Studies of probe tip materials by atomic force microscopy: a review

• Ke Xu and
• Yuzhe Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1256–1267, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.104

• structure [37][38]. Due to these unique properties, CNT-AFM probes offer a longer lifetime, high spatial resolution, and unprecedented sensitivity than their conventional silicon counterparts. Carbon nanotubes are generally prepared by assembled and grown methods. Assembled carbon nanotube probe Nishijima

• , followed by imaging with commercially available silicon tips. Individual SWNTs are extracted from the substrates to produce superior SWNT probes in this process. This type of tip can be applied for etching by adjusting the length of the nanotubes under 2 nm control. In fluid and air, this type of

• assembly methods, direct growth of carbon nanotubes by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) allows for increased bond strength between CNT tips and AFM probes. A pore growth method was used by Hafner et al. [42]. The method uses AFM imaging in contact mode to flatten the silicon tip, followed by hydrogen

Roll-to-roll fabrication of superhydrophobic pads covered with nanofur for the efficient clean-up of oil spills

• Patrick Weiser,
• Robin Kietz,
• Marc Schneider,
• Matthias Worgull and
• Hendrik Hölscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1228–1239, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.102

• using various dry/wet etching techniques including electrochemical HF etching, stain etching, metal-assisted etching, and reactive ion etching [9][11]. So-called “nanograss” or “black silicon” is a surface modification of silicon where the surface is covered with millions of tiny needle-like structures

• with high aspect ratio. These needles render superhydrophobic properties to the surface. Such surfaces can either be prepared using a RIE process [12] or a laser-assisted etching process described by Mazur et al. [13], which requires expensive silicon wafers as substrate as well as a femtosecond laser

Microneedle-based ocular drug delivery systems – recent advances and challenges

• Piotr Gadziński,
• Anna Froelich,
• Monika Wojtyłko,
• Antoni Białek,
• Julia Krysztofiak and
• Tomasz Osmałek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1167–1184, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.98

• fabrication, the drug loading technique, and the mode of drug delivery [117]. Concerning the materials used to manufacture the microneedle arrays, the range of available substances is wide. The first material employed for this purpose was silicon. It is important to note that it offers versatile properties

• and the ability to form different microneedle geometries, which can be considered as an advantage. However, the manufacturing process can be complicated and the material is relatively expensive. Also, silicon is a brittle, non-compatible, and non-biodegradable material, which may cause skin irritation

• are usually prepared from ceramic materials, silicon, or metal, they display higher stiffness than polymer-based systems. The risk of clogging the internal canals of the needles upon application is mentioned in the literature as a possible drawback of these systems [142]. Dissolving microneedles are

A cantilever-based, ultrahigh-vacuum, low-temperature scanning probe instrument for multidimensional scanning force microscopy

• Hao Liu,
• Zuned Ahmed,
• Sasa Vranjkovic,
• Manfred Parschau,
• Andrada-Oana Mandru and
• Hans J. Hug

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1120–1140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.95

• modulus of silicon, respectively; L, w, and t are the length, width, and thickness of the cantilever, respectively. While the first two geometrical dimensions are well-defined by the fabrication process and can easily be measured by electron microscopy, the thickness t of the cantilever is best obtained

Analytical and numerical design of a hybrid Fabry–Perot plano-concave microcavity for hexagonal boron nitride

• Felipe Ortiz-Huerta and
• Karina Garay-Palmett

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1030–1037, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.90

• λ0/4n thickness layer of hBN (n = 1.72) was positioned on top of a 15-pair layer DBR with tantalum oxide (Ta2O5) and silicon oxide (SiO2) as the high- and low-index layers, respectively, on a (HL)15 configuration to ensure an electric field antinode at the surface of the hBN layer, making the hBN

Influence of water contamination on the sputtering of silicon with low-energy argon ions investigated by molecular dynamics simulations

• Grégoire R. N. Defoort-Levkov,
• Alan Bahm and
• Patrick Philipp

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 986–1003, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.86

• by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations how one of the most commonly found residual contaminations in vacuum chambers (i.e., water adsorbed on a silicon surface) influences sputtering by 100 eV argon ions. The incidence angle was changed from normal incidence to close to grazing incidence. For the

• simulation conditions used in this work, the adsorption of water favours the formation of defects in silicon by mixing hydrogen and oxygen atoms into the substrate. The sputtering yield of silicon is not significantly changed by the contamination, but the fraction of hydrogen and oxygen atoms that is

• ; molecular dynamics; silicon; simulations; water; Introduction Focused ion beams (FIB) play an increasingly important role in materials research areas such as nanoanalysis (e.g., secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) [1][2][3] and sample preparation for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) [4], atom

Numerical modeling of a multi-frequency receiving system based on an array of dipole antennas for LSPE-SWIPE

• Alexander V. Chiginev,
• Anton V. Blagodatkin,
• Dmitrii A. Pimanov,
• Ekaterina A. Matrozova,
• Anna V. Gordeeva,
• Andrey L. Pankratov and
• Leonid S. Kuzmin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 865–872, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.77

• GHz, the second half is occupied by cells for 240 GHz. Receiving cells with integrated CEBs are located on a 260 µm thick silicon substrate with a silicon dioxide layer. The difficulty of the considered receiving system is the existing specific sample holder, which allows the receiving of the signal

Ultrafast signatures of magnetic inhomogeneity in Pd_1−xFe_x (x ≤ 0.08) epitaxial thin films

• Andrey V. Petrov,
• Sergey I. Nikitin,
• Lenar R. Tagirov,
• Amir I. Gumarov,
• Igor V. Yanilkin and
• Roman V. Yusupov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 836–844, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.74

• S2386-5K silicon photodiodes. The difference signal from the output of the photodiodes was used to determine the rotation angle Δθ = f(Δt), and the sum signal was used to measure the dynamics of the reflection coefficient ΔR/R = g(Δt). To extract the magnetic contribution ΔθΚ to the rotation of the

Temperature and chemical effects on the interfacial energy between a Ga–In–Sn eutectic liquid alloy and nanoscopic asperities

• Yujin Han,
• Pierre-Marie Thebault,
• Corentin Audes,
• Xuelin Wang,
• Haiwoong Park,
• Jian-Zhong Jiang and
• Arnaud Caron

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 817–827, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.72

• , France, International Center of New-Structured Materials (ICNSM), Laboratory of New-Structured Materials, State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People’s Republic of China 10.3762/bjnano.13.72 Abstract The

Gelatin nanoparticles with tunable mechanical properties: effect of crosslinking time and loading

• Agnes-Valencia Weiss,
• Daniel Schorr,
• Julia K. Metz,
• Metin Yildirim,
• Saeed Ahmad Khan and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 778–787, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.68

• , Germany). Fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran 70 kDa (FITC-dextran) was purchased from TdB (Upsala Sweden). Pall Minimate™ tangential flow filtration capsules 300 kDa were obtained from VWR International GmbH (Darmstadt, Germany). Silicon wafers used as substrates in AFM experiments were derived from Plano

Fabrication and testing of polymer microneedles for transdermal drug delivery

• Vahid Ebrahiminejad,
• Zahra Faraji Rad,
• Philip D. Prewett and
• Graham J. Davies

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 629–640, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.55

• classified into solid, hollow, coated, hydrogel-forming, and dissolvable types, which depending on the specific medical applications [12][13], are fabricated using silicon, metal, ceramic, silica glass, carbohydrate, and polymers [7][14]. In recent years, polymeric MNs have gained a lot of interest due to

• arrays have the potential for collecting interstitial fluid more safely than using glass [40] or silicon MNs. Conclusion MN arrays have considerable potential for cost-effective, rapid, and non-invasive therapeutic drug delivery, vaccination, and point-of-care diagnostics, with potential for self

Sodium doping in brookite TiO₂ enhances its photocatalytic activity

• Boxiang Zhuang,
• Honglong Shi,
• Honglei Zhang and
• Zeqian Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 599–609, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.52

• ). (1) Brookite—platy grains. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) results of platy grains (Figure 4b) indicate that Na can be well identified besides Ti and O (note that the characteristic peak of C comes from the carbon conducting resin, Al from the sample holder, and Si from the silicon wafer

• ]. The morphology and the chemical composition of the products were characterized by a field-emission scanning electron microscope (Hitachi S-4800) equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscope working at 10 kV and 10 μA. Samples were dispersed into ethyl alcohol and then sprayed on a silicon

Revealing local structural properties of an atomically thin MoSe₂ surface using optical microscopy

• Lin Pan,
• Peng Miao,
• Anke Horneber,
• Alfred J. Meixner,
• Pierre-Michel Adam and
• Dai Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 572–581, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.49

• images of CuPc/MoSe2. The topographic images of CuPc/MoSe2 are obtained with an atomic force microscope (Multimode 8-HR, Bruker) operated in peak force tapping mode using a SCANASYST-AIR probe (silicon tip on nitride lever, Bruker). Optical properties of a triangular MoSe2 flake covered with a thin film

Electrostatic pull-in application in flexible devices: A review

• Teng Cai,
• Yuming Fang,
• Yingli Fang,
• Ruozhou Li,
• Ying Yu and
• Mingyang Huang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 390–403, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.32

• electrode materials include CNTs, GR, and silicon/germanium nanowires. CNT-NEM switches CNTs are an ideal flexible material for NEM electrodes because of the high aspect ratio, current density, and excellent tensile strength. In 2000, Rueckes et al. [13] observed the electromechanical conversion in CNTs for

• collapse, the preparation technology is complex. Li et al. [30] prepared cantilever GR-NEM switches with two or three terminals using amorphous silicon as sacrificial layer. Sun et al. [6] prepared a three-terminal switch using PMMA polymer as the sacrifice layer. The graphene beam area was 2.5 µm × 0.5 µm

• with a switching ratio of about 103. Qian et al. [37] produced a U-shaped NEM switch with two Si nanowires, which support a square capacitive plate to form a U-shaped removable electrode, as shown in Figure 5b. The length of the silicon nanowires is 5 µm, the cross section is 90 × 90 nm square, the

Micro- and nanotechnology in biomedical engineering for cartilage tissue regeneration in osteoarthritis

• Zahra Nabizadeh,
• Mahmoud Nasrollahzadeh,
• Hamed Daemi,
• Mohamadreza Baghaban Eslaminejad,
• Ali Akbar Shabani,
• Mehdi Dadashpour,
• Majid Mirmohammadkhani and
• Davood Nasrabadi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 363–389, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.31

• carbon, silicon, boron, and halloysite clay sheets and possess unique physicochemical properties. Among nanotube structures, much attention has been paid to carbon nanotubes (CNTs) because of their excellent mechanical and tensile strength properties, thermal and electrical conductivity, and high surface

Systematic studies into uniform synthetic protein nanoparticles

• Nahal Habibi,
• Ava Mauser,
• Jeffery E. Raymond and
• Joerg Lahann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 274–283, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.22

• of mass for the substrate, with subsequent images taken at a set distance in each cardinal direction (+X, −X, +Y, −Y) in order to avoid bias. The SEM images were taken from a silicon wafer that was obtained from direct placement onto the substrate during jetting. This wafer was then sputter coated

Investigation of a memory effect in a Au/(Ti–Cu)Ox-gradient thin film/TiAlV structure

• Damian Wojcieszak,
• Jarosław Domaradzki,
• Michał Mazur,
• Tomasz Kotwica and
• Danuta Kaczmarek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 265–273, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.21

• requirements of the different characterization methods, thin gradient layers were deposited on silicon (Si), amorphous silica (SiO2) and conductive metallic substrates (Ti6Al4V). The resulting thickness of the prepared thin films was about 610 nm as measured using a Talysurf optical profiler (Tylor Hobson CCI

Relationship between corrosion and nanoscale friction on a metallic glass

• Haoran Ma and
• Roland Bennewitz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 236–244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.18

• anodic polarization results in a net positive surface charge [36][37], caused by the accumulation of the dissolved metal cations on the inner layer and strengthens the adhesion of the negatively charged silicon AFM tip [38][39]. Figure 5d depicts schematically this charge buildup at the surface of the

Piezoelectric nanogenerator for bio-mechanical strain measurement

• Zafar Javed,
• Lybah Rafiq,
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer,
• Saqib Siddiqui,
• Muhammad Babar Ramzan,
• Muhammad Qamar Khan and
• Muhammad Salman Naeem

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 192–200, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.14

• presence of a large amount of polymer. To check the piezoelectric output of the developed sensor, a digital oscilloscope was used and the sensor was tapped with the fingers. Silicon gloves were used to avoid any possible static charges influence [42]. The sensor was placed on a smooth surface and the wires

Low-energy electron interaction and focused electron beam-induced deposition of molybdenum hexacarbonyl (Mo(CO)₆)

• Po-Yuan Shih,
• Maicol Cipriani,
• Christian Felix Hermanns,
• Jens Oster,
• Klaus Edinger,
• Armin Gölzhäuser and
• Oddur Ingólfsson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 182–191, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.13

• ®. Energy-dispersive X-ray analyses was done with a ZEISS Crossbeam system with an integrated Oxford EDX detector. Deposits for EDX analysis were prepared on a 100 nm thick polycrystalline gold substrate on a 4 inch silicon wafer, purchased from Georg Albert PVD. The Au-based substrate was chosen because of

• . Elemental composition of Mo(CO)6 FEBID deposits obtained by EDX measurement of a 1 μm2 pad deposited on a 100 nm thick polycrystalline gold substrate on a 4 inch silicon wafer. Funding This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie

Thermal oxidation process on Si(113)-(3 × 2) investigated using high-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy

• Hiroya Tanaka,
• Shinya Ohno,
• Kazushi Miki and
• Masatoshi Tanaka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 172–181, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.12

• the literature. Initial oxidation processes were identified based on high-resolution STM images. Keywords: high-index Si surface; in situ measurement; oxidation; scanning tunneling microscopy (STM); Introduction High-index silicon surfaces have drawn considerable interest for their usefulness in

• understand thermal oxidation on silicon surfaces as well as metal-induced oxidation and silicidation [2]. Nevertheless, dynamic processes in oxidation have been studied scarcely so far, especially for high-index silicon surfaces. The study of the oxides grown on high-index silicon surfaces is of great

• ) shows protrusions formed inside the oxide. In the case of Si(001), it was reported that a silicon atom can be removed from the surface during thermal oxidation and expelled onto the surface [14]. The protrusion seen at site (d) may be such expelled silicon atoms. In contrast, protrusions seen inside the

Nanoscale friction and wear of a polymer coated with graphene

• Robin Vacher and
• Astrid S. de Wijn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 63–73, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.4

• challenging problem due to the complex viscoelastic properties and structure. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we investigate how a graphene sheet on top of the semicrystalline polymer polyvinyl alcohol affects the friction and wear. Our setup is meant to resemble an AFM experiment with a silicon tip. We

• of depositing, indenting, and sliding on graphene. In the final section, we draw some conclusions. Simulation Setup We simulate a slab of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) coated with a single layer of graphene and a counterbody representing an AFM tip consisting of silicon. The simulations were performed

• implemented in LAMMPS: The interaction between PVA and graphene is modelled using a Lennard-Jones 12-6 potential and the Lorentz–Berlot mixing rule, so that σ1 = 4.025 Å, and ε1 = 0.015066 eV. We model the interaction between the silicon tip and graphene using a Lennard-Jones 12-6 with the same parameters

Sputtering onto liquids: a critical review

• Anastasiya Sergievskaya,
• Adrien Chauvin and
• Stephanos Konstantinidis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 10–53, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.2

• (Figure 1). In 1974, Yatsuya et al. used a liquid as a substrate during a physical vapor deposition (PVD) experiment. They thermally evaporated metals in vacuum onto silicon oil for NP production [9]. After the pioneering experiments of Yatsuya et al., depositions onto liquids were not mentioned in

• research papers for almost 20 years until 1996 when two research groups reported SoL experiments. Ye et al. studied the formation of silver films on the surface of silicon oil [10] while Wagener et al. prepared silver and aluminium NPs by deposition onto silicon oil using various experimental conditions

Chemical vapor deposition of germanium-rich CrGe_x nanowires

• Vladislav Dřínek,
• Stanislav Tiagulskyi,
• Roman Yatskiv,
• Jan Grym,
• Radek Fajgar,
• Věra Jandová,
• Martin Koštejn and
• Jaroslav Kupčík

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1365–1371, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.100

• applications, as well as catalysis. Moreover, their compatibility with silicon technology is advantageous. The rising need for advanced technologies in IT, aerospace, chemical, and power supply industries has accelerated the search for novel materials that could be applied along with traditional materials or

• silicide in the chemical industry, the so-called “direct (Müller–Rochow) process” in which chloromethane and silicon are converted in various chlorosilanes [1]. In contrast, only few papers about CuGex have been published, in which a few possible applications were mentioned and tested. Another example is

• chromium silicide/germanide. CrSix has been described in tens of publications and at least some properties of it are known and classified. However, only few CrGex publications have been published so far. Although silicon and germanium as representatives of group-IV elements possess similar physicochemical

Identifying diverse metal oxide nanomaterials with lethal effects on embryonic zebrafish using machine learning

• Richard Liam Marchese Robinson,
• Haralambos Sarimveis,
• Philip Doganis,
• Xiaodong Jia,
• Marianna Kotzabasaki,
• Christiana Gousiadou,
• Stacey Lynn Harper and
• Terry Wilkins

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1297–1325, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.97

• non-toxic, according to two distinct categorisations based upon mortality data determined at 24 or 120 hpf for embryonic zebrafish continuously exposed to the ENMs via fish water test medium [31]. (One dataset entry corresponded to an ENM with a silicon dioxide core. Whilst silicon dioxide is