Energy conversion, storage and environmental remediation using nanomaterials
Much of this Thematic Series is dedicated to the state-of-the-art development of energy conversion and harvesting applications, where topics ranging from artificial photosynthesis, water splitting, carbon dioxide reduction, as well as advanced nanocatalysts (e.g., thermal catalysts, electrocatalysts, photocatalysts and photoelectrocatalysts) are covered. These applications may involve the use of emerging nanomaterials such as dimensionality-dependent nanostructures, functional hybrid nanocomposites and metal-free nanomaterials.
Another imperative focus topic of this Thematic Series, nanoremediation (i.e., environmental remediation using nanomaterials), rounds out the volume by reviewing the latest research on water treatment and mineralization of pollutants using nanomaterials.
- Full Research Paper
- Published 07 Dec 2017
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Figure 1: SEM images of W-doped BiVO4 thin films with different ratios of water to EG.
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Figure 2: X-ray diffraction patterns of as prepared W-doped BiVO4 films.
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Figure 3: Photocurrents of W-doped BiVO4 thin films with different ratios between water and EG.
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Figure 4: Light absorption efficiency of W-doped BiVO4 with planar (0-water) and nanoporous structure (1-EG).
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Figure 5: (a) Photocurrents of the samples 0-water and 1-EG measured with hole scavenger Na2SO3. Dark current...
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Figure 6: (a) Mott–Schottky plots of W-doped BiVO4 with planar (0-water) and nanoporous (1-EG) structure meas...
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- Published 19 Dec 2017
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Figure 1: TEM images of (a) TiO2, (b) CdSe nanorods and (c) the CdSe (2 wt %)/TiO2 composite. (d) HR-TEM imag...
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Figure 2: X-ray diffraction patterns of (a) CdSe and (b) TiO2 and CdSe/TiO2 composites with varying CdSe wt %...
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Figure 3: Raman spectra of TiO2 and CdSe/TiO2 composites.
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Figure 4: (a) UV–visible absorption spectra of TiO2 and CdSe/TiO2 composites, (b) plots of transformed Kubelk...
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Figure 5: High-resolution XPS spectra of the CdSe (2 wt %)/TiO2 composite: (a) Cd 3d, where Cd 3d5/2 (blue) a...
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Figure 6: (a) Photocatalytic activity of TiO2 and CdSe/TiO2 composites for the degradation of RhB under simul...
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Figure 7: (a) Effect of the catalyst concentration on the photodegradation efficiency (25, 50 or 100 mg of ph...
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Figure 8: Influence of pH on the degradation of rhodamine B using the CdSe (2 wt %)/TiO2 photocatalyst.
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Figure 9: (a) UV–visible spectral evolution of rhodamine B as a function of irradiation time using the CdSe (...
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Figure 10: Recycling of the CdSe (2 wt %)/TiO2 catalyst in the degradation of RhB under simulated solar light ...
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Figure 11: Schematic of the charge separation in the CdSe/TiO2 photocatalyst under (a) solar light and (b) vis...
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- Published 22 Dec 2017
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Figure 1: (a) XRD patterns of Ag@AgSCN nanostructures with different molar ratios of Ag to AgSCN. An (b) SEM ...
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Figure 2: (a) UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectra of M0, M1, M2, M3, M4, M5. (b) Kubelka–Munk plots of M0 and M...
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Figure 3: TEM images of precipitated samples formed after addition of the AgNO3 solution after (a) 2 min, (b)...
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Figure 4: (a) XPS spectra of M0 and M1; (b) XPS peaks of Ag 3d5/2 and Ag 3d3/2 of M1.
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Figure 5: (a) Photocatalytic degradation of oxytetracycline over M0, M1, M2, M3, M4, M5. (b) Kinetic curves f...
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Figure 6: (a) Photocatalysis mechanism of the Ag@AgSCN plasmonic photocatalyst. (b) Photocatalytic degradatio...
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- Review
- Published 04 Jan 2018
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Figure 1: (A) A typical plant leaf. (B) Chloroplasts inside the plant cells. The average size of the chloropl...
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Figure 2: Basic principles and reactions in artificial photosynthesis, in which the processes of water splitt...
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Figure 3: Schematic diagrams of heterojunction and Z-scheme systems. Transfer of charge carriers in (A) the h...
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Figure 4: (A) Schematic of the high-surface-area optofluidic microreactor with micropillar structure. (B) Sta...
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Figure 5: (A) Schematic of the high-surface-area optofluidic microreactor with micro-grooved structure. (B) F...
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Figure 6: Schematic of the optofluidic membrane microreactor for photocatalytic CO2 reduction. Adapted from [76],...
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Figure 7: (A) Bacterium–CdS hybrid system that has CdS nanoparticles on the bacterium membrane (yellow partic...
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Figure 8: Microfluidic APS platform that incorporates quantum dots and redox enzymes for photoenzymatic synth...
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Figure 9: Microfluidic chip based artificial photosystem I. (A) Schematic illustration of the PS I reaction c...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 17 Jan 2018
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Figure 1: Hybrid materials: a) wet TPS, b) wet TPS_Au2.5 c) dry TPS, d) wet TS e) wet TS_Au2.5 f) dry TS.
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Figure 2: From top to bottom: SEM Images (left) of the surfaces of TPS, TPS_Au2.5, TS, and TS_Au2.5 at differ...
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Figure 3: TEM images of TPS, TPS_Au2.5, TS, and TS_Au5.0 at different magnifications. Red circles highlight t...
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Figure 4: XRD patterns of the hybrid materials. Reflections labeled • are anatase reflections (ICDD: 98-015-4...
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Figure 5: Au 4f, Ti 2p, C 1s, N 1s, and O 1s XP spectra of the TS_Au2.5 (left) and TPS_Au2.5 (right) surfaces...
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Figure 6: Raman spectra of (A) TPS_Aux and (B) TS_Aux. (C) IR spectra of TiO2 made using the same procedure e...
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Figure 7: Nitrogen sorption isotherms of TPS (black symbols), TPS_Au2.5 (blue symbols), TS_Au2.5 (green symbo...
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Figure 8: Cumulative (blue) and relative (red) pore volume of TPS (top) and TS (bottom) measured by Hg intrus...
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Figure 9: H2 production of the hybrid materials using a sunlight simulator. A) Numbers are mmol of H2 produce...
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- Published 30 Jan 2018
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Figure 1: Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images of (a) g-C3N4, (b) CD/g-C3N4(0.1), (c) C...
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Figure 2: (a) XRD patterns and (b) FTIR spectra of g-C3N4, CD/g-C3N4(0.1), CD/g-C3N4(0.2), and CD/g-C3N4(0.5)....
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Figure 3: (a) The absorption spectrum of carbon dots (CDs) solution. The inset shows the fluorescence of the ...
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Figure 4: X-rat photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of (a) C 1s (b) N 1s, (c) O 1s for CD/g-C3N4(0.5), and (d) C...
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Figure 5: (a) Photocatalytic degradation of bisphenol A (BPA) as a function time under irradiation of natural...
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Figure 6: Electron transfer mechanism of CD/g-C3N4.
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- Published 31 Jan 2018
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Figure 1: Small-angle XRD patterns of the raw MM, Ti-MM, TiO2-PMMх, and TiO2-PMMHх (see Experimental section ...
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Figure 2: XRD patterns of the raw MM and TiO2-PMMx, and TiO2-PMMHx, where М, C, А, and R represent montmorill...
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Figure 3: FTIR spectra of the raw MM, and TiO2-pillared MM.
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Figure 4: Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)/differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curves of the raw MM, Ti-M...
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Figure 5: SEM images and EDS spectra of the surface of (a) TiO2-PMM500, and (b) TiO2-PMMH500.
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Figure 6: Nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms (а) and pore size distribution (b) of the raw MM, TiO2-PMMx...
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Figure 7: Kinetic curves of methyl orange dye adsorption at 20 °C by the TiO2-PMMx, and TiO2-PMMНx samples.
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Figure 8: Kinetic curves of rhodamine B dye adsorption at 20 °C by the TiO2-PMMx, and TiO2-PMMНx samples.
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Figure 9: Adsorption isotherms of (a) MO and (b) RhB dyes at T = 20 °C.
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Figure 10: Removal of methyl orange (MO) on the TiO2-PMMx, TiO2-PMMНx samples used as photocatalysts and that ...
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Figure 11: Removal of RhB on the TiO2-PMMx, TiO2-PMMНx samples used as photocatalysts and those without photoc...
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Figure 12: Comparison of photocatalytic activity of TiO2-pillared MM with the commercial photocatalyst Degussa...
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Figure 13: SEM image of the surface of original MM.
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Figure 14: The fluorescence spectrum of an intercalating solution of titanium polyhydroxo complexes.
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Figure 15: The dynamic light scattering (DLS) spectrum.
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 05 Feb 2018
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Figure 1: XRD patterns of ZFO samples with different calcination temperatures.
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Figure 2: (a) FESEM image and (b) enlarged view of ZFO-500.
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Figure 3: (a) TEM image and (b) magnified TEM image of ZFO-500.
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Figure 4: (a) Diffuse reflectance spectra of ZFO samples with different calcinantion temperatures with ZFO-50...
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Figure 5: Photoluminescence spectra of ZFO samples excited at 330 nm.
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Figure 6: FTIR spectra of ZFO samples.
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Figure 7: Linear-sweep voltammograms of ZFO-400 to ZFO-700 (a) under dark conditions, (b) under visible-light...
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Figure 8: Mott–Schottky plot yielding the flat-band potential of ZFO-500.
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Figure 9: Nyquist plot of ZFO-400 to ZFO-700 photo anode in a frequency range from 50 to 105 Hz.
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Figure 10: (a) Photocatalytic decolourization of Congo red over different ZFO samples; (b) spectral changes of...
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Scheme 1: Formation of luminescent 2-hydroxyterephthalic acid from terephthalic acid.
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Figure 11: (a) Histogram representing the role of active species in the decolourization of Congo Red; (b) fluo...
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Figure 12: (a) Rate of decolourization of 5 ppm Rh B over ZFO samples; (b) spectral changes of Rh B over ZFO-5...
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Figure 13: Reaction mechanism of the decolourization of Congo red and Rh B over ZFO-500.
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Figure 14: Adsorption spectra of the phenol solution before and after photodegradation over ZFO-500.
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 06 Feb 2018
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Figure 1: X-ray diffraction patterns of pristine TiO2 and Nd-modified TiO2 prepared by sol–hydrothermal and h...
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Figure 2: SEM images of TiO2 and Nd-modified TiO2.
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Figure 3: UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectra of Nd-modified TiO2 photocatalysts and pristine TiO2.
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Figure 4: Photoluminescence spectra under UV light (λex = 315 nm) of pristine TiO2 and Nd-modified TiO2 prepa...
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Figure 5: Photoluminescence spectra under laser light excitation (λex = 350 nm) of pristine TiO2 and Nd-modif...
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Figure 6: XPS spectra of pristine TiO2 and Nd-modified TiO2.
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Figure 7: Photocatalytic activity of pristine and Nd-modified TiO2 NPs. Degradation of phenol in aqueous solu...
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Figure 8: Schematic illustration showing the impact of preparation methods on the surface properties and the ...
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Figure 9: Fluorescence spectral changes in a solution of terephthalic acid under (a) UV–vis (λ > 350 nm) and ...
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Figure 10: Photocatalytic decomposition of phenol in the presence of Nd-modified TiO2 and scavengers after 60 ...
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Figure 11: Proposed photocatalytic mechanism of Nd-modified TiO2 under visible light.
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 14 Feb 2018
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Figure 1: Structures of ionic liquids used in the ionic liquid assisted solvothermal synthesis of TiO2–1-meth...
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Figure 2: The X-ray diffraction patterns of composite TiO2–IL photocatalysts.
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Figure 3: SEM images and particles size distribution of ILs assisted TiO2microspheres.
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Figure 4: The diffuse reflectance and UV–vis spectra for the samples ODMIM_Cl_TiO2 (left) and TDMIM_Cl_TiO2 (...
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Figure 5: High-resolution XPS spectra of elements detected in the [ODMIM][Cl]–TiO2 and [TDMIM][Cl]–TiO2 sampl...
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Figure 6: The efficiency of phenol degradation for ODMIM_Cl_TiO2 (left) and TDMIM_Cl_TiO2 (right) photocataly...
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- Published 19 Feb 2018
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Figure 1: Distinctive features of plasmonics contributing to improved photocatalyst performance.
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Figure 2: (a) Representation of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) evolution in a noble metal particl...
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Figure 3: The metallic equivalent resonant wavelength for 10 nm diameter nanoparticles. Reprinted with permis...
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Figure 4: Pictorial representation of the localized surface plasmon resonance principle. Reprinted with permi...
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Figure 5: Schematic of the Schottky junction mechanism. Reprinted with permission from [35], copyright 2014 Royal...
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Figure 6: Synthesis of Pd/TiO2 photocatalyst via sunlight-assisted photodeposition [50].
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Figure 7: Schematic of Au/AgBr-Ag heterostructure mechanism for improved photocatalytic performance. (a) Semi...
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Figure 8: Photodegradation of GO in the presence of an electron donor (Ag NPs). Reprinted with permission fro...
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Figure 9: (a) Pure metal nanoparticles (NPs) without any semiconductor. (b) Metal NPs partially embedded into...
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Figure 10: High-resolution X-ray absorption spectroscopy (HR-XAS) experiment used to determine the changes in ...
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Figure 11: Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROSs) in the photocatalytic reduction and oxidation of O2 an...
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Figure 12: Plausible structural formation of adsorbed H2O2 on TiO2 surface (a) end-on (b) bridged and (c) side...
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Figure 13: Reactions involved in the detection method of H2O2 with fluorescence probes (a) p-hydroxyphenylacet...
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Figure 14: (a) Reaction of HTMP to TEMPOL. Reprinted with permission from [115], copyright 2017 American Chemical S...
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Figure 15: (a) Laser-induced fluorescence detection of •OH released from an irradiated TiO2 surface. Reprinted...
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Figure 16: Reaction routes for detection of •OH radicals with a DMPO spin-trapping reagent. Reactions with •OH...
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Figure 17: (a) Usage of fluorescence probe HPF to detect •OH radicals. (b) Experimental setup for the single-m...
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Figure 18: (a) Reactions involved in the detection of •O2− with DMPO. (b) Chemical structures of the spin-trap...
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Figure 19: (a) FDTD simulation set up for Cu7S4. (b–d) 2D contour map of the electric field intensities around...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 20 Feb 2018
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Figure 1: (A) The Z-average size of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT):indene-C60 multiadducts (ICxA) NPs dialysed...
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Figure 2: The absorbance at 664 nm of the filtrates of P3HT:ICxA NP inks (A), and surface tension (ST) (B) of...
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Figure 3: Optical microscopy (A–C), scale bar 100 µm, AFM images with scale bar 20 × 20 µm (D–F) and 5 × 5 µm...
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Figure 4: Optical microscopy (A–C), scale bar 100 µm, AFM images with scale bar 20 × 20 µm (D–F) and 5 × 5 µm...
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Figure 5: The performance parameters (PCE, Voc, Jsc and FF) of P3HT:ICxA NP OPV devices for crossflow and cen...
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Figure 6: OPV performance showing (A) PCE, (B) Voc, (C) Jsc and (D) FF values of NP-OPVs versus surface tensi...
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- Published 21 Feb 2018
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Figure 1: Powder X-ray diffraction patterns of g-C3N4, CT and CTCN heterojunction.
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Figure 2: FTIR spectra of g-C3N4, CT and CTCN heterojunction.
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Figure 3: Thermogravimetric analysis plots of g-C3N4, CT and CTCN heterojunction.
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Figure 4: SEM images of (a, b) g-C3N4 sheets, (c, d) CT flakes and (e, f) CTCN heterojunctions.
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Figure 5: TEM images of (a, b) g-C3N4 nanosheets, (c, d) CT flakes and (e, f) CTCN heterojunction.
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Figure 6: (a) UV–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) spectra for g-C3N4, CT and CTCN heterojunctio...
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Figure 7: Photoluminescence spectra of g-C3N4, CT and CTCN heterojunction.
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Figure 8: Nitrogen adsorption–desorption curves for (a) g-C3N4 (b) CT and (c) CTCN heterojunction; BET surfac...
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Figure 9: Time-dependent absorption spectra of RhB degradation with the CTCN heterojunction under (a) UV ligh...
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Figure 10: Kinetic curves obtained by applying (a, b, c) pseudo-first-order and (d, e, f) the modified Freundl...
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Figure 11: Time-dependent absorption spectra of BPA degradation under sunlight irradiation (a) pure BPA (witho...
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Figure 12: (a) Photocatalyst reusability up to three cycles and (b) powder XRD pattern of a CTCN heterojunctio...
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Figure 13: Plausible mechanism of degradation of pollutants under sunlight irradiation using the CTCN heteroju...
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Figure 14: Effect of scavengers on the photocatalytic degradation of RhB using the CTCN heterojunction photoca...
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- Published 28 Feb 2018
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Figure 1: (A) Schematic presentation of the attachment of selected anhydrides and organophosphorus acids to t...
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Figure 2: TEM images of prepared ferrite nanoparticles.
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Figure 3: XRD patterns of ferrite nanoparticles.
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Figure 4: The IR spectra of Mn0.5Fe2.5O4 nanoparticles A) with various linkers used in the experiment, B) wit...
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Figure 5: Raman spectra of A) ferrite nanoparticles; B) SA-modified nanoparticles with attached heavy-metal i...
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Figure 6: Mössbauer spectra of Fe3O4, Ca0.5Fe2.5O4, Co0.5Fe2.5O4, Mn0.5Fe2.5O4 and Ni0.5Fe2.5O4 nanoparticles....
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Figure 7: EDX measurements of different types of nanoparticles after exposure to Cd, Cu and Pb solutions.
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 05 Mar 2018
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Figure 1: The X-ray diffraction patterns of all of the as-synthesized samples with different Bi/Zn molar rati...
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Figure 2: SEM images of sample B-1 (a), B-4 (b), B-6 (c), and B-4, (d). Energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) ...
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Figure 3: (a) TEM image of sample B-3 and high-resolution images further confirm that a heterostructured ZnO ...
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Figure 4: The high-resolution XPS spectrum for: (a) O 1s core energy of B-1, B-4 and B-6; (b) Bi 4f of B-1 an...
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Figure 5: Optical properties of the as-prepared samples (a) UV–vis DRS spectra where the inset shows the phys...
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Figure 6: Photocatalytic activity under visible light illumination. (a) The rhodamine B (RhB) solution degrad...
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Figure 7: Schematic band energy diagram of BiOI and ZnO before (a) and after (b) interfacial contact.
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- Published 07 Mar 2018
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Figure 1: STEM images of modified titania samples: (a) Ag/TiO2(ST01), (b) Au/TiO2(ST01), (c) Ag/TiO2(ST41) an...
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Figure 2: XPS spectra for bare (top left) and gold-modified (bottom left) TiO2(ST01) sample, and deconvoluted...
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Figure 3: XRD patterns of Ag/TiO2(FP6): (left) original pattern, and (right) after subtraction of titania pea...
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Figure 4: DRS spectra of Ag/TiO2(FP6) and Au/TiO2(TIO12) taken with BaSO4 (left) and respective bare titania ...
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Figure 5: SEM images of the decomposition of bacterial cells under vis (λ > 420 nm) irradiation on Ag/TiO2(ST...
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Figure 6: Number of E. coli bacteria (closed symbols) and evolution of CO2 (open symbols) during inactivation...
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Figure 7: (top) Antifungal properties of bare and gold-modified titania ST01 by a comparison of diameters of ...
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Figure 8: Sporulation after five days of growth of P. chrysogenum (top) and A. melleus (bottom) under vis lig...
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- Published 10 Apr 2018
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Figure 1: Linear sweep voltammetry under intermittent UV light excitation (Hg lamp 320–380 nm) of intensity 7...
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Figure 2: Cyclic voltammograms on an uncoated FTO(A) electrode and one covered by TiO2 films consisting of 10...
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Figure 3: Linear sweep voltammetry under intermittent UV light (Hg lamp 320–380 nm; intensity 7.5 mW/cm2). Pr...
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Figure 4: Cyclic voltammograms for TiO2 films; precursor: 0.05M TAA, deposition temperature: 450 °C, scan rat...
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Figure 5: Top view SEM images of FTO glass substrates, (a) FTO(A) and (b) FTO(B).
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Figure 6: Cyclic voltammograms on a FTO(B) substrate covered by TiO2 films of (a) 20 SCs, (b) 50 SCs and (c) ...
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Figure 7: Top view SEM images of a) bare FTO(B), b) FTO(B) covered by 20 SCs of 0.2 M TAA, c) FTO(B) covered ...
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Figure 8: Cyclic voltammograms of FTO(B) covered by sprayed TiO2 films made of 70 SCs of 0.2 M TAA and of 0.2...
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- Published 13 Apr 2018
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Figure 1: Methane decomposition equilibrium in the presence of inert gas at different temperatures. Reprinted...
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Figure 2: A schematic diagram of the DRM reaction on Ni metal. Adapted from [73].
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Figure 3: Schematic diagram of carbon species removal by CO2 over (a) Fe–Ni catalyst [28] and (b) Co–Mo–MgO/MWCNT...
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Figure 4: The partial pressure effect of (a) CO2 and (b) CH4 on the rate of CH4 reforming; PCO2 = 90 kPa. Rep...
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Figure 5: XPS spectra of O 1s of the catalysts. (NCMZ = Ni–Co/MgO–ZrO2, NMZ = Ni/MgO–ZrO2, CMZ = Co/MgO–ZrO2)...
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Figure 6: The reforming rates of DRM over the Ni–Co/Al–Mg-O catalyst affected by the (a) CO2 partial pressure...
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Figure 7: The formation rates of CO affected by (a) CH4 partial pressure and (b) CO2 partial pressure at diff...
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Figure 8: The formation rates of H2 affected by (a) CH4 partial pressure and (b) CO2 partial pressure at diff...
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Figure 9: (a) Schematic illustration of the two synthesis methods for the MgO basic sites formation on SBA-15...
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Figure 10: (a) CH4 conversion, (b) CO2 conversion, (c) H2/CO ratio of catalysts with different nickel loadings...
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Figure 11: Stability of CH4 conversion over Ni/MgO catalysts with different Ni loadings (5% to 15%) in a DRM r...
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Figure 12: Effect of MgO loading on (a) CH4, (b) CO2 conversion and (c) H2/CO molar ratio over various MgO loa...
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Figure 13: Conversion of methane (a) and carbon dioxide (b) on N55M11 calcined at different temperatures (■) 4...
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Figure 14: The effect of reaction temperature on catalyst performance: (a) CH4 conversion, (b) CO2 conversion,...
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Figure 15: Influence of gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) on the catalyst performance of 20 wt % Ni/3 wt % MgO–...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 27 Apr 2018
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Figure 1: XRD patterns of Ag2WO4, AgI, 0.1AgI/Ag2WO4, 0.2AgI/Ag2WO4, 0.3AgI/Ag2WO4, and 0.4AgI/Ag2WO4.
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Figure 2: SEM (a, b) images of Ag2WO4; SEM (c, d), TEM (e), and HRTEM (f) images of 0.3AgI/Ag2WO4.
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Figure 3: Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrum of 0.3AgI/Ag2WO4.
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Figure 4: UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectra of Ag2WO4, AgI, 0.1AgI/Ag2WO4, 0.2AgI/Ag2WO4, 0.3AgI/Ag2WO4, and...
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Figure 5: (a) The photocatalytic degradation and (b) degradation rate constants of RhB using different cataly...
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Figure 6: (a) The photocatalytic degradation and (b) degradation rate constants of MO (100 mL, 5 mg L−1) usin...
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Figure 7: Total organic carbon (TOC) removal during the photocatalytic degradation of RhB in the presence of ...
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Figure 8: (a) The cycled photocatalytic degradation of RhB over 0.3AgI/Ag2WO4; (b) XRD patterns of the fresh ...
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Figure 9: Active-species trapping tests over 0.3AgI/Ag2WO4.
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Figure 10: Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) Nyquist plots of AgI and 0.3AgI/Ag2WO4.
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Figure 11: Schematic diagram of electron–hole pair separation and the possible reaction mechanism over the AgI...
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- Review
- Published 16 May 2018
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Figure 1: Speciation diagram of Cr(VI). Reprinted from [6], copyright 2016 Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.
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Figure 2: The band edge potentials and band gaps of different semiconductors that combine with TiO2 for enhan...
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Figure 3: Mechanism of photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) over neat TiO2. (D = donor, D+ = oxidized product).
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Figure 4: Photoluminescence spectra of bare TiO2 and Cu2O–TiO2 samples. Reprinted from [96], copyright 2016 Sprin...
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Figure 5: I–V (current intensity–applied voltage) curve. Reprinted from [97], an article distributed under the Cr...
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Figure 6: Comparison of arc radius of Nyquist plot between bare TiO2 and modified TiO2 (MFe2O4/ TiO2) samples...
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Figure 7: Transport of photoinduced electrons from the conduction band of TiO2 through an RGO sheet, resultin...
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Figure 8: RGO–TiO2 core–shell Z scheme for photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI). Reprinted from [134], an article di...
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Figure 9: Mechanism for photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) by TiO2–MOx under irradiation of visible light.
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Figure 10: Mechanism of reduction of Cr(VI) using a Au/TiO2−Pt plasmonic photocatalyst under visible-light irr...
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Figure 11: Mechanism for the photocatalytic Cr(VI) reduction by a dye-sensitized TiO2 nanocatalyst.
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Figure 12: (a) Recyclability of TiO2/Fe3O4 towards photoreduction of Cr(VI) up to 4 cycles, and (b) images of ...
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Figure 13: Summary of narrow band gap semiconductors that can be combined with TiO2 for effective photocatalyt...
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- Full Research Paper
- Published 08 Jun 2018
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Scheme 1: Schematic illustration of the synthesis of uniform TiO2 particles using a sol–gel reaction in mixed...
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Figure 1: (a–e) TEM images of as-synthesized TiO2 with different volume ratios of ethanol to acetonitrile use...
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Figure 2: (a–e) TEM images of as-synthesized TiO2 with different concentrations of HPC: (a) 0 (b) 41.67 (c) 1...
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Figure 3: (a–e) TEM images of as-synthesized TiO2 with different amounts of TBOT: (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 6 and...
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Figure 4: X-ray diffraction patterns of TiO2 particles calcined at different temperatures (≈350–800 °C).
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Figure 5: (a) N2 adsorption/desorption isotherm and (b) pore size distribution of TiO2 particles calcined at ...
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Figure 6: (a) UV–vis absorption spectra indicating degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) using the TiO2-500 sample...
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Supp. Info
- Review
- Published 19 Sep 2018
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Figure 1: Size chart of nanocellulose based on material length (with microscopic images of various nanocellul...
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Figure 2: The structures of (a) cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) and (b) cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) produced fr...
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Figure 3: Resultant chemical structures of nanocellulose prepared via (a) mechanical refining, enzymatic hydr...
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Figure 4: The morphology of MNC forward osmosis membranes with amino silane functionality as well as Pt and A...
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