena Tamuliene,
• Julian Noll,
• Peter Frenzel,
• Tobias Rüffer,
• Alexander Jakob,
• Bernhard Walfort and
• Heinrich Lang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2615–2624, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.262

• hydride and then from P2O5. Dichloromethane (95%) and diethyl ether (99%) were dried with a solvent purification system (MB SPS-800, MBraun). Silver(I) nitrate (99%), methoxyacetic acid (97%), triethylamine (99%), triphenylphosphine (99%) were obtained from commercial suppliers and used without further

• purification. NMR spectra were recorded with a Bruker Advance III 500 spectrometer operating at 500.3 MHz for 1H, 125.7 MHz for 13C{1H} and 101.3 MHz for 31P{1H} in the Fourier transform mode at 298 K. Chemical shifts are reported in δ (ppm) downfield from tetramethylsilane with the solvent as reference signal

Direct writing of gold nanostructures with an electron beam: On the way to pure nanostructures by combining optimized deposition with oxygen-plasma treatment

• Domagoj Belić,
• Mostafa M. Shawrav,
• Emmerich Bertagnolli and
• Heinz D. Wanzenboeck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2530–2543, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.253

• Wien, Gusshausstrasse 27–29, 1040 Vienna, Austria 10.3762/bjnano.8.253 Abstract This work presents a highly effective approach for the chemical purification of directly written 2D and 3D gold nanostructures suitable for plasmonics, biomolecule immobilisation, and nanoelectronics. Gold nano- and

• direct writing of purer gold nanostructures that can enable their future use for demanding applications. Keywords: FEBID; gold nanostructures; oxygen plasma; postdeposition purification; Introduction Focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID) is an additive direct-write method for making complex

• ][23][24]. Hence, any advancement made in the production [25][26][27][28] or in situ purification [29] of FEBID materials attracts great attention. Among all FEBID materials, Au is of special interest because its superior properties that make it highly suitable for use in micro- and nanotechnology, as

PTFE-based microreactor system for the continuous synthesis of full-visible-spectrum emitting cesium lead halide perovskite nanocrystals

• Chengxi Zhang,
• Weiling Luan,
• Yuhang Yin and
• Fuqian Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2521–2529, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.252

• -Aldrich (St. Louis, MO) and used as the precursors. Trioctylphosphine (TOP 90%), oleylamine (OLA 80–90%), 1-octadecene (ODE >90%) and oleic acid (OA, AR) were obtained from Aladdin (Shanghai). All reagents were used as received without any further purification. Preparation of Cs precursor solution 0.2

Refractive index sensing and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy using silver–gold layered bimetallic plasmonic crystals

• Somi Kang,
• Sean E. Lehman,
• Matthew V. Schulmerich,
• An-Phong Le,
• Tae-woo Lee,
• Stephen K. Gray,
• Rohit Bhargava and
• Ralph G. Nuzzo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2492–2503, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.249

• PCs possess potential for implementation in chemical sensing. Experimental Materials The reagents were used as received without further purification unless otherwise specified. Spin-on-glass (SOG) 315F was purchased from Filmtronics and was filtered twice sequentially using 0.22 μm (Millipore) and

Synthesis of metal-fluoride nanoparticles supported on thermally reduced graphite oxide

• Alexa Schmitz,
• Kai Schütte,
• Vesko Ilievski,
• Juri Barthel,
• Laura Burk,
• Rolf Mülhaupt,
• Junpei Yue,
• Bernd Smarsly and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2474–2483, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.247

• -Aldrich and used without further purification. Tris(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionato)europium(III) (>99 %) was obtained from Alfa Aesar and was dried under high vacuum (10−3 mbar) for several days. Lithium amidinate was synthesized by deprotonation and methylation of 1,3-diisopropylcarbodiimide with