Selected synthetic strategies to cyclophanes

• Sambasivarao Kotha,
• Mukesh E. Shirbhate and
• Gopalkrushna T. Waghule

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 1274–1331, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.142

• carried out at room temperature to generate dioxa[7]paracyclophane 276 with a moderate ee value. The effect of biaryl bis(phosphine) ligands was examined, and it revealed the use of (S)-H8-BINAP afforded the cyclophane 276 with a good yield and optimum ee value. Similarly, they also reported the synthesis

Sequential decarboxylative azide–alkyne cycloaddition and dehydrogenative coupling reactions: one-pot synthesis of polycyclic fused triazoles

• Kuppusamy Bharathimohan,
• Thanasekaran Ponpandian,
• A. Jafar Ahamed and
• Nattamai Bhuvanesh

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 3031–3037, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.321

• has been applied in the synthesis of polycyclic frameworks as well as in the preparation of biologically important compounds [19][20][21][22][23]. Further development of this reaction has led to double C–H activation which has been used for the construction of biaryl compounds [24][25][26][27][28][29

Come-back of phenanthridine and phenanthridinium derivatives in the 21st century

• Lidija-Marija Tumir,
• Marijana Radić Stojković and
• Ivo Piantanida

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2930–2954, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.312

• ] (Scheme 11). This synthesis published by Pearson et al. was based on palladium-catalysed picolinamide-directed sequential C–H functionalization reactions, while readily available benzylamine and aryl iodide were used as precursors. In the first step the Pd-catalyzed reaction yielded a biaryl compound. The

• -arylation. The following conventional cross-coupling or directed C–H arylation resulted in substituted phenanthridines. Homolytic aromatic substitution (HAS) by an aryl radical was used for the construction of biaryl motifs as alternative to transition metal-catalysed C–H bond arylation. That approach was

Recent advances in the electrochemical construction of heterocycles

• Robert Francke

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2858–2873, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.303

• demonstrated that this in situ generated reagent works more efficiently in such cyclizations than the more frequently used PIFA reagent. For instance, cyclization of biaryl 35 to carbazole 36 was achieved using this indirect electrochemical approach (Scheme 14) [59][60]. The transformation represents the key

• . Anodic cyclization of dipeptide 25. Anodic cyclization of a dipeptide using an electroauxiliary. Anodic cyclization of hydroxyamino compound 29. Cyclization of unsaturated thioacetals using the ArS(ArSSAr)+ mediator. Cyclization of biaryl 35 to carbazol 36 as key-step of the synthesis of glycozoline (37

A novel 4-aminoantipyrine-Pd(II) complex catalyzes Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reactions of aryl halides

• Claudia A. Contreras-Celedón,
• Darío Mendoza-Rayo,
• José A. Rincón-Medina and
• Luis Chacón-García

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2821–2826, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.299

• efficient. Conclusion In summary, we have developed a mild, efficient and comparatively inexpensive methodology for the synthesis of biaryl compounds. This methodology uses our newly developed 4-AAP–Pd(II) complex as a highly efficient precatalyst and general catalyst for the SM cross-coupling, works

• conditions for relatively short reaction times to afford biaryl compounds in good to excellent yields. The synthetic accessibility and stability under cross-coupling reaction conditions of 4-AAP–Pd(II) make this complex a very promising precatalyst, and we will continue studying its applicability in various

P(O)R₂-directed Pd-catalyzed C–H functionalization of biaryl derivatives to synthesize chiral phosphorous ligands

• Rong-Bin Hu,
• Hong-Li Wang,
• Hong-Yu Zhang,
• Heng Zhang,
• Yan-Na Ma and
• Shang-dong Yang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2071–2076, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.215

• group not only achieved the directing role but also acts as an important component unit of the C–H functionalized products. In this paper, we use the axially chiral biaryl phosphine oxides as substrates and report the synthesis of various chiral phosphorus ligands with high enantiomeric selectivity

• reported operation, the substrates of biaryl derivatives that contained phosphate with axial chirality were obtained in high yields using the Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction with the assistance of this versatile chiral ligand [31][32][33][34]. We used substituted naphthylboronic acid or ortho-substituted

• system of P(O)R2-directed Pd-catalyzed C–H activation. These compounds could be transformed to trivalent phosphorus compounds by silane to obtain the corresponding phosphorous ligands. Conclusion In summary, a series of substrates with axially chiral biaryl compounds containing a P(O)Ar2 directing group

Atherton–Todd reaction: mechanism, scope and applications

• Stéphanie S. Le Corre,
• Mathieu Berchel,
• Hélène Couthon-Gourvès,
• Jean-Pierre Haelters and
• Paul-Alain Jaffrès

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1166–1196, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.117

Palladium-catalysed cross-coupling reaction of ultra-stabilised 2-aryl-1,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[d]1,3,2-diazaborole compounds with aryl bromides: A direct protocol for the preparation of unsymmetrical biaryls

• Siphamandla Sithebe and
• Ross S. Robinson

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1107–1113, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.109

• , electron-neutral and electron-donating substituents are reacted under the catalytic system furnishing unsymmetrical biaryl products in isolated yields of up to 96% in only 10 minutes. Keywords: aryl bromide; 2-aryl-1,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[d]1,3,2-diazaborole; asymmetrical biaryls; microwave; Suzuki–Miyaura

Preparation of phosphines through C–P bond formation

• Iris Wauters,
• Wouter Debrouwer and
• Christian V. Stevens

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1064–1096, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.106

• triarylphosphines 105a as phosphinating agents. This aryl–aryl exchange reaction was compatible with several functional groups such as ketones, aldehydes, esters, nitriles, ethers (Table 11) [192][193][194][195]. Products 106a were isolated in only moderate yields. Several P,N-biaryl ligands were prepared from the

Isocyanide-based multicomponent reactions towards cyclic constrained peptidomimetics

• Gijs Koopmanschap,
• Eelco Ruijter and
• Romano V.A. Orru

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 544–598, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.50

A new manganese-mediated, cobalt-catalyzed three-component synthesis of (diarylmethyl)sulfonamides

• Antoine Pignon,
• Erwan Le Gall and
• Thierry Martens

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 425–431, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.39

• presented in Table 2. Results indicated a rather broad functional tolerance of the reaction, although some yields are limited and might be likely improved under more specific conditions. In all cases, the organic bromide was completely consumed and the main side-products were the imine and the biaryl. The

• imine results from the reaction of the tosylamide with the aldehyde, and the biaryl was formed by reductive coupling of the starting halide. A preformed imine can be used in the process (Table 2, entry 3, result in brackets), indicating that this species might be the reactive electrophilic intermediate

Recent advances in transition metal-catalyzed Csp²-monofluoro-, difluoro-, perfluoromethylation and trifluoromethylthiolation

• Grégory Landelle,
• Armen Panossian,
• Sergiy Pazenok,
• Jean-Pierre Vors and
• Frédéric R. Leroux

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 2476–2536, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.287

• 2-phenylpyridine in the presence of palladium(II) catalysts (10 mol %) and starting either from 6H-perfluorohexyl bromide or perfluoroheptanoic acid [71]. Interestingly, the latter reagent provided the highest yields, and the reaction appeared to proceed through an intermediate biaryl

An overview of the synthetic routes to the best selling drugs containing 6-membered heterocycles

• Marcus Baumann and
• Ian R. Baxendale

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 2265–2319, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.265

• ), muscimol (2.40), THPO (2.41) or exo-THPO (2.42, Figure 5) are potent inhibitors of GABA receptors, however, their hydrophilic nature meant that they did not cross the lipophilic blood-brain barrier. Therefore additional non-polar biaryl-appendages have been attached to these motifs separated by a short

Gold-catalyzed reaction of oxabicyclic alkenes with electron-deficient terminal alkynes to produce acrylate derivatives

• Yin-wei Sun,
• Qin Xu and
• Min Shi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1969–1976, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.233

• phosphine ligand was used as a catalyst (Table 1, entry 7). In order to further improve the yield of 3a, we employed gold complex 6 (Figure 1) coordinated by a sterically bulky and electron-rich biaryl phosphine-type ligand as a catalyst, affording 3a in 40% yield (Table 1, entry 8). In the absence of

Photoinduced synthesis of unsymmetrical diaryl selenides from triarylbismuthines and diaryl diselenides

• Yohsuke Kobiki,
• Shin-ichi Kawaguchi,
• Takashi Ohe and
• Akiya Ogawa

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1141–1147, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.127

• this solid is a bismuth residue, which can consist of bismuth oxides and/or bismuth selenides. Moreover, it may form biaryls (Ar–Ar) as byproducts, but no biaryl was observed after the reaction. Conclusion We have found that the photoinduced reaction of diaryl diselenides with triarylbismuthines

Synthesis of phenanthridines via palladium-catalyzed picolinamide-directed sequential C–H functionalization

• Ryan Pearson,
• Shuyu Zhang,
• Gang He,
• Nicola Edwards and
• Gong Chen

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 891–899, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.102

• bond of benzylpicolinamides is first arylated with an aryl iodide. The resulting biaryl compound is then subjected to palladium-catalyzed picolinamide-directed intramolecular dehydrogenative C–H amination with PhI(OAc)2 oxidant to form the corresponding cyclized dihydrophenanthridines. The benzylic

• with results on the Pd-catalyzed PA-directed arylation of more inert C(sp3)−H bonds [29]. Cyclization of biaryl compounds to form dihydrophenanthridines. Next, we investigated the cyclization of biaryl compounds to form dihydrophenanthridines via Pd-catalyzed intramolecular dehydrogenative amination of

Synthesis and testing of the first azobenzene mannobioside as photoswitchable ligand for the bacterial lectin FimH

• Vijayanand Chandrasekaran,
• Katharina Kolbe,
• Femke Beiroth and
• Thisbe K. Lindhorst

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 223–233, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.26

• of the mannobioside is important both to mediate hydrophilicity and to intensify the steric effect that photoswitching has on the exposition of the terminal mannoside. Conclusion The azobenzene mannosides presented herein resemble a structure quite similar to biaryl mannosides, which have been

Palladium-catalyzed C–N and C–O bond formation of N-substituted 4-bromo-7-azaindoles with amides, amines, amino acid esters and phenols

• Rajendra Surasani,
• Dipak Kalita,
• A. V. Dhanunjaya Rao and
• K. B. Chandrasekhar

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 2004–2018, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.227

• arylation of the heterocyclic N–H nitrogen [49][50]. To find a suitable condition for amide coupling with 7-azaindole derivatives, various biaryl/alkyl phosphine ligands, palladium catalysts, bases and reaction times, etc., were screened by using electron-deficient N-protected 4-bromo-7-azaindoles 1 as

Palladium-catalyzed dual C–H or N–H functionalization of unfunctionalized indole derivatives with alkenes and arenes

• Gianluigi Broggini,
• Egle M. Beccalli,
• Andrea Fasana and
• Silvia Gazzola

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1730–1746, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.198

• providing conditions to access asymmetric biaryl compounds by dual C–H functionalization [55]. In 2007, Fagnou and co-workers combined, in a single catalytic cycle, the reactivity of electron-deficient palladium(II) complexes with electron-rich arenes (through an electrophilic C–H activation mechanism) and

Extending the utility of [Pd(NHC)(cinnamyl)Cl] precatalysts: Direct arylation of heterocycles

• Anthony R. Martin,
• Anthony Chartoire,
• Alexandra M. Z. Slawin and
• Steven P. Nolan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1637–1643, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.187

• -bromobenzaldehyde was also successfully involved in the direct arylation of 6. Despite its electron-withdrawing nature as well as its high reactivity, the expected biaryl was obtained in moderate yield (Table 4, entry 7). The limits of the scope were determined by switching from benzothiophene (6) to the more

Organocatalytic C–H activation reactions

• Subhas Chandra Pan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1374–1384, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.159

• enantioselectivity for their reaction [25]. Organocatalytic sp2 C–H bond activation reactions The catalytic cross-coupling of arenes and aryl halides to construct biaryl compounds is an important area in synthetic organic chemistry. Transition-metal-catalyzed biaryl synthesis from unactivated arenes by C–H

• activation is well-known in the literature [26][27][28][29][30]. Stoichiometric amounts of a radical source, such as tributyltin hydride and tris(trimethylsilyl)silicon hydride [31], or irradiation [32] were also utilized for biaryl synthesis from unactivated arenes. However, organocatalysts have not been

• studied for this class of transformation. In 2010, three research groups independently reported organocatalytic biaryl synthesis from unactivated arenes and aryl halides [33][34][35]. Since these reactions follow a homolytic radical aromatic substitution mechanism (HAS) as pointed out by Studer and Curran

Synthesis and characterization of Sant-75 derivatives as Hedgehog-pathway inhibitors

• Chao Che,
• Song Li,
• Bo Yang,
• Shengchang Xin,
• Zhixiong Yu,
• Taofeng Shao,
• Chuanye Tao,
• Shuo Lin and
• Zhen Yang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 841–849, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.94

•  1. Accordingly, Suzuki coupling of 4-bromopyridine and 3-formylphenylboronic acid afforded biaryl aldehyde 2, which was then subjected to a reductive amination by condensation of aldehyde 2 with N-Boc-cyclohexane-1,4-diamine, followed by reduction with NaBH(OAc)3 to afford secondary amine 3

• reaction conditions, we found that the reaction proceeded well in 1,4-dioxane at 100 °C for 8 h with Na2CO3 as base in the presence of Pd(OAc)2 as catalyst, and PPh3 as ligand, providing the products in 73–85% yield. Different from the synthetic strategy of 11a–d, the pyrimidine nucleus in biaryl aldehydes

• conditions: (a) BOP, DIEA, DMF; (b) CH2Cl2, TFA. Synthesis of key intermediate biaryl aldehydes. Reagents and conditions: (a) Pd(OAc)2, PPh3, 1,4-dioxane, Na2CO3, 100 °C; (b) cat. NaOMe, MeOH; then NH4Cl; (c) acetylacetaldehyde dimethyl acetal, 1,4-dioxane, reflux; (d) SeO2, 1,4-dioxane, reflux; (e) DMF-DMA

Double N-arylation reaction of polyhalogenated 4,4’-bipyridines. Expedious synthesis of functionalized 2,7-diazacarbazoles

• Mohamed Abboud,
• Emmanuel Aubert and
• Victor Mamane

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 253–258, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.26

• -pentylaniline (6a) was investigated with several ligands in toluene at 120 °C, and in the presence of Pd2(dba)3 as the source of metal catalyst (Scheme 2). Ligands such as Xantphos [33], biaryl monophosphines [34] and t-Bu3P [35] were tested since they were found to be very effective in the selective C-5

Carbamate-directed benzylic lithiation for the diastereo- and enantioselective synthesis of diaryl ether atropisomers

• Abigail Page and
• Jonathan Clayden

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 1327–1333, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.156

• for the synthesis of “nonstandard” atropisomer structures containing rigid fragments joined by a hindered single bond, but which are different from the typically well-studied biaryl compounds [4][5]. These non-biaryl atropisomers have included aromatic amides [6][7][8], ureas [9], ethers [10][11][12

Synthesis of diverse dihydropyrimidine-related scaffolds by fluorous benzaldehyde-based Biginelli reaction and post-condensation modifications

• Bruno Piqani and
• Wei Zhang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 1294–1298, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.150

• are used as common intermediates for post-condensation modifications such as cycloaddition, Liebeskind–Srogl reaction and Suzuki coupling to form biaryl-substituted dihydropyrimidinone, dihydropyrimidine, and thiazolopyrimidine compounds. The high efficiency of the diversity-oriented synthesis is

• diversity-oriented synthesis of biaryl-substituted dihydropyrimidinone 5, thiazolopyrimidine 6, and dihydropyrimidine 7 compounds (Scheme 1). The perfluorooctanesulfonyl-attached benzaldehydes 1 were used as a key component for the Biginelli reactions [6]. The Biginelli products 4 were used as a common

• extractions (F-SPE) for purification [7]. The perfluorooctanesulfonyl group served as a phase tag for F-SPE and also as a convertible linker for the Suzuki coupling to introduce biaryl functionality to the heterocyclic skeletons [8][9][10][11][12]. Result and Discussion Fluorous benzaldehydes 1 were prepared