TEM sample preparation of lithographically patterned permalloy nanostructures on silicon nitride membranes

• Joshua Williams,
• Michael I. Faley,
• Joseph Vimal Vas,
• Peng-Han Lu and
• Rafal E. Dunin-Borkowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1–12, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.1

• . Alignment of the stencil mask in a flip-chip configuration with the sample under clean room conditions prior to metal deposition plays an important role as a single dust particle can increase the gap between the mask and the sample up to about 100-fold, thereby increasing the shadowing effect greatly. KOH

Thermal transport in kinked nanowires through simulation

• Alexander N. Robillard,
• Graham W. Gibson and
• Ralf Meyer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 586–602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.49

• solutions provides detailed insight into how heat flows through kinked systems. In these kinked systems we will identify familiar “corner cutting” and “shadowing effects” [22] as well as heat channelling effects [30] similar to those seen in 90° serpentine systems. Combining MD, PMC, and theoretical

• standard scattering rates. There seem to be bright bands and a shadowing effect in the flux of these systems when compared to the Fourier solution. The bright band begins just before the lower portion of the left angled segment. It deflects upward, and then again as it reaches the upper boundary of the

• reduced conductances seen in the PMC simulations in Figure 5 when compared to the solution of the Fourier equation. In addition to the shadowing effects, the variation of the flux within the angled segments in the PMC solution appears to be predominantly due to random noise resulting from the simulation

Combining physical vapor deposition structuration with dealloying for the creation of a highly efficient SERS platform

• Adrien Chauvin,
• Walter Puglisi,
• Damien Thiry,
• Cristina Satriano,
• Rony Snyders and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 83–94, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.10

• °), the rotation of the substrate induces a shadowing effect. Briefly, the material arriving on the substrate with an oblique angle cannot be homogenously deposited. Thus, a dispersed columnar structure growth is observed [35][36]. For the sample with 18 atom % of Ag (Figure 1a and Figure 1d), the columns

• alloy thin film together with the shadowing effect to form dispersed columnar thin films. The subsequent dealloying leads to film structuration at the nanoscale due to porosity formation. The influence of three different dealloying solutions (i.e., NaOH, HCl, and H3PO4) on the SERS properties of the

A super-oscillatory step-zoom metalens for visible light

• Yi Zhou,
• Chao Yan,
• Peng Tian,
• Zhu Li,
• Yu He,
• Bin Fan,
• Zhiyong Wang,
• Yao Deng and
• Dongliang Tang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1220–1227, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.101

• is achieved by the metasurface. Nonetheless, due to the shadowing effect and coupling phenomenon among unit cells, the transmittance of the unit cells is affected by the incident angle and the orientation of unit cells. Third, the residual co-polarization component could lead to noticeable stray

Scanning transmission helium ion microscopy on carbon nanomembranes

• Daniel Emmrich,
• Annalena Wolff,
• Nikolaus Meyerbröker,
• Jörg K. N. Lindner,
• André Beyer and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 222–231, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.18

• emission from the sample surface [25]. In addition, the holder is set to a positive voltage of 180 V that pulls the SE away from the detector. Furthermore, the samples are placed in 2.5 mm deep boreholes for signal shadowing, while the holder is in close proximity to the objective lens. To visualize the SE

Antimicrobial metal-based nanoparticles: a review on their synthesis, types and antimicrobial action

• Matías Guerrero Correa,
• Fernanda B. Martínez,
• Cristian Patiño Vidal,
• Camilo Streitt,
• Juan Escrig and
• Carol Lopez de Dicastillo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1450–1469, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.129

• thickness values of approximately 20 and 17 nm, respectively [38][39]. ALD has been recognized as a key technique used to deposit thin films on structures with complex geometries, allowing for the synthesis of nanostructures without shadowing effects and with a high aspect ratio, such as nanotubes with

Multiwalled carbon nanotube based aromatic volatile organic compound sensor: sensitivity enhancement through 1-hexadecanethiol functionalisation

• Nadra Bohli,
• Meryem Belkilani,
• Juan Casanova-Chafer,
• Eduard Llobet and
• Adnane Abdelghani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2364–2373, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.227

• distribution. We must point out though, that as the sputtering deposition technique only applies to the most exposed surfaces, a shadowing effect is also observed. This effect is generally observed for porous substrates, where sputtering only reaches the outermost surface and the topmost areas of the pore

Electroluminescence and current–voltage measurements of single-(In,Ga)N/GaN-nanowire light-emitting diodes in a nanowire ensemble

• David van Treeck,
• Johannes Ledig,
• Gregor Scholz,
• Jonas Lähnemann,
• Mattia Musolino,
• Abbes Tahraoui,
• Oliver Brandt,
• Andreas Waag,
• Henning Riechert and
• Lutz Geelhaar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1177–1187, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.117

• shadowing of the probe tip and the different measurement position with respect to the collection mirror is expected to have a strong influence. Moreover, it should be noted that whenever the tungsten tip was in contact with the sample and a current (voltage) was applied, an EL signal could be detected. This

• the integrated EL and the respective driving current [25]. The term “relative” takes into account that the total emitted intensity at the different measurement positions is unknown due to shadowing effects of the probe tip and different angles between measurement positions and collection mirror. Hence

Polydopamine-coated Au nanorods for targeted fluorescent cell imaging and photothermal therapy

• Boris N. Khlebtsov,
• Andrey M. Burov,
• Timofey E. Pylaev and
• Nikolai G. Khlebtsov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 794–803, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.79

• capacity for various cargo molecules such as drugs or photodynamic dyes. Third, the coating should have functional groups and be ready for click conjugation with target or “shadowing” molecules, e.g., antibodies, peptides, folates and PEG. Finally, the AuNR coating procedure should be robust and provide a

Pattern generation for direct-write three-dimensional nanoscale structures via focused electron beam induced deposition

• Lukas Keller and
• Michael Huth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2581–2598, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.240

• diffusive transport from areas with larger precursor coverage [22]. Although direct local adsorption can be hindered by shadowing of directed precursor flux from the GIS caused by an already existing 3D deposit, this effect was found to be of minor relevance in the experiments carried out in this work

• . Nevertheless two algorithms for avoiding shadowing of direct precursor flux have been implemented (see section 4.2 and 4.3), which can be activated if required. Diffusive precursor transport occurs along the existing 3D structure tapping into the large reservoir formed by the precursor coverage of the large

• considering changing precursor replenishment times, to improving the edge inclination angle accuracy and to avoiding possible shadowing effects, which we will discuss in the following. We start with providing some more details concerning the physical context of the multifacetted parameter sF introduced in

The structural and chemical basis of temporary adhesion in the sea star Asterina gibbosa

• Birgit Lengerer,
• Marie Bonneel,
• Mathilde Lefevre,
• Elise Hennebert,
• Philippe Leclère,
• Emmanuel Gosselin,
• Peter Ladurner and
• Patrick Flammang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2071–2086, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.196

• data pixels points and a field of view of 847 × 847 µm2. The acquired images have been plane corrected. In addition, a soft prism filter correction was applied for image enhancement to recover parts that cannot be measured due to shadowing effects. An analytical software (SPIP 5.1.1, 2010, Image

Comparative study of sculptured metallic thin films deposited by oblique angle deposition at different temperatures

• Susann Liedtke,
• Christoph Grüner,
• Jürgen W. Gerlach and
• Bernd Rauschenbach

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 954–962, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.89

• temperature (300 K) reveals that shadowing dominates the growth process for columns deposited at 77 K, while the impact of surface diffusion is significantly increased at elevated substrate temperatures. Furthermore, it is discussed how the incidence angle of the incoming particle flux and the substrate

• substrate temperature is found for those films. Keywords: biaxial texture; metallic tilted columns; oblique angle deposition; porosity; shadowing; thin films; Introduction The ability to produce highly porous metallic thin films is a substantial issue for a large number of applications [1]. For instance

• so that shadowing is induced during the growth process. This leads to the development of three dimensionally separated tilted metallic columns that grow over a large substrate area. During deposition, single metal atoms condense on the substrate surface and form microscopic nuclei. Due to the oblique

Direct writing of gold nanostructures with an electron beam: On the way to pure nanostructures by combining optimized deposition with oxygen-plasma treatment

• Domagoj Belić,
• Mostafa M. Shawrav,
• Emmerich Bertagnolli and
• Heinz D. Wanzenboeck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2530–2543, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.253

• the main planar nanostructure, with more material deposited in the SSA direction, clearly indicating a shadowing effect. This likely occurred due to scattering of primary electrons on already deposited material, which resulted with favoured generation of secondary electrons in front of the deposit (as

Refractive index sensing and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy using silver–gold layered bimetallic plasmonic crystals

• Somi Kang,
• Sean E. Lehman,
• Matthew V. Schulmerich,
• An-Phong Le,
• Tae-woo Lee,
• Stephen K. Gray,
• Rohit Bhargava and
• Ralph G. Nuzzo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2492–2503, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.249

• metal film above the SOG nanohole arrays were as follows: top metal layer of ≈50 nm thickness, bottom metal layer of ≈20 nm thickness, and sidewall metal layer thickness of ≈15 nm (details are given in Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1). The different thickness values account for the shadowing

Au nanostructure fabrication by pulsed laser deposition in open air: Influence of the deposition geometry

• Rumen G. Nikov,
• Anna Og. Dikovska,
• Nikolay N. Nedyalkov,
• Georgi V. Avdeev and
• Petar A. Atanasov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2438–2445, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.242

• is due to the effect of geometric shadowing – when the deposition takes place at small angles, the incoming material flux only lands on the taller parts of the growing structure [25][26]. It is well known that the size and density of the nanocolumns are a function of the angle between the material

• material shadowing effect depended on the position of the substrate with respect to the plasma plume. The nanocolumns with the highest density were obtained using deposition geometry 1 (Figure 4a). The dense covering of the substrate (estimated at 85%) here was also accompanied by the formation of a finer

• larger nanocolumn diameter and a lower density (56% coverage) observed here are related to the more efficient material shadowing when using this set up compared to the deposition under geometry 1. The use of geometry 3 resulted in an even more pronounced shadowing effect, resulting in nanocolumns with

Advances and challenges in the field of plasma polymer nanoparticles

• Andrei Choukourov,
• Pavel Pleskunov,
• Daniil Nikitin,
• Valerii Titov,
• Artem Shelemin,
• Mykhailo Vaidulych,
• Anna Kuzminova,
• Pavel Solař,
• Jan Hanuš,
• Jaroslav Kousal,
• Ondřej Kylián,
• Danka Slavínská and
• Hynek Biederman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2002–2014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.200

• significantly enhanced if shadowing instabilities are present on the surface, especially if the depositing flux is collimated and tilted at an oblique (glancing) angle to the surface normal. Nuclei of the adsorbed material create shadow zones in areas opposite to the direction of the incoming flux. Arrays of

• case of metals, probably due to a relatively large characteristic surface diffusion length of macromolecular species which compromises the shadowing effect. To enhance the shadowing mechanism, blank substrates can be preseeded with NPs produced by GAS (Figure 15a) that will serve as artificially

Nanotopographical control of surfaces using chemical vapor deposition processes

• Meike Koenig and
• Joerg Lahann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1250–1256, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.126

• ° to the substrate plane results in the formation of slanted nanocolumns via a self-shadowing mechanism with a diameter of around 150 nm [39][40][41]. The slanting angle can be controlled via the deposition angle. Compared to inorganic oblique angle deposition, more complex algorithms have to be

Self-assembly of silicon nanowires studied by advanced transmission electron microscopy

• Marta Agati,
• Guillaume Amiard,
• Vincent Le Borgne,
• Paola Castrucci,
• Richard Dolbec,
• Maurizio De Crescenzi,
• My Alì El Khakani and
• Simona Boninelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 440–445, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.47

• allowed us to tilt the sample from −50° to +57° with a step of 2°, without any shadowing effect caused by the C networked structure of the TEM grid. Image shift compensation and focus were manually adjusted during acquisition. With this procedure, we acquired 55 images at different projections in about

Fabrication of black-gold coatings by glancing angle deposition with sputtering

• Alan Vitrey,
• Rafael Alvarez,
• Alberto Palmero,
• María Ujué González and
• José Miguel García-Martín

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 434–439, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.46

• chemicals are involved, therefore no recycling problems are associated) onto any kind of substrates (e.g., conductor/isolator, flexible/rigid). By employing glancing angle deposition (GLAD), nanostructured coatings can be produced onto flat substrates, taking advantage of atomic shadowing effects. Although

• σ = 87° and exhibits black color, whereas that on the right was prepared with 75° tilt and shows golden color. These samples present different morphologies, as it is shown in Figure 2b and Figure 2c with AFM and FESEM images, respectively. As a result of the shadowing mechanism at the nanoscale

• glancing angle deposition with substrate rotation. The coatings are made of columnar nanostructures that are produced due to shadowing effects in the ballistic regime of sputtering. In order to obtain enhanced light absorption in the visible range, high tilt angle is needed, which gives rise to a diameter

Morphology of SiO₂ films as a key factor in alignment of liquid crystals with negative dielectric anisotropy

• Volodymyr Tkachenko,
• Antigone Marino,
• Eva Otón,
• Noureddine Bennis and
• Josè Manuel Otón

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1743–1748, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.167

• particular LC. In the case of negative Δε, LC alignment only takes place in plane of particle incidence [3][4], defined mainly by film morphology. The most amazing morphological feature of obliquely deposited polycrystalline films is its columnar structure, which appears to be due to a self-shadowing effect

• , such as a ballistic shadowing model giving the so-called "cosine rule" [11], a continuum model taking surface diffusion into account [12], and a model that accounts for the tendency of the columns to fan out during deposition [13]. The analytical formulas obtained within these models provide a first

• columns when surface diffusion overcomes the shadowing effect [19]. The film structure appears to be "pebble dash-like" [2] with a density approaching that of the bulk material. Figure 3 shows the three components of the SiO2 anisotropic refractive index at λ = 532 nm as a function of the deposition angle

Dealloying of gold–copper alloy nanowires: From hillocks to ring-shaped nanopores

• Adrien Chauvin,
• Cyril Delacôte,
• Mohammed Boujtita,
• Benoit Angleraud,
• Junjun Ding,
• Chang-Hwan Choi,
• Pierre-Yves Tessier and
• Abdel-Aziz El Mel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1361–1367, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.127

• because of a non-homogenous surface topography with hills distributed over the surface. During PVD the growth of the material occurs preferredly on the hills acting as nucleation sites [15][16]. The local self-shadowing effect at these nucleation sites is the main driving force promoting the formation of

• by a shadowing effect. This shadowing effect is enhanced by the fact that the angle between the magnetron source axis and the normal to the substrate was 30°. During the early stage of deposition (Figure 4(2)), the metal grows non-uniformly on the photoresist residues. The film is thick at the top

• region of the photoresist residue and thin at its basis. This is related to the fact that the corner regions between the substrate and the photoresist residue can be hardly reached by the sputtered species because of the shadowing effect from the residue. Since the metal deposition is carried out at a

Large-scale fabrication of achiral plasmonic metamaterials with giant chiroptical response

• Morten Slyngborg,
• Yao-Chung Tsao and
• Peter Fojan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 914–925, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.83

• as the samples prepared at 60 and 70°. This is reasonable as the angle deposition sensitivity, which determines the dependence of the resulting structure on the deposition angle, is very low at small angles but increases with large angles. The reason for this is found in the shadowing effect of the

• honeycomb structure. The glancing angle deposition is self-perpetuating at larger angles while small angles result only in minor shadowing effects. The samples prepared at 0 and 50°, in general, exhibit three to four distinct resonance peaks while the samples prepared at 60 and 70° only exhibit two to three

In situ SU-8 silver nanocomposites

• Søren V. Fischer,
• Basil Uthuppu and
• Mogens H. Jakobsen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1661–1665, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.168

• results in the formation of a Lewis acid which cross-links the resist in the exposed areas [18]. The prolonged exposure of 7.5 min compared to a standard exposure time of 10 s is required because of the absorption and shadowing effects of the formed AgNPs. Further optimisation of the exposure time needs

Continuum models of focused electron beam induced processing

• Milos Toth,
• Charlene Lobo,
• Vinzenz Friedli,
• Aleksandra Szkudlarek and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1518–1540, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.157

• flow on nozzle geometry (straight nozzle, bevelled nozzle with FEB access hole, closed capillary with FEB access holes), capillary angle, and shadowing by 3D objects have been studied by Friedli et al. [31][33]. More recently, it was shown that certain FEBIP scan strategies also lead to shadowing

Scanning reflection ion microscopy in a helium ion microscope

• Yuri V. Petrov and
• Oleg F. Vyvenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1125–1137, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.114

• part of the reflected ions may be stopped by the diaphragm or by the elements of the specimen surface (shadowing effect). Firstly, we suppose that the angular distribution of the reflected ions η(Θ1,Θ2) has a maximum at an angle of Θ20 that corresponds to specular reflection: Θ20 = Θ20 + 2α and the