Table of Contents |
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200 | Full Research Paper |
8 | Letter |
42 | Review |
8 | Editorial |
1 | Correction |
Figure 1: An OpAmp circuit and its equivalent circuit of forward gain A and feedback gain F.
Figure 2: PLL: in the blue box, the components belonging to the forward gain APLL, i.e., NCO, probe, optical ...
Figure 3: Resonance frequency shift resulting from applying a voltage between a retracted tip and sample (bla...
Figure 4: Phase detector output as function of modulation frequency (black squares), fitted with Equation 4, using fexc...
Figure 5: Noise PSD at the photodetector output. Fiteed with Equation 9 (green) and decomposition into thermal excitati...
Figure 6: Vector diagram showing the impact of amplitude noise on phase noise in the complex plain: main vect...
Figure 7: Phase noise PSD at the lock-in phase detector output in open PLL loop and under probe excitation at ...
Figure 8: Closed loop PLL response: measured (black squares) and computed (red line) according to Equation 16.
Figure 9: Output noise PSD of the PLL in closed loop configuration: measured (black squares) and modeled acco...
Figure 10: Kelvin loop and its equivalent circuit: the forward gain AK is the transfer function between Vpert ...
Figure 11: Measurement of static forward gain of the open Kelvin loop.
Figure 12: Schematic forward and reciprocal feedback response, for illustrating the choice of the Kelvin feedb...
Figure 13: Measured (black squares) and calculated (red line) Kelvin closed loop gain of the setup of Figure 10.
Figure 14: Measured (black squares) and computed (green line) Kelvin closed loop noise PSD of the setup of Figure 10. A...
Figure 15: Design rule for cutoff and modulation frequencies in FM-KFM: gain of the PLL controller (continuous...
Figure 16: Effective probed surface Seff depending on tip–sample separation z.
Figure 17: Probe in the attractive part of the Van-der-Waals interaction.
Figure 1: Perspective view of silicon nanotubes (4,4) (a), (6,6) (b) and (10,0) (c).
Figure 2: Band structures of silicon nanotubes (4,4) (a), (6,6) (b) and (10,0) (c). The Fermi level is set at...
Figure 3: Charge density of the last valence band (a) and the first conduction band (b) of (4,4) SiNT at the k...
Figure 4: Absorption spectra of silicon nanotubes for light polarization along the tube calculated with and w...
Figure 5: Electron probability distribution |ψ(re;rh)|2 for finding the electrons re with the hole position rh...
Figure 6: One-dimensional electron probability distribution |Ψ(re;rh)|2 in real space of the first excitonic ...
Figure 1: Solution self-assembly of TMMH on gold viewed by time-lapse AFM. Topography images (contact-mode in...
Figure 2: Representative cursor profiles of the side-on and standing phases of TMMH measured after 2 h of imm...
Figure 3: Gradual increase in surface coverage of the taller (standing) phase of TMMH as time progressed.
Figure 4: Nanoshaved square within a SAM of TMMH. (a) Topography image acquired in ethanol; (b) Line profile ...
Figure 5: Nanografting of octadecanethiol (ODT) within a densely-packed TMMH matrix. (a) Topography image acq...
Figure 6: Nanografting of 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA) within a matrix of TMMH. (a) Topography view of mu...
Figure 7: Nanografted patterns of TMMH within a dodecanethiol SAM. (a) Topograph of squares of TMMH (1.5 × 1....
Scheme 1: Strategy used to prepare 1,1,1-tris(mercaptomethyl)heptadecane (TMMH).
Figure 1: (a) Theoretically predicted trajectory angles of nanoparticles manipulated on an arbitrary surface ...
Figure 2: SEM images of the three morphologies of nanoparticles explored in this work. A certain size distrib...
Figure 3: (a) Phase image of nanoparticles (B) adsorbed and manipulated on mica substrate. (b) Topography ima...
Figure 4: Calculated energy dissipation histograms obtained for the nanoparticles A, B and C from Figure 3 on mica (a...
Figure 1: Simplified representation of suggested degradation mechanisms for platinum particles on a carbon su...
Figure 2: A) ORR cyclic voltammograms of Pt@HGS 1–2 nm in 0.1 M HClO4 saturated with Ar (black) and with oxyg...
Figure 3: Electrochemical oxidation of a carbon monoxide monolayer (CO-stripping curves) after 0, 360, 1080, ...
Figure 4: IL-SEM of Pt/Vulcan 3–4 nm (green), Pt@HGS 1–2 nm (blue) and Pt@HGS 3–4 nm (red) after 0 (top) and ...
Figure 5: Identical location dark field IL-STEM of Pt/Vulcan 3–4 nm (green), Pt@HGS 1–2 nm (blue) and Pt@HGS ...
Figure 6: IL-TEM micrographs of Pt/Vulcan 3–4 nm after 0 and after 3600 potential cycles between 0.4 and 1.4 V...
Figure 7: IL-TEM micrographs of the Pt/Vulcan 3–4 nm catalyst before and after 5000 potential cycles between ...
Figure 8: IL-TEM micrographs of the Pt@HGS 3–4 nm catalyst before and after 5000 potential cycles between 0.4...
Figure 9: IL-TEM micrographs from degradation studies on four Pt/C fuel cell catalysts. Pt/C 5 nm (A,B) and P...
Figure 10: IL-TEM micrograph of Pt/C 5 nm subjected to 1.3 VRHE at 348 K (75 °C) for 16 h in 0.1 M HClO4. A sh...
Figure 11: A) Dependence of the AID on platinum content for various platinum particle sizes, calculated for a ...
Figure 12: Impact of catalyst particle size and post-synthesis heat treatment on the normalized platinum surfa...
Figure 1: (a) AFM image of the mesoporous TiO2 film and (b) TEM image showing the ordered–desordered regions ...
Figure 2: AFM images showing size evolution of CdS particles grown on mesoporous TiO2 with different number o...
Figure 3: TEM image of the for 15×CdS/TiO2 sample.
Figure 4: Absorption spectra of the CdS-sensitized titanium dioxide films after different numbers of depositi...
Figure 5: XPS analysis. Spectra of Ti 2p, O 1s, C 1s, Cd 3d and S 2p, and core peaks for 15×CdS/TiO2 sample.
Figure 6: (a) CdS particle size calculated by Davis model vs NIR (normalized intensity ratio calculated from ...
Figure 1: XAS at the Ti-L2,3 edge measured for TiO2 films with thicknesses of 0.75 nm, 1.5 nm, 2.25 nm and 3 ...
Figure 2: XAS at O-K edge measured for TiO2 films with thicknesses of 0.75 nm, 1.5 nm, 2.25 nm and 3 nm. The ...
Figure 3: XAS difference spectra. The contribution of SiO2 to the XAS at the O-K edge was subtracted from the...
Figure 4: Detailed view of feature C. The spectra were normalized in order to distinguish line-shape changes.
Figure 1: From snake skin to SIMPS. a) Photograph of L. g. californiae , the California King Snake; b) SEM mi...
Figure 2: Results of frictional measurements on periodical groove-like polymer surface – PGMS perpendicular t...
Figure 3: Results of frictional measurements on periodical groove-like polymer surface – PGMS parallel to the...
Figure 4: Results of frictional measurements on randomly-rough surfaces – RRS. Left column, frictional signal...
Figure 5: Frequency analysis of frictional coefficients measured on molds of snake skin (L. g. californiae) -...
Figure 6: Frequency analysis of the frictional coefficient measured on snake-inspired microstructured polymer...
Figure 7: Exemplary overview of the topography of the examined polymer surfaces. Left column: SEM-micrographs...
Figure 8: Scheme of surface geometry and sliding directions of friction measurement, top view (left) and side...
Figure 9: Example of data analysis of the frictional signal measured on the periodical groove-like polymer su...
Figure 1: (a) STM topography scan (V = 0.2 V, I = 0.3 nA) of PTCDA on Ag(111). The two molecule orientations ...
Figure 2: Horizontal cut through the 3D field of the vertical tip–sample forces at a distance of z = 0.60 nm ...
Figure 3: (a) Tip–sample forces as a function of z distance averaged for the area above the end groups and th...
Figure 4: (a) Horizontal cut through the 3D force field at z = 0.60 nm and (b) vertical cuts at y = 0.9 nm an...
Figure 5: Comparison of force versus distance curves for molecule sites A and B. The forces are averaged for ...
Figure 1: Cross-sectional TEM image of the pristine sample.
Figure 2: (a) Cross-sectional TEM image of sample irradiated with a fluence of 3 × 1016 ions/cm2. (b) Higher ...
Figure 3: The size distribution of the recoil-implanted Au NPs after the fluence of 3 × 1016 ions/cm2.
Figure 4: (a) HRBS spectra of pristine sample and sample irradiated with a fluence of 3 × 1016 ions/cm2. (b) ...
Figure 1: (a) Adsorption of oxygen at a nitrogen vacancy site on Mo13N10, and (b) adsorption of oxygen at a n...
Figure 2: The total free energy for covering the Mo13 nanocluster with nitrogen, oxygen or hydrogen. The fill...
Figure 3: (a) The Mo13O6 nanocluster, (b) the Mo13O9 nanocluster with N2 adsorbed, (c) the Mo13O12 with an al...
Figure 4: Diagram of the required applied potential to make each reaction step exergonic for electrochemical ...
Figure 5: Diagram of the required applied potential to make each reaction step exergonic for electrochemical ...
Figure 1: a) The 9 × 9 graphene computational unit cell. Cropped relaxed structures of the b) reconstructed s...
Figure 2: Cropped relaxed structures of functionalized graphene. The a) hydrogen (–H), b) dihydrogen (2 –H), ...
Figure 3: Cropped relaxed saturated single vacancy structures. The single vacancy saturated by a) hydrogen (S...
Figure 4: The calculated line shapes, in which peaks with shifts smaller than 0.3 eV from the system bulk val...
Figure 1: Schematics of the manipulation experiments inside an SEM. Solid arrow indicates the direction of th...
Figure 2: High resolution SEM images of Au NPs (150 nm) of different shape as deposited from a solution.
Figure 3: High resolution SEM images of Ag nanowires (diameter 120 nm) after pulsed laser annealing (a). Ag N...
Figure 4: Different models for the estimation of the contact area: facet area of a polyhedron for Au NPs (a),...
Figure 5: SEM snapshots of the manipulation process of a Au NP by using a tungsten tip, and the corresponding...
Figure 6: Snapshots of the manipulation of a Ag NP by using an AFM tip, and the corresponding force curve. Th...
Figure 7: Distribution histogram of static friction force values that were experimentally measured for NPs of...
Figure 8: High resolution SEM images of Ag NPs (no force recording during the displacement of the NPs). Trace...
Figure 9: The static friction force of Ag NPs on a Si wafer as a function of the radius of the NPs. The stati...
Figure 1: 4D SF/CD-SECM for the investigation of the catalytic activity towards oxygen reduction. a) Scheme o...
Figure 2: a) Scheme of a microcavity used as platform for catalyst immobilisation in cd-mode SECM investigati...
Figure 3: 4D SF/CD-SECM experiment at a partly filled microcavity. a) Optical micrograph with a scheme of the...
Figure 4: Concept of the 4D SF/CD-RC-SECM. Similar to the 4D SF/CD mode the tip is positioned within the shea...
Figure 5: 4D SF/CD-RC-SECM experiment at a 100 µm diameter Pt disk electrode as model sample for an ORR catal...
Figure 6: 4D SF/CD-RC-SECM experiment at a microcavity filled with a Pt/C model catalyst. Topography image a)...
Figure 1: The figures show the relaxed structures of different coverages of chlorine on a Pt(111) surface.
Figure 2: Calculated change of the work function vs coverage for the adsorption of fluorine, chlorine, bromin...
Figure 3: Charge density difference Δλ(z) for the adsorption of fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine on Pt...
Figure 4: Calculated work function versus dipole moment. The solid line corresponds to the expectation accord...
Figure 5: Calculated normalized dipole moment as a function of the coverage of fluorine, chlorine, bromine an...
Figure 6: Contributions to the total dipole moment change Δμ according to Equation 6 and Equation 7 as a function of halogen cove...
Figure 7: Cross sections of electron density difference ρdiff(r) at the surface. Solid-blue (dashed-red) cont...
Scheme 1: Pd-catalyzed electrooxidation of HCOOH on Pd surfaces.
Figure 1: Schematic description of the anodic alumina template fabrication and successive functionalization. ...
Figure 2: (a) In situ QCM measurement of the NiO mass gain during the ALD process. (b) Enlarged view of the m...
Figure 3: (a) SEM cross section of a NiO layer deposited in AAO membrane. (b) SEM image (obtained in backscat...
Figure 4: (a) TEM image of NiO nanotubes after alumina template removal. (b) Enlarged view of NiO nanotubes.
Figure 5: SEM image of Ni layer deposited in an AAO template after 3 h annealing in H2 at 300 °C of the initi...
Figure 6: XPS survey spectrum of metallic Ni.
Figure 7: ALD sequence during Pd deposition from Pd(hfac)2 and formaldehyde.
Figure 8: In situ QCM measurements of Pd mass gain during the ALD process for Pd. (a) General evolution and (...
Figure 9: SEM top views of Pd deposits after 100 ALD cycles onto (a) as-grown NiO and (b) reduced NiO films o...
Figure 10: X-ray diffractogram of Pd deposited by ALD exhibiting a polycrystalline structure with a preferenti...
Figure 11: XPS survey spectrum of metallic Pd.
Figure 12: Cyclic voltammograms of Pd(100 ALD cycles)/Ni(1000 ALD cycles) catalysts in 0.5 M H2SO4 without (bl...
Figure 13: Peak current densities of the electrooxidation of 1 M HCOOH in 0.5 M H2SO4 with various Pd contents...
Figure 14: SEM micrograph of an anodic alumina oxide template. After the electropolishing, a sacrificial film ...
Figure 1: Schematic drawings of the investigated solar cells structure based on zinc oxide nanorods (not to s...
Figure 2: Cross-section and top view (up) SEM images illustrating zinc oxide nanorods grown at different pH v...
Figure 3: Current–voltage characteristics for the ZnO:Al/ZnONR/Si/Al heterostructures measured under dark (to...
Figure 4: SEM images of the three investigated types of structures with different surface morphologies.
Figure 5: External quantum efficiency of the PV structures of samples A, B and C based on zinc oxide nanorods....
Figure 1: False color scanning electron microscopy image of one of our samples, together with the measurement...
Figure 2: (a) Nonlocal conductance of one contact pair of an NISIN sample with d = 1 μm as a function of the ...
Figure 3: Normalized nonlocal conductance of one contact pair in an FISIN (a) and NISIF (b) configuration as ...
Figure 4:
Charge relaxation length at a bias voltage of about 2Δ (a) and spin diffusion length λS (b) for di...
Figure 5: Spin relaxation length λS (a) and amplitude A of the spin signal (b) for different samples as a fun...
Figure 1: (a–d) A schematic representation of the NBPT SAM cross-linked with He+ ions and the transfer onto a...
Figure 2: Freestanding CNMs with a dimension of 50 × 50 µm2 supported by a TEM grid with a holey carbon film:...
Figure 3: A series of HIM images showing the cross-linking of a NBPT SAM induced by helium ion irradiation, w...
Figure 4: Percentage of the cross-linked area plotted as a function of the irradiation dose: (1) no CNM forms...
Figure 1: (a) Representative structure for a model of a hydroxylated inter-grain interface comprising ZrO(OH)2...
Figure 2: The diagram on the left is identical to Figure 1d. The enlarged region exposes the overpotentials for the el...
Figure 3: HER at electro-catalyst/electrode assembly. (A) Coalescence of proton and electrons to form the met...
Figure 1: (a) Exemplary data from an experiment in which a single PTCDA molecule on the Au(111) surface was c...
Figure 2: (a) Comparison between the ∂Fz/∂z(z) curves obtained from the initial ([11]) and the extended (this wor...
Figure 3: One-dimensional spring model of the manipulation process. Left: The molecule is represented by a sp...
Figure 4: (a) Comparison between the ∂Fz/∂z(z) curves of PTCDA lifted from Au(111), obtained for different ti...
Figure 1: Schematic of the oriented attachment process that occurs in the presence of organic additives. (a) ...
Figure 2: (a)–(c) Change in the electron diffraction pattern (shown with inverted intensity for better visibi...
Figure 3: Top: Change in the electron diffraction pattern of diamond shaped particles with time. The inverted...
Figure 4: Change in the average disc diameter with time. The data is fitted with the kinetic model for an ori...
Figure 5: Schematic of nanoparticle formation during the biomimetic growth process. (a) Crystallites are form...
Figure 6: Geometry used for the calculation of the inner surface reduction, with z as the particle thickness ...
Figure 1: Injection c-CVD furnace and constant parameters for the synthesis of aligned N-CNT arrays.
Scheme 1: Schematic reactions in the synthesis of N-CNTs and MWCNTs; for clarity only the outer nanotube wall...
Figure 2: Relationship between the nitrogen content in the N-CNTs products and in the feedstock.
Figure 3: SEM examination of the N-CNTs from Syntheses I–IX and MWCNT from Ref. Synthesis.
Figure 4: Histograms of the outer diameters of N-CNTs from Syntheses I–VIII.
Figure 5: TEM images of: N-CNTs from Synthesis VII (upper panel) – straight N-CNTs; magnified views reveal ‘b...
Figure 6: (A) TEM micrograph comparing two distinguishable types of nanotube morphologies: top – ‘bamboo’-lik...
Figure 7: The height of the N-CNTs array vs time of growth.
Figure 8: Overlaid TGA curves recorded in air for N-CNTs (Synthesis V and VII) and MWCNTs (Ref. Synthesis).
Figure 9: FT-IR spectra of CNTs and N-CNTs (Synthesis VIII).
Figure 10: The ratio ID/IG vs the level of N-doping at 760 and 860 °C, as compared to pristine MWCNTs.
Figure 11: XRD pattern of N-CNTs (Synthesis VIII). The numbers are the hkl indices of the highest intensity pe...
Figure 12: Models of MWCNT (left) and N-CNT (right) with metal particles differently distributed along the nan...
Figure 13: Examples of how nitrogen atoms can be incorporated into the graphene layer: (1) and (3) deformation...
Figure 1: Illustration of one ALD cycle on a VACNT array. Upon exposure to the precursor gas (a: bulk gas dif...
Figure 2: Flow chart of the precursor exposure/adsorption simulation for one ALD cycle.
Figure 3: Results of the precursor adsorption kinetics simulation while using the parameters defined in Table 1. The...
Figure 4: Comparison of the simplified model (Equation 18) and the simulation of the full diffusion model (solid line) w...
Figure 5: Plot of deposited oxide thickness with respect to the VACNT depth for a multi-cycle ALD process, de...
Figure 6: Experimental results for TiO2 coated VACNTs. (a) An SEM image of a VACNT array coated with 400 cycl...
Figure 1: UV–vis spectrum of biosynthesized gadolinium oxide nanoparticles solution after 96 h of reaction wi...
Figure 2: (A) TEM micrograph recorded from drop-cast films of Gd2O3 nanoparticle solution formed by the react...
Figure 3: XRD measurements of biosynthesized Gd2O3 nanoparticles.
Figure 4: XPS data showing the (A) Gd(3d), (B) C(1s), (C) O(1s) and (D) N(1s) core level spectra recorded fro...
Figure 5: Gamma scintigraphic image of the biodistribution of Tc-99m–Gd2O3 nanoparticles in a rat showing a d...
Figure 6: UV–vis spectroscopy of (A) Gd2O3 nanoparticles showing a peak at 325 nm and (B) Gd2O3–taxol bioconj...
Figure 7: (A) Fluorescence spectra of Gd2O3 nanoparticles excited at 320 nm giving emission at 400 nm and (B)...
Figure 8: HPLC profile of Gd2O3–taxol bioconjugate showing absorbance at (A) 325 nm and (B) 227 nm.
Figure 1: (a) Mechanism of Cu-UPD onto a BP2-modified Au(111) surface with the deposition starting at defects...
Figure 2: Cu-UPD on Au templated by a patterned BP2 SAM. a) Large scale STM image of the surface before depos...
Figure 3: Temporal evolution of Cu-UPD. (a) Large scale ambient STM image of a native BP2 SAM on Au. (b) Magn...
Figure 4: Templated Cu-UPD illustrating tolerance of the process against substrate dislocations. (a) Native s...
Figure 5: Sequence of STM images showing the UPD-based conversion of a BP2 SAM into a patterned binary SAM of...
Figure 1:
Phase shifts of higher harmonics, including the fundamental shift
, when N = 10 external harmonic ...
Figure 2:
Phase shift analysis, in which the contrast in the higher harmonic phase shifts Δ = abs(
(H2) −
(H1)...
Figure 3:
Phase shift analysis, in which the contrast in the higher harmonic phase shifts Δ = abs(
(H2) −
(H1)...
Figure 4: (a–c) Illustration of a cantilever oscillating above a surface and recovering the true height Δzc = ...
Figure 1: a) UAFM configuration with a mechanical vibration applied to the base of the cantilever and signal ...
Figure 2: Amplitude ratio and phase of the a) first and b) second free eigenmodes of a cantilever vibrated in...
Figure 3: Amplitude ratio and phase of the first eigenmode along the cantilever in a) the UAFM and c) AFAM co...
Figure 4: Amplitude ratio and phase of the second eigenmode along the cantilever in a) the UAFM and c) AFAM c...
Figure 5: Amplitude ratio, frequency shift, and phase of the first eigenmode versus contact stiffness in UAFM...
Figure 6: Amplitude ratio, frequency shift, and phase of the first eigenmode versus contact stiffness in UAFM...
Figure 7: a) Frequency shift, b) normalized amplitude, c) phase, and d) quality factor Q of the first eigenmo...
Figure 8: a) Frequency shift, b) normalized amplitude, c) phase, and d) quality factor Q of the second eigenm...
Figure 9: The frequency error introduced by a PLL in measuring the shift of the contact resonance frequency o...
Figure 1: Schematic representation of the KPFM setup and the MoS2 sample with the RIE SiO2.
Figure 2: (a) Optical microscope image of an exfoliated MoS2 flake on a prepatterned (RIE) SiO2 substrate. A ...
Figure 3: (a) NC-AFM image of MoS2 flake on SiO2 with a gold contact (height = 20 nm). Topography shows areas...
Figure 4: (a) NC-AFM zoom-in of an area consisting of 1L, 2L and FL MoS2. (b) Corresponding KPFM image, calib...
Figure 5: (a) NC-AFM topography of SLM on SiO2 and holes etched in SiO2 using RIE. (b) Work function map corr...
Figure 1: Example of measurement artifacts previously observed in single-mode AFM operation in liquids: disto...
Figure 2: Bimodal AFM simulation illustrating the phase and amplitude relaxation of the second eigenmode: (a)...
Figure 3: Illustration of eigenmode perturbation for two different cases. The results are color coded for the...
Figure 4: Second eigenmode response for different second mode free amplitude values for the same conditions a...
Figure 5: (a) Illustration of the drastically varying response of the higher eigenmode as the cantilever is b...
Figure 6: Frequency space (a) and time space (b) responses of the system of Figure 5 for three different cantilever p...
Figure 7: Typical eigenmode responses for bimodal and trimodal AFM operation in air with Q1 = 150, Q2 = 450, Q...
Figure 8: Illustration of the force trajectory of five successive tip–sample impacts for bimodal AFM conditio...
Figure 9: Illustration of the photodetector (PD) reading that would be obtained for a given second eigenmode ...
Figure 10: Cantilever amplitude and phase response for various levels of damping in low-Q environments. The th...
Figure 11: (a) Standard linear solid model; (b) illustration of tip–sample impact force trajectory and surface...