On the mechanism of piezoresistance in nanocrystalline graphite

• Sandeep Kumar,
• Simone Dehm and
• Ralph Krupke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 376–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.34

• constrictions at the end of the active device area were used to measure the potential drop across the device area. The measurements were done in constant current mode, and the voltage drop across the squared central area was measured at each strain value. NCG was grown by spin coating S1805 at 4000 rpm

• transfer is required on glass in an aqueous medium [26]. Third, NCG fills the cracks present at the edges during spin coating the polymer and inhibits their propagation during the bending of the substrate. Raman spectroscopy is a powerful method to detect strain in graphene, which can be determined from

• . Experimental Piezoresistance measurements NCG was synthesized on a 300 nm SiO2/Si substrate by spin coating S1805 (1:10 dilution with propylene glycol methyl ether acetate, PGMEA) at 4000 rpm. The spin-coated Si/SiO2 substrate was loaded in a vacuum furnace and annealed at 600 °C for 10 h at 10−6 mbar. The

CdSe/ZnS quantum dots as a booster in the active layer of distributed ternary organic photovoltaics

• Gabriela Lewińska,
• Piotr Jeleń,
• Zofia Kucia,
• Maciej Sitarz,
• Łukasz Walczak,
• Bartłomiej Szafraniak,
• Jerzy Sanetra and
• Konstanty W. Marszalek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 144–156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.14

• –COOH groups, they can be easily labeled for chemical and biological applications. Low-molecular-weight organic molecules coat highly luminescent semiconductor nanocrystals. Materials and Methods Thin films, the intended active layers, were fabricated using the spin-coating method. The layers were a

TEM sample preparation of lithographically patterned permalloy nanostructures on silicon nitride membranes

• Joshua Williams,
• Michael I. Faley,
• Joseph Vimal Vas,
• Peng-Han Lu and
• Rafal E. Dunin-Borkowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1–12, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.1

• associated with resist such as the edge bead problem and resist melting during deposition. This approach is ideal for applications on small substrates where spin coating of a homogeneous resist layer is difficult. This technique is particularly suitable for TEM application because TEM grids have the SiN

• of the 3 mm TEM window grid that provides nine windows of free-standing 50 nm thick SiN membrane. (a) Front side and (b) back side. (c) Spin coating adapter for the 3 mm TEM grid. (a) Electron beam exposure scheme. (b) Cross section of developed resist with multi-dose exposure on a bulk substrate

Hierarchically patterned polyurethane microgrooves featuring nanopillars or nanoholes for neurite elongation and alignment

• Lester Uy Vinzons,
• Guo-Chung Dong and
• Shu-Ping Lin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1157–1168, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.96

• microgrooves (“hole–groove”), respectively. (Note that for the nanoholes, the spin-coating of the second SU-8 layer occasionally results in a patchy film, probably because of some residual PDMS from the nanopillar imprinter. Investigation of the SU-8 post-exposure baking parameters during thermal imprinting

Dual-heterodyne Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Benjamin Grévin,
• Fatima Husainy,
• Dmitry Aldakov and
• Cyril Aumaître

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1068–1084, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.88

Upscaling the urea method synthesis of CoAl layered double hydroxides

• Camilo Jaramillo-Hernández,
• Víctor Oestreicher,
• Martín Mizrahi and
• Gonzalo Abellán

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 927–938, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.76

• spin-coated on a Si wafer (3000 rpm, 40 s), washed with ethanol and dried afterward. For AFM, the samples were diluted in ethanol and drop-cast on a Si/SiO2 wafer. Si/SiO2 wafers were washed by spin-coating ten droplets of acetone and ten droplets of isopropanol prior to sample deposition. Scanning

Gap-directed chemical lift-off lithographic nanoarchitectonics for arbitrary sub-micrometer patterning

• Chang-Ming Wang,
• Hong-Sheng Chan,
• Chia-Li Liao,
• Che-Wei Chang and
• Wei-Ssu Liao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 34–44, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.4

• important parameters to modulate (Scheme 1B). H is regulated by the photoresist mold in which the PDMS resin is cured in, which in turn can be controlled by spin coating speed and photoresist concentration. On the other hand, D and W are both determined by the photomask used. It is important to note that

Photoelectrochemical water oxidation over TiO₂ nanotubes modified with MoS₂ and g-C₃N₄

• Phuong Hoang Nguyen,
• Thi Minh Cao,
• Tho Truong Nguyen,
• Hien Duy Tong and
• Viet Van Pham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1541–1550, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.127

• solution. Next, 0.2 mL of either of these solutions was used to coat the surface of TNAs via spin coating. The samples were denoted as MoS2/TNAs and g-C3N4/TNAs. Then, the samples were annealed in nitrogen gas at 60 °C for 12 h to obtain a stable electrode for the investigation processes. Characterization

Application of nanoarchitectonics in moist-electric generation

• Jia-Cheng Feng and
• Hong Xia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1185–1200, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.99

• spin-coating, lyophilization, and electrostatic spinning. These devices using polyethylene derivatives generate high output voltages and can be fabricated at a large scale, which gives them a great application potential. For example, FEP devices generated a high output voltage of up to 160 V with

Optimizing PMMA solutions to suppress contamination in the transfer of CVD graphene for batch production

• Chun-Da Liao,
• Andrea Capasso,
• Tiago Queirós,
• Telma Domingues,
• Fatima Cerqueira,
• Nicoleta Nicoara,
• Jérôme Borme,
• Paulo Freitas and
• Pedro Alpuim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 796–806, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.70

• average molecular weight (AMW) and weight concentration in anisole, to be deposited by spin coating. Optical microscopy and Raman spectroscopy showed that the amount of PMMA residues on transferred graphene is proportional to the AMW and concentration in the solvent. At the same time, the mechanical

• breakage is crucial, considering that PMMA solutions with higher weight percentage (wt %) are usually preferred as they form thicker supporting layers by spin coating: Such layers are mechanically more robust, yet leave behind significant residues [20]. Annealing processes (usually 200–450 °C, under an

• reliable transfer at a negligible contamination level, even without any post-treatment at high temperature. The supporting layer formed by spin coating presents high mechanical flexibility and strength for the transfer process and appears easy to dissolve afterward. We validated the impact of the optimized

Zinc oxide nanostructures for fluorescence and Raman signal enhancement: a review

• Ioana Marica,
• Fran Nekvapil,
• Maria Ștefan,
• Cosmin Farcău and
• Alexandra Falamaș

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 472–490, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.40

• include hydrothermal method [42], controlled wet chemistry using spin coating, which can deposit, for example, uniform Ag NPs onto ZnO nanowhiskers and nanocolumns [43], photochemical deposition, which allows the formation of different Au shapes depending on the type of additive added into the

Electrostatic pull-in application in flexible devices: A review

• Teng Cai,
• Yuming Fang,
• Yingli Fang,
• Ruozhou Li,
• Ying Yu and
• Mingyang Huang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 390–403, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.32

• contact electrodes [25][26], or intermediate layer [27], and can greatly improve the life cycles of switches. However, CNTs prepared by CVD are randomly oriented, and positioning CNTs at the desired location is a challenge that hinders scalable manufacturing. Ward et al. [28] and Cha et al. [21] used spin

• coating to disperse carbon nanotubes on a substrate by coating with a solution carbon nanotube powder in dichlorobenzene. In addition, a more general solution deposition process is AC dielectrophoretic technology [2][23]. The dielectrophoretic technology requires low voltage, high frequency, and can

Enhancement of the piezoelectric coefficient in PVDF-TrFe/CoFe₂O₄ nanocomposites through DC magnetic poling

• Marco Fortunato,
• Alessio Tamburrano,
• Maria Paola Bracciale,
• Maria Laura Santarelli and
• Maria Sabrina Sarto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1262–1270, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.93

• . These included mechanical stretching [19][20], spin coating [21], quenching [22], a combination of the latter two techniques [2], and the addition of external additives to the PVDF matrix, such as metal nanocomposites [14][23], ceramic filler [24], and graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) and their combination

• in the fabrication of energy harvesting devices or wearable sensors for flexible electronics applications. Experimental The PVDF-TrFe/CoFe2O4 nanocomposite thin films were produced through spin coating. The CoFe2O4 nanoparticles (Sigma-Aldrich, 99%) were dispersed in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF, Sigma

An overview of microneedle applications, materials, and fabrication methods

• Zahra Faraji Rad,
• Philip D. Prewett and
• Graham J. Davies

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1034–1046, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.77

• methods, notably DRIE. Drawing lithography has been used for high aspect ratio microneedles of heights 1600, 1200, and 600 μm [80][81]. This technique involves spin coating of a viscoelastic thermosetting polymer such as SU-8 epoxy resin, followed by thermal curing and controlled drawing of the material

Structural and optical characteristics determined by the sputtering deposition conditions of oxide thin films

• Petronela Prepelita,
• Florin Garoi and
• Valentin Craciun

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 354–365, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.29

• dielectric properties (e.g., SiO2 and ZnO) exhibit a dependence of the electrical resistance with temperature [22][23]. SiO2 and ZnO films are obtained by various deposition techniques, such as matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation (MAPLE) [24][25], spin coating of sol–gel precursor solutions [26], radio

Electron beam-induced deposition of platinum from Pt(CO)₂Cl₂ and Pt(CO)₂Br₂

• Aya Mahgoub,
• Hang Lu,
• Rachel M. Thorman,
• Konstantin Preradovic,
• Titel Jurca,
• Lisa McElwee-White,
• Howard Fairbrother and
• Cornelis W. Hagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1789–1800, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.161

• has very high design flexibility and does not require masks or resist and development. Moreover, it does not need to be performed in a clean room with multiple process stages, such as spin coating, deposition, development, and etching; it is a single step process [1]. The process starts by injecting a

Application of contact-resonance AFM methods to polymer samples

• Sebastian Friedrich and
• Brunero Cappella

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1714–1727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.154

• respective bulk polymers ([3], page 98). These higher values are due to inner stresses and the stretching of the polymer chains during spin coating [3][31][39]. Furthermore, since CR measurements are performed at high frequencies, the time–temperature superposition principle leads to a stiffening of the

Out-of-plane surface patterning by subsurface processing of polymer substrates with focused ion beams

• Serguei Chiriaev,
• Luciana Tavares,
• Vadzim Adashkevich,
• Arkadiusz J. Goszczak and
• Horst-Günter Rubahn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1693–1703, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.151

• strain accumulation followed by the relaxation of this strain at a certain critical value. Experimental Materials and samples The PMMA and PDMS substrates used in this study were deposited onto the surface of blank silicon wafers. The deposition of PMMA was performed by spin coating in an RRT Lanz EBS 11

• components, the elastomer was deposited onto the surface of the silicon wafer, degassed in vacuum, and cured for 48 h at room temperature, which resulted in the formation of an approx. 0.8 mm thick PDMS layer. For the preparation of PDMS samples we intentionally avoided any spin coating, in order to

Band tail state related photoluminescence and photoresponse of ZnMgO solid solution nanostructured films

• Vadim Morari,
• Aida Pantazi,
• Nicolai Curmei,
• Vitalie Postolache,
• Emil V. Rusu,
• Marius Enachescu,
• Ion M. Tiginyanu and
• Veaceslav V. Ursaki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 899–910, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.75

• the composition range x = 0.00–0.40 has been prepared by sol–gel spin coating on Si substrates with a post-deposition thermal treatment in the temperature range of 400–650 °C. The morphology of the films was investigated by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy while their light

• ; photoluminescence; photosensitivity; spin coating; thin films; ZnMgO semiconductor alloy; Introduction The ZnMgO solid solution system is of interest due to the possibility to tailor many important physical properties by varying their composition. This alloy system covers a wide ultraviolet (UV) spectral range

• (MOCVD) [18][19], hydrothermal [4], chemical bath deposition (CBD) [20], sol–gel spin coating [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29], and spray pyrolysis [28][29][30][31][32][33][34]. Among these techniques, the sol–gel spin coating method has the advantage of ensuring easy control and handling of

Formation of nanoripples on ZnO flat substrates and nanorods by gas cluster ion bombardment

• Xiaomei Zeng,
• Vasiliy Pelenovich,
• Bin Xing,
• Rakhim Rakhimov,
• Wenbin Zuo,
• Alexander Tolstogouzov,
• Chuansheng Liu,
• Dejun Fu and
• Xiangheng Xiao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 383–390, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.29

• mL of deionized (DI) water for 4 h at 60 °C. Then, the solution was heated in an oven for 20 h at 60 °C. Next, ZnO seeds were synthesized on the Si substrates through spin-coating. First, a drop of the seed solution was put onto the cleaned substrate at 700 rpm for 10 s and then at 2000 rpm for 60 s

Implementation of data-cube pump–probe KPFM on organic solar cells

• Benjamin Grévin,
• Olivier Bardagot and
• Renaud Demadrille

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 323–337, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.24

• rpm for 1 s (≈30 nm) and annealed at 120 °C for 10 min under ambient conditions. The substrate was then transferred into an argon-filled glovebox for spin-coating of an active layer of the PTB7:PC71BM solution (1:1.5 weight ratio, 25 mg∙mL−1 total concentration) in anhydrous chlorobenzene. The blend

Recent progress in perovskite solar cells: the perovskite layer

• Xianfeng Dai,
• Ke Xu and
• Fanan Wei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 51–60, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.5

• films Benefiting from the advances of various film deposition techniques, such as one-step spin coating [13][21], two-step sequential solution deposition [22][23] and inkjet printing fabrication [24][25], unprecedented progress in the improvement of the efficiency of PSCs has been made. To obtain high

• deposition approach based on one-step spin coating, which involves dripping a noncoordinate solvent such as toluene, chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene or trifluorotoluene onto the perovskite film while spinning. This method has shown to produce extremely smooth and homogeneous perovskite films. PSCs with a PCE

• development of large-scale semi-transparent PSCs with large area, having diverse applications in the field of building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPVs) or as top cells for tandem devices. It has become a problem that a considerable amount of toxic Pb-containing material is discarded during the spin coating

Semitransparent Sb₂S₃ thin film solar cells by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis for use in solar windows

• Jako S. Eensalu,
• Atanas Katerski,
• Erki Kärber,
• Lothar Weinhardt,
• Monika Blum,
• Clemens Heske,
• Wanli Yang,
• Ilona Oja Acik and
• Malle Krunks

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2396–2409, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.230

• thin film when it is grown by CBD from an aqueous solution [18]. In 2018, PCE ≈ 5.7% was achieved for a cell based on a spin-coated Sb2S3 absorber, and the same group further increased the PCE of this cell to 6.4% by Zn doping during spin-coating of Sb2S3 [39][40]. Soon after, by doping Sb2S3 with CsOH

• , the PCE of planar Sb2S3 solar cells was boosted from 4.3% to 6.6% [41]. When looking forward to mass production on meter-sized substrates, however, spin-coating cannot be upscaled due to design limitations [42]. Industrialization is feasible only for low-cost, upscalable methods, to the detriment of

Polyvinylpyrrolidone as additive for perovskite solar cells with water and isopropanol as solvents

• Chen Du,
• Shuo Wang,
• Xu Miao,
• Wenhai Sun,
• Yu Zhu,
• Chengyan Wang and
• Ruixin Ma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2374–2382, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.228

• . Device fabrication Prior to spin-coating, the ITO glass substrate was cleaned sequentially with detergent, acetone, ethanol, deionized water, each for 15 min, then dried with a nitrogen flow, and then cleaned with UV/ozone for 20 min. A thin layer of SnO2 nanoparticles was spin-coated on the ITO

• substrate at 4000 rpm for 30 s and annealed at 150 °C for 10 min, then treated with UV/ozone for 20 min. The Pb(NO3)2 layer was prepared by spin-coating an aqueous Pb(NO3)2 solution (the concentration of Pb(NO3)2 was 1.0 M, doped with 0, 0.5, 1, 2, or 3 mg/mL PVP) at 4000 rpm for 20 s and annealed at 100 °C

• –oxygen bond to be reduced. Based on the analysis conducted above, the main reaction process is illustrated in Figure 6d. Firstly, Pb(NO3)2 is combined with PVP in aqueous solution. Following spin-coating, a film of a Pb-PVP phase forms. During the immersion in MAX solution, PVP combines with Pb(NO3)2 to

Nontoxic pyrite iron sulfide nanocrystals as second electron acceptor in PTB7:PC₇₁BM-based organic photovoltaic cells

• Olivia Amargós-Reyes,
• José-Luis Maldonado,
• Omar Martínez-Alvarez,
• María-Elena Nicho,
• José Santos-Cruz,
• Juan Nicasio-Collazo,
• Irving Caballero-Quintana and
• Concepción Arenas-Arrocena

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2238–2250, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.216

• thickness and morphology of the devices [32][35]. Spin-coating is one of the most widely used techniques for active layer deposition that provides a small active area film with a low root-mean-squared roughness of about 1–3 nm [36]. It has been proved that, with the incorporation of a third component in the