Advancing nanolithography: a comprehensive review of materials for local anodic oxidation with AFM

• Matteo Lorenzoni

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 275–291, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.19

• , and the tip material or coating. Studies such as Garcia et al. [15] and Snow et al. [58] systematically demonstrate this dependence, showing a strong correlation between humidity control and achievable resolution in LAO. Voltage and pulse time also play an important role, when the voltage pulse

Gold nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide as a highly effective catalyst for the selective α,β-dehydrogenation of N-alkyl-4-piperidones

• Brenda Flore Kenyim,
• Mihir Tzalis,
• Marilyn Kaul,
• Robert Oestreich,
• Aysenur Limon,
• Chancellin Pecheu Nkepdep and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 218–238, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.15

Time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging of contaminant species in chemical vapour deposited graphene on copper

• Barry Brennan,
• Vlad-Petru Veigang-Radulescu,
• Philipp Braeuninger-Weimer,
• Stephan Hofmann and
• Andrew J. Pollard

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 200–213, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.13

• trade-off in terms of reduced conductivity [58]; while typically not intentionally added to copper used for CVD purposes, it can still be present as a contaminant from the copper production process. The 4 mm × 4 mm ToF-SIMS image of the BO sample in Figure 4b also reveals the presence of sulphite

Safe and sustainable by design with ML/AI: A transformative approach to advancing nanotechnology

• Georgia Melagraki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 176–185, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.11

• interpolation from limited experimental datasets [57]. Given that protein corona formation [58] can drastically alter the biodistribution and immunological profile of a nanoparticle, digital twins help pinpoint safer design parameters – such as surface coatings or particle size modifications – which improve

From shield to spear: Charge-reversible nanocarriers in overcoming cancer therapy barriers

• Madhuri Yeduvaka,
• Pooja Mittal,
• Ameer Boyalakuntla,
• Usman Bee Shaik,
• Himanshu Sharma,
• Thakur Gurjeet Singh,
• Siva Nageswara Rao Gajula and
• Lakshmi Vineela Nalla

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 159–175, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.10

• calcium-ion-crosslinked sodium-alginate-coated mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) for ultrasound-triggered drug delivery. High- or low-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU/LIFU) induced reversible disruption of carboxyl–calcium bonds, enabling precise, on-demand release [58]. This confirms that

Influence of surface characteristics on the in vitro stability and cell uptake of nanoliposomes for brain delivery

• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Andreas Zimmer,
• Otmar Geiss,
• Sabrina Gioria,
• Diletta Scaccabarozzi and
• Marija Glavas Dodov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 139–158, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.9

Development and in vitro evaluation of liposomes and immunoliposomes containing 5-fluorouracil and R-phycoerythrin as a potential phototheranostic system for colorectal cancer

• Raissa Rodrigues Camelo,
• Vivianne Cortez Sombra Vandesmet,
• Octavio Vital Baccallini,
• José de Brito Vieira Neto,
• Thais da Silva Moreira,
• Luzia Kalyne Almeida Moreira Leal,
• Claudia Pessoa,
• Daniel Giuliano Cerri,
• Maria Vitória Lopes Badra Bentley,
• Josimar O. Eloy,
• Ivanildo José da Silva Júnior and
• Raquel Petrilli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 97–121, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.7

• dehydration process and adhesion forces onto the substrate [57][58]. On the other hand, the z-axis and 3D projections for HSPC-IM-R-PE (Figure 3E and Figure 3H, respectively) demonstrated a more irregular nanoparticle surface, with visibly rougher and more heterogeneous topography, a result consistent with

Functional surface engineering for cultural heritage protection: the role of superhydrophobic and superoleophobic coatings – a comprehensive review

• Giuseppe Cesare Lama,
• Marino Lavorgna,
• Letizia Verdolotti,
• Federica Recupido,
• Giovanna Giuliana Buonocore and
• Bharat Bhushan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 63–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.6

• and buildings, as well as marble statues both in outdoor and indoor environments). Many approaches are used to solve several issues arising from their intrinsic properties such as porosity, which may cause fungal or bacterial fouling [58], and surface chemistry and the affinity to water and humidity

Subdigital integumentary microstructure in Cyrtodactylus (Squamata: Gekkota): do those lineages with incipiently expressed toepads exclusively exhibit adhesive setae?

• Philipp Ginal,
• Yannick Ecker,
• Timothy Higham,
• L. Lee Grismer,
• Benjamin Wipfler,
• Dennis Rödder,
• Anthony Russell and
• Jendrian Riedel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 38–56, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.4

• (louisiadensis group), C. linnwayensis Grismer et al., 2018 [57] (linnwayensis group), C. pharbaungensis Grismer et al., 2018 [58] (sadansinensis group) and C. zebraicus (oldhami group)] was characterized by almost all species bearing setae [except for C. pharbaungensis (prongs) and C. zebraicus Taylor, 1962 [59

• the morphospace is occupied by spine- and prong-bearing species, including the khasiensis and sworderi groups, and the species C. consobrinus, C. leegrismeri, C. zebraicus, C. huynhi, C. tiomanensis, C. phongnhakebangensis, C. jeyporensis, C. annulatus, C. pharbaungensis Grismer et al., 2018 [58] and

• thin, gracile bodies, long limbs, flat heads, large eyes, and subdued colour patterns [58][64][101]. The single intertidal species, C. seribuatensis, was assigned to this category as it occurs in rocky habitats, even though other studies have regarded it more as a generalist species due to its body

Reduced graphene oxide paper electrode for lithium-ion cells – towards optimized thermal reduction

• Agata Pawłowska,
• Magdalena Baran,
• Stefan Marynowicz,
• Aleksandra Izabela Banasiak,
• Adrian Racki,
• Adrian Chlanda,
• Tymoteusz Ciuk,
• Marta Wolczko and
• Andrzej Budziak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 24–37, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.3

• material reduced at 650 °C in a reducing atmosphere; also, a surfactant agent was applied for the preparation of the film. The capacity values presented herein are also close to those reported by Wen et al. for a non-nitrogen-doped graphene paper sample obtained via a hydrothermal process [58], with a

Competitive helical bands and highly efficient diode effect in F/S/TI/S/F hybrid structures

• Tairzhan Karabassov,
• Irina V. Bobkova,
• Pavel M. Marychev,
• Vasiliy S. Stolyarov,
• Vyacheslav M. Silkin and
• Andrey S. Vasenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 15–23, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.2

• ][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65], nanotubes [66], confined systems [67], asymmetric SQUIDs [68][69][70], and superconducting systems with nonuniform magnetization [71]. The diode effect might be useful not only from an application point of view, but it may be also

Internal 3D temperature mapping in biological systems using ratiometric light-sheet imaging and lipid-coated upconversion nanothermometers

• Dannareli Barron-Ortiz,
• Enric Pérez-Parets,
• Rubén D. Cadena-Nava,
• Emilio J. Gualda,
• Jacob Licea-Rodríguez,
• Juan Hernández-Cordero,
• Pablo Loza-Álvarez and
• Israel Rocha-Mendoza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2306–2316, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.159

• to electrostatic repulsion with the negatively charged glycocalyx of the intestinal cell membranes, thereby hindering endocytosis [58]. This contrasts with cationic coatings like polyethyleneimine (PEI), which promote endocytosis and lead to UCNP internalization into intestinal cells [59]. This

Geometry-controlled engineering of the low-temperature proximity effect in normal metal–superconductor junctions

• Munisa A. Tomayeva,
• Vyacheslav D. Neverov,
• Andrey V. Krasavin,
• Alexei Vagov and
• Mihail D. Croitoru

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2265–2273, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.155

• with the physical picture that the Cooper pair wavefunction becomes more spatially squeezed in the normal region [33][58]. Figure 3d is particularly informative, showing how the power-law decay exponent α varies with η. For negative values of η (i.e., when the superconductor forms a quasi-1D wire), α

Chiral plasmonic nanostructures fabricated with circularly polarized light

• Tian Qiao and
• Ming Lee Tang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2245–2264, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.154

• to experimentally outline the importance of excitation wavelength in determining the resultant structural chirality and optical activity of chiral Au bipyramid (AuBP)/PbO2 nanostructures [56]. Pure metallic cPNSs constructed by CPL have also been reported [57][58][59]. This review’s primary focus are

•  4b,c show examples of chiral Ag nanostructures immobilized on a glass plate [58]. The authors fabricated these chiral nanostructures by shining CPL on glass plates immersed in an aqueous solution of silver nitrate and sodium citrate with Ag nanoplates as the precursor to obtain the arrays of chiral

Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B₁₂ analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks

• Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi and
• Zeynep Altintas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153

• ) [58][59]. Accordingly, MeCbl emerges as the prevalent form of VB12 in plasma, while AdoCbl is dominant across all tissues [47][60]. MeCbl plays a crucial role in the remethylation of homocysteine (Hcy) to methionine, a process catalyzed by methionine synthase. In this reaction, 5

Quality by design optimization of microemulsions for topical delivery of Passiflora setacea seed oil

• Daniel T. Pereira,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Danielle T. Freire,
• Dayanne L. Porto,
• Cícero F. S. Aragão,
• Myla L. de Souza,
• Guilherme R. S. de Araujo,
• Ana Maria Costa,
• Wógenes N. Oliveira,
• Anne Sapin-Minet,
• Éverton N. Alencar and
• Eryvaldo Sócrates T. Egito

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2116–2131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.146

• seed oil. A risk assessment was conducted to identify and prioritize factors most likely to affect the CQAs. This included the construction of an Ishikawa diagram followed by a REM [58]. The REM was based on interdependence scores between QTPP-CQA and CQA-CMA/CPP relationships, using a three-level

Rapid synthesis of highly monodisperse AgSbS₂ nanocrystals: unveiling multifaceted activities in cancer therapy, antibacterial strategies, and antioxidant defense

• Funda Ulusu,
• Adem Sarilmaz,
• Yakup Ulusu,
• Faruk Ozel and
• Mahmut Kus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2105–2115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.145

• assay results (Figure 5) showed a concentration-dependent increase in ferric-reducing antioxidant power. At the lowest concentration (12.5 µg/mL), the activity was ≈8 µM Fe2+ equivalent, climbing steadily to ≈58 µM Fe2+ equivalent (IC50 = 165.65 ± 16.03 µg/mL) at 400 µg/mL. These results demonstrate

Molecular and mechanical insights into gecko seta adhesion: multiscale simulations combining molecular dynamics and the finite element method

• Yash Jain,
• Saeed Norouzi,
• Tobias Materzok,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Florian Müller-Plathe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2055–2076, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.141

• total preload (spatula–substrate) force of 320 nN combined from all spatulae was reached, ensuring that all spatulae established contact with the substrate. This preload force is similar to the average 18–20 nN per spatula imposed in AFM experiments [23][58]. (3) Following preloading, a set of 10 FEM–MD

Stereodiscrimination of guests in chiral organosilica aerogels studied by ESR spectroscopy

• Sebastian Polarz,
• Yasar Krysiak,
• Martin Wessig and
• Florian Kuhlmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2034–2054, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.140

• is that almost any functional group can be attached by the so-called click chemistry or, in this case, thiol-Michael addition [58][59][60][61][62]. The methodology can be used for further functionalization of the aerogel materials [63]. For instance, the addition of perfluorostyrene affords ArFSH

Beyond the shell: exploring polymer–lipid interfaces in core–shell nanofibers to carry hyaluronic acid and β-caryophyllene

• Aline Tavares da Silva Barreto,
• Francisco Alexandrino-Júnior,
• Bráulio Soares Arcanjo,
• Paulo Henrique de Souza Picciani and
• Kattya Gyselle de Holanda e Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2015–2033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.139

• %), surfactant concentration (2–20%), and HLB (10–15) as the independent variables (data not shown). Based on the preliminary results, a sample was selected for this study. It can be observed that formulations exhibited droplet mean sizes in the nanoscale range, varying from 58 nm. The formulations showed a

• to increased water ingress through the pores, facilitating access to the core [58]. This possibility is also described by Wang and Xu (2018), who successfully prepared tea polyphenol-loaded porous core–shell fibers by controlling coaxial electrospinning parameters [56]. ATR-FTIR spectroscopy has been

Laser ablation in liquids for shape-tailored synthesis of nanomaterials: status and challenges

• Natalie Tarasenka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1963–1997, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.137

• provides a route to synthesize hollow nanospheres, as shown in [58]. The reactive gases, such as H2, O2, and CO2 can also direct the growth of nonspherical NPs by adsorption on the seed NP surface and block the growth along specific directions [59][60]. The ambient gases can also induce exfoliation of

PEGylated lipids in lipid nanoparticle delivery dynamics and therapeutic innovation

• Peiyang Gao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1914–1930, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.133

• characterization and biological performance of LNPs were evaluated. These LNPs were able to maintain comparable sizes in the range of 46 to 58 nm. To further assess the impact of increased PEG density on protein adsorption, ApoE association to LNPs was quantified in vitro using fluorescence-labeled ApoE and size

• careful handling to mitigate possible safety risk [57][58]. For instance, a DBCO-functionalized PEG lipid was found to induce protein aggregation on the nanoparticle surface, primarily due to the hydrophobic nature of the DBCO group, leading to elevated complement activation. Excessive maleimide can react

Targeting the vector of arboviruses Aedes aegypti with nanoemulsions based on essential oils: a review with focus on larvicidal and repellent properties

• Laryssa Ferreira do Nascimento Silva,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros,
• Mariana Alice Gonzaga Gabú,
• Maria Cecilia Queiroga dos Santos,
• Daiane Rodrigues dos Santos,
• Mylena Lemos dos Santos,
• Gabriel Bezerra Faierstein,
• Rosângela Maria Rodrigues Barbosa and
• Fabio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1894–1913, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.132

• outbreaks in the Americas, being linked to severe complications such as congenital zika syndrome and Guillain–Barré syndrome [56]. In addition to mosquito transmission, ZIKV can spread through sexual contact [57], blood transfusions [58], and from mother to child [59]. Given the persistence and severity of

Current status of using adsorbent nanomaterials for removing microplastics from water supply systems: a mini review

• Nguyen Thi Nhan and
• Tran Le Luu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1837–1850, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.127

• , and the main mechanism involved electrostatic attractions between the positive charge of MPs and negatively charge of GAC [58]. Metal-organic frameworks. MOFs are highly ordered crystalline materials characterized by high porosity and large surface area (Figure 3). Their pore size, volume, and

Further insights into the thermodynamics of linear carbon chains for temperatures ranging from 13 to 300 K

• Alexandre Rocha Paschoal,
• Thiago Alves de Moura,
• Juan S. Rodríguez-Hernández,
• Carlos William de Araujo Paschoal,
• Yoong Ahm Kim,
• Morinobu Endo and
• Paulo T. Araujo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1818–1825, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.125

• , presenting rather simple electronic and phonon structures that are dependent on N [31][32]. When they are host-free, their phonon structures present longitudinal and transversal modes but their encapsulation by CNT inhibits transversal modes [29][30][31][32][55][56][57][58][59]. This inhibition seems to be

• μm) and lifetimes (≈30–110 ps), which tend to make ph–ph interactions inefficient [31][32]. These mean free paths and lifetimes are considerably larger when compared with other carbon materials [13][31][32][33]. In addition, several other works [29][30][31][32][55][56][57][58][59] have pointed out