Stabilization of nanosized titanium dioxide by cyclodextrin polymers and its photocatalytic effect on the degradation of wastewater pollutants

• Tamás Zoltán Agócs,
• István Puskás,
• Erzsébet Varga,
• Mónika Molnár and
• Éva Fenyvesi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2873–2882, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.286

• carboxymethyl β-cyclodextrin polymer (CMBCD-P) for stabilization of nanoTiO2 dispersions. The photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue and ibuprofen as model organic pollutants in various media (distilled water, NaCl solution and tap water) has been studied using nanoTiO2 as catalyst stabilized by CMBCD-P

• pollutant of emerging concern (EP), was protected by CMBCD-P against the photocatalytic degradation showing that inclusion complex formation can result in opposite effects depending on the structure of the host–guest complex. Keywords: carboxymethyl β-cyclodextrin polymer; colloid stability; ibuprofen

• how they influence the stability of nanoTiO2 in the presence of NaCl (0.1%) by recording the turbidity. We used neutral and charged CD derivatives, such as non-ionic 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin monomer (M) and polymer (P) (HPBCD-M/P), anionic carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin monomer and polymer (CMBCD

Cross-linked cyclodextrin-based material for treatment of metals and organic substances present in industrial discharge waters

• Élise Euvrard,
• Nadia Morin-Crini,
• Coline Druart,
• Justine Bugnet,
• Bernard Martel,
• Cesare Cosentino,
• Virginie Moutarlier and
• Grégorio Crini

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1826–1838, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.172

• The cross-linked polymer (Figure 1) was prepared in a single step by crosslinking hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD; Kleptose HPB®, DS = 0.62, Roquette, Lestrem, France) using 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA; Aldrich, Milwaukee, WI). The synthesis procedure has already been described in

Interactions between 4-thiothymidine and water-soluble cyclodextrins: Evidence for supramolecular structures in aqueous solutions

• Vito Rizzi,
• Sergio Matera,
• Paola Semeraro,
• Paola Fini and
• Pinalysa Cosma

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 549–563, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.54

• complexation mode of the inclusion complexes involving 4-thiothymidine (S4TdR, a known photosensitizer) and five CDs, namely 2-hydroxypropyl-α-cyclodextrin (2-HP-α-CD), 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (2-HP-β-CD), 2-hydroxypropyl-γ-cyclodextrin (2-HP-γ-CD), heptakis-(2,6-di-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin (DIMEB CD

• ) and heptakis-(2,3,6-tri-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin (TRIMEB CD) were investigated by different spectroscopic techniques (UV–vis, FTIR–ATR, 1H NMR) and cyclic voltammetry analysis (CV). This work is necessary for a prospective research on the photoreactivity of S4TdR in aqueous environment and in the

New synthetic strategies for xanthene-dye-appended cyclodextrins

• Milo Malanga,
• Andras Darcsi,
• Mihaly Balint,
• Gabor Benkovics,
• Tamas Sohajda and
• Szabolcs Beni

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 537–548, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.53

• can reversibly cyclize. In this context we report a green approach for the synthesis of switchable xanthene-dye-appended cyclodextrins based on the coupling agent 4-(4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-4-methylmorpholinium chloride (DMT-MM). By using 6-monoamino-β-cyclodextrin and commercially available

Optimized methods for preparation of 6^I-(ω-sulfanyl-alkylene-sulfanyl)-β-cyclodextrin derivatives

• Eva Bednářová,
• Simona Hybelbauerová and
• Jindřich Jindřich

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 349–352, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.38

• Prague, Hlavova 8, 128 43, Prague 2, Czech Republic 10.3762/bjoc.12.38 Abstract A general high-yielding method for the preparation of monosubstituted β-cyclodextrin derivatives which have attached a thiol group in position 6 is described. The thiol group is attached through linkers of different lengths

Interactions of cyclodextrins and their derivatives with toxic organophosphorus compounds

• Sophie Letort,
• Sébastien Balieu,
• William Erb,
• Géraldine Gouhier and
• François Estour

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 204–228, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.23

• formation of the inclusion complex. Thus, on the basis of these last results, the formation of an internal inclusion complex was favored by the authors. In 2013, Cruickshank reported the X-ray crystal structures of the heptakis(2,3,6-trimethyl)-β-cyclodextrin (TRIMEB)–fenthion complex (complex with 2

• disulfonylimidazole 42 to access a key intermediate easily converted to the corresponding di-2,3-mannoepoxido compound 43 (Scheme 8) [89]. The 3A,3B-diazido-3A,3B-dideoxy-bis(altro)-β-cyclodextrin 44 was then obtained by reaction of 43 with sodium azide and a copper(I)-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition finally

Thermal and oxidative stability of Atlantic salmon oil (Salmo salar L.) and complexation with β-cyclodextrin

• Daniel I. Hădărugă,
• Mustafa Ünlüsayin,
• Alexandra T. Gruia,
• Cristina Birău (Mitroi),
• Gerlinde Rusu and
• Nicoleta G. Hădărugă

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 179–191, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.20

• Sciences and Veterinary Medicine “King Mihai I of Romania” - Timişoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timişoara, Romania 10.3762/bjoc.12.20 Abstract The thermal and oxidative stability of Atlantic salmon oil (Salmo salar L.) as well as its β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) complexation ability has been verified for the

• well with the KFT kinetic data for β-CD/ASO complexes. Keywords: Atlantic salmon oil (ASO); β-cyclodextrin; differential scanning calorimetry; Karl Fischer titration; omega-3 fatty acid; thermogravimetry; Introduction Functional food products containing omega-3 supplementation are becoming more and

Supramolecular polymer assembly in aqueous solution arising from cyclodextrin host–guest complexation

• Jie Wang,
• Zhiqiang Qiu,
• Yiming Wang,
• Li Li,
• Xuhong Guo,
• Duc-Truc Pham,
• Stephen F. Lincoln and
• Robert K. Prud’homme

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 50–72, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.7

• complexation of the anions of the ionic liquids 1-butyl-3-vinylimidazolium-adamantanecarboxylate, -bis(trifluoromethylsulfonylamide and –nonafluorobutansulfonate, (b’), (c’) and (d’), respectively in Figure 19, by the β-CD substituent of the copolymer to form the copolymer complexes (b), (c) and (d) [103]. (β

• -Cyclodextrin forms 1:1 host–guest complexes with (b’), (c’) and (d’) to give complexes characterized by complexation constants 10−3K11 = 5.3, 21.0 and 8.1 M−1 in aqueous solution at 298.2 K [104].) The three copolymer complexes (b)–(d) are effectively pseudopolyanions and this has interesting behavioral

Polydisperse methyl β-cyclodextrin–epichlorohydrin polymers: variable contact time ¹³C CP-MAS solid-state NMR characterization

• Isabelle Mallard,
• Davy Baudelet,
• Franca Castiglione,
• Monica Ferro,
• Walter Panzeri,
• Enzio Ragg and
• Andrea Mele

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 2785–2794, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.299

• Celoria, 2 I-20133 Milano, Italy 10.3762/bjoc.11.299 Abstract The polymerization of partially methylated β-cyclodextrin (CRYSMEB) with epichlorohydrin was carried out in the presence of a known amount of toluene as imprinting agent. Three different preparations (D1, D2 and D3) of imprinted polymers were

• spectroscopy; Introduction Cyclodextrin polymers are a subject of great interest because of their use in pharmaceutical industry [1][2], analytical chemistry [3][4][5], wastewater treatment [6] and food industry [7][8][9]. Water-insoluble β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) polymers [10] have been widely described to

• recognition sites for the template molecule. As a matter of fact, high-resolution solid-state NMR is a powerful tool to characterize the structure of polymers [23][24] and to study their dynamics [25][26]. Crini has reported previously a solid-state NMR spectroscopy study [27][28] of β-cyclodextrin polymers

Physical properties and biological activities of hesperetin and naringenin in complex with methylated β-cyclodextrin

• Waratchada Sangpheak,
• Jintawee Kicuntod,
• Roswitha Schuster,
• Thanyada Rungrotmongkol,
• Peter Wolschann,
• Nawee Kungwan,
• Helmut Viernstein,
• Monika Mueller and
• Piamsook Pongsawasdi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 2763–2773, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.297

• improve physical properties and biological activities of the two flavanones hesperetin and naringenin by complexation with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and its methylated derivatives (2,6-di-O-methyl-β-cyclodextrin, DM-β-CD and randomly methylated-β-CD, RAMEB). The free energies of inclusion complexes between

• several benefits, the use of these flavonoids is frequently limited by their low water solubility and stability with a consequence of exerting rather low biological activity. The natural β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) is a cyclic oligosaccharide consisting of seven D-glucopyranose units linked by α-(1,4

• )-glycosidic bonds. It contains a highly hydrophobic central cavity and the hydrophilic outer surface. The 2,6-di-O-methyl-β-cyclodextrin (DM-β-CD), a commercially available β-CD derivative, is obtained by methylation of the hydroxy groups at C2 and C6 of all glucose units, thus having the degree of

Size-controlled and redox-responsive supramolecular nanoparticles

• Raquel Mejia-Ariza,
• Gavin A. Kronig and
• Jurriaan Huskens

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 2388–2399, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.260

• ) grafted with β-cyclodextrin (CD) and a positively charged ferrocene (Fc)-terminated poly(amidoamine) dendrimer, with a monovalent stabilizer at the surface. Fc was chosen for its loss of CD-binding properties when oxidizing it to the ferrocenium cation. The ionic strength was shown to play an important

• . Davis et al. showed the formation of SNPs using attractive electrostatic interactions between positively charged β-cyclodextrin (CD)-containing polymers and negatively charged siRNA at the core [8]. Neutral adamantyl-grafted poly(ethylene glycol) (Ad-PEG) was incorporated at the surface to stabilize

• according to earlier reports with slight modifications [25][26]. A reaction between 6-monotosyl-β-cyclodextrin (TsCD) and PEI in DMSO was performed using an excess of triethylamine as a base, followed by purification by dialysis. In order to control the stoichiometry of the host and guest moieties, the

Preparation of Pickering emulsions through interfacial adsorption by soft cyclodextrin nanogels

• Shintaro Kawano,
• Toshiyuki Kida,
• Mitsuru Akashi,
• Hirofumi Sato,
• Motohiro Shizuma and
• Daisuke Ono

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 2355–2364, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.257

• -active property. Results: CD nanogels were prepared by crosslinking heptakis(2,6-di-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin with phenyl diisocyanate and subsequent immersion of the resulting polymer in water. A dynamic light scattering study shows that primary CD nanogels with 30–50 nm diameter assemble into larger CD

• new building blocks for microcapsules with porous surfaces and stimuli-responsive nanocarriers in storage and/or release systems. Experimental Materials Heptakis(2,6-di-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin (DM-β-CD) was purchased from Nacalai Tesque, Inc. (Japan). DM-β-CD was vacuum dried at 80 °C overnight prior

Co-solvation effect on the binding mode of the α-mangostin/β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex

• Chompoonut Rungnim,
• Sarunya Phunpee,
• Manaschai Kunaseth,
• Supawadee Namuangruk,
• Kanin Rungsardthong,
• Thanyada Rungrotmongkol and
• Uracha Ruktanonchai

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 2306–2317, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.251

• -solvent enhances the solubility of α-MGS with some effects on the binding affinity with β-CD, depending on the concentration employed. Keywords: α-mangostin; β-cyclodextrin; binary complex; inclusion complex; Introduction Solubilization of otherwise poorly soluble drugs under physiological conditions to

Cholesterol lowering effects of mono-lactose-appended β-cyclodextrin in Niemann–Pick type C disease-like HepG2 cells

• Keiichi Motoyama,
• Yumi Hirai,
• Rena Nishiyama,
• Yuki Maeda,
• Taishi Higashi,
• Yoichi Ishitsuka,
• Yuki Kondo,
• Tetsumi Irie,
• Takumi Era and
• Hidetoshi Arima

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 2079–2086, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.224

• .11.224 Abstract The Niemann–Pick type C disease (NPC) is one of inherited lysosomal storage disorders, emerges the accumulation of unesterified cholesterol in endolysosomes. Currently, 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CyD) has been applied for the treatment of NPC. HP-β-CyD improved

• , etc., through complex formation [5][6]. Recently, 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CyD) has attracted considerable attention for the treatment of NPC disease [4][7][8][9]. The administration of HP-β-CyD to NPC1-knock out (Npc1−/−) mice has been reported to remarkably prolong the life span of the

Design, synthesis and photochemical properties of the first examples of iminosugar clusters based on fluorescent cores

• Mathieu L. Lepage,
• Antoine Mirloup,
• Manon Ripoll,
• Fabien Stauffert,
• Anne Bodlenner,
• Raymond Ziessel and
• Philippe Compain

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 659–667, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.74

• ][10]. From 2010, the field has however experienced a major take-off with the discovery of the first strong multivalent effects in glycosidase inhibition observed with DNJ clusters based on β-cyclodextrin or C60 cores showing strong affinity enhancements over the corresponding monomers (up to 610-fold

Synthesis and surface grafting of a β-cyclodextrin dimer facilitating cooperative inclusion of 2,6-ANS

• Lars W. Städe,
• Thorbjørn T. Nielsen,
• Laurent Duroux,
• Reinhard Wimmer,
• Kyoko Shimizu and
• Kim L. Larsen

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 514–523, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.58

• 140, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark 10.3762/bjoc.11.58 Abstract A novel β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) dimer was synthesized and surface-grafted by click chemistry onto azide-functionalized quartz surfaces in order to introduce the cooperative features of the β-CD dimer to solid surfaces. Using NMR and fluorescence

• fluorescence spectroscopy that the inclusion of the fluorescent guest into both cavities of the β-CD dimer is maintained when grafted onto a solid surface. Keywords: 2,6-ANS; β-cyclodextrin dimer; silicon dioxide; surface grafting; total internal reflection fluorescence spectroscopy; Introduction Since the

• initial reports [1][2][3][4] of the cooperative effects exerted by β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) dimers, they have been suggested for a wide range of applications, for example, for catalysis [5][6] and photochemistry [7][8], as synthetic enzymes [5] and in general to obtain improved binding affinity (as compared

Electrochemical oxidation of cholesterol

• Jacek W. Morzycki and
• Andrzej Sobkowiak

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 392–402, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.45

• inclusion complex with β-cyclodextrin functionalized graphene and emerged as a cholesterol sensing matrix. Methylene blue was then replaced by the cholesterol molecule and moved out in the buffer solution, where it was detected electrochemically by using the differential pulse voltammetric technique [71

Synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel MUC1 glycopeptide conjugate vaccine candidate comprising a 4’-deoxy-4’-fluoro-Thomsen–Friedenreich epitope

• Manuel Johannes,
• Maximilian Reindl,
• Bastian Gerlitzki,
• Edgar Schmitt and
• Anja Hoffmann-Röder

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 155–161, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.15

• were quantified by HPLC and expressed as a percentage of the corresponding value observed before exposure to enzyme digestion (t = 0); (A): β-cyclodextrin, MES buffer pH 4.5, 25 °C. ELISA of the antiserum of mouse 2 induced by 4’F-TF-Thr6-MUC1(20)-TTox vaccine 18b; coat: 5 µg/mL 4’F-TF-Thr6-MUC1(20

Formation of nanoparticles by cooperative inclusion between (S)-camptothecin-modified dextrans and β-cyclodextrin polymers

• Thorbjørn Terndrup Nielsen,
• Catherine Amiel,
• Laurent Duroux,
• Kim Lambertsen Larsen,
• Lars Wagner Städe,
• Reinhard Wimmer and
• Véronique Wintgens

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 147–154, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.14

• prepared with a degree of substitution of (S)-camptothecin between 3.1 and 10.2%. The binding properties with β-cyclodextrin and β-cyclodextrin polymers were measured by isothermal titration calorimetry and fluorescence spectroscopy, showing no binding with β-cyclodextrin but high binding with β

• -cyclodextrin polymers. In aqueous solution nanoparticles were formed from association between the (S)-camptothecin–dextran polymers and the β-cyclodextrin polymers. Keywords: (S)-camptothecin; cyclodextrins; fluorescence; nanoparticles; ITC; Introduction Cancer remains to be the major cause of mortality in

Effects of RAMEA-complexed polyunsaturated fatty acids on the response of human dendritic cells to inflammatory signals

• Éva Rajnavölgyi,
• Renáta Laczik,
• Viktor Kun,
• Lajos Szente and
• Éva Fenyvesi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 3152–3160, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.332

• ). The use of RAMEA for enhancing aqueous solubility of n−3 fatty acids has the unambiguous advantage over applying RAMEB (the β-cyclodextrin analog), since there is no interaction with cell membrane cholesterol. In vitro differentiated moDC were left untreated or were stimulated by bacterial

• methylated β-cyclodextrin (RAMEB, the number of methyl groups/CD (DS) is 12) is the product of Wacker Chemie, Munich, Germany, while the α- and γ-CD analogues with DS 8.7 and 12.6 were produced by CycloLab, Hungary. Solubility measurement The solubility of fatty acids in CD solutions was determined by adding

Conjugates of methylated cyclodextrin derivatives and hydroxyethyl starch (HES): Synthesis, cytotoxicity and inclusion of anaesthetic actives

• Lisa Markenstein,
• Antje Appelt-Menzel,
• Marco Metzger and
• Gerhard Wenz

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 3087–3096, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.325

• /bjoc.10.325 Abstract The mono-6-deoxy-6-azides of 2,6-di-O-methyl-β-cyclodextrin (DIMEB) and randomly methylated-β-cyclodextrin (RAMEB) were conjugated to propargylated hydroxyethyl starch (HES) by Cu+-catalysed [2 + 3] cycloaddition. The resulting water soluble polymers showed lower critical solution

• -azido-heptakis(2,6-di-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin (1a): 3.0 g (2.59 mmol) mono-(6-deoxy-6-azido)-β-CD was dissolved in 150 mL DMF/DMSO 1:1 (v/v) under N2 and a mixture of 26 g (168 mmol) BaO and 26 g Ba(OH)2 (153 mmol) was added in small portions within 10 min under stirring. The mixture was cooled to 0 °C

Modification of physical properties of poly(L-lactic acid) by addition of methyl-β-cyclodextrin

• Toshiyuki Suzuki,
• Ayaka Ei,
• Yoshihisa Takada,
• Hiroki Uehara,
• Takeshi Yamanobe and
• Keiko Takahashi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2997–3006, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.318

• PLLA and enhanced the drawability. Keywords: crystallinity; DSC; methyl-β-cyclodextrin; poly(L-lactic acid); Raman spectroscopy; Introduction Poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) has attracted attention because it is a biodegradable polymer derived from carbon-neutral resources. However, its melting point (Tm

• interactions, a modified CD may improve the mechanical properties of PLLA. Methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MeCD) is soluble in chloroform, as is PLLA, and the affinity of MeCD for PLLA may be sufficient to improve the mechanical properties of PLLA. In order to analyze the interchain interactions of polymers, it is

Synthesis of uniform cyclodextrin thioethers to transport hydrophobic drugs

• Lisa F. Becker,
• Dennis H. Schwarz and
• Gerhard Wenz

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2920–2927, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.310

• the β-cyclodextrin derivatives exhibit very high binding potentials towards the anaesthetic drugs sevoflurane and halothane. Since the resulting inclusion compounds are highly soluble in water at temperatures ≤37 °C they are good candidates for new aqueous dosage forms which would avoid inhalation

• -methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)ethyl)]-β-cyclodextrin: 2.60 g (65 mmol) NaH (60 wt % dispersion in mineral oil, Sigma-Aldrich) was washed twice with 25 mL of n-pentane under N2 and stirred at rt for 1 h. After addition of 6.25 g (4.64 mmol) heptakis(6-deoxy-6-methylsulfanyl)-β-cyclodextrin dissolved in 130 mL of DMF

Cyclodextrin–polysaccharide-based, in situ-gelled system for ocular antifungal delivery

• Anxo Fernández-Ferreiro,
• Noelia Fernández Bargiela,
• María Santiago Varela,
• Maria Gil Martínez,
• Maria Pardo,
• Antonio Piñeiro Ces,
• José Blanco Méndez,
• Miguel González Barcia,
• Maria Jesus Lamas and
• Francisco.J. Otero-Espinar

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2903–2911, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.308

• Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Praza Seminario de Estudos Galegos s/n, Santiago de Compostela, 15701, Spain 10.3762/bjoc.10.308 Abstract Fluconazole was studied with two different hydrophilic cyclodextrins (hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPBCD) and sulfobutyl ether-β-cyclodextrin

• polysaccharides gellan gum and κ-carrageenan. This system showed good bioadhesive properties and effective control of fluconazole release. Keywords: cyclodextrins; eye drops; fluconazole; hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin; sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin; Introduction Fungal keratitis is a serious disease that can

• -Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPBCD) and sulfobutyl ether-β-cyclodextrin (SBECD) are two chemically modified cyclodextrins frequently used as vehicles to improve drug solubility. The aim of this work is to obtain an ophthalmic drug delivery system for the release of fluconazole (FC) based on the use of ion

Synthesis and characterization of a new photoinduced switchable β-cyclodextrin dimer

• Florian Hamon,
• Claire Blaszkiewicz,
• Marie Buchotte,
• Estelle Banaszak-Léonard,
• Hervé Bricout,
• Sébastien Tilloy,
• Eric Monflier,
• Christine Cézard,
• Laurent Bouteiller,
• Christophe Len and
• Florence Djedaini-Pilard

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2874–2885, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.304

• with a yield of 49% (Scheme 1) [30]. Then, the carboxylic groups were activated by N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) and condensed with mono-6-amino-6-deoxy-β-cyclodextrin (β-CD-NH2) [31] in anhydrous DMF at room temperature. Flash chromatography (C18 column, H2O/MeOH 90:10 to 10:90 v/v in 20 min) afforded

• software with the one set or two sets of sites models. During this fitting, enthalpy (ΔH), stoichiometry (n) and association constants (Ka) were adjustable parameters. Molecular modeling Initial geometries of the β-cyclodextrin dimers studied in this work were built using the LEaP program from the

• ’-Bis[6I-deoxy-β-cyclodextrin-6I-yl]carboxamide-4,4’-azobenzene, AZO-CDim (1): β-CD-NH2 (2.02 g, 1.78 mmol, 2 equiv) and 3 (404 mg, 0.87 mmol, 1 equiv) were dissolved in 5 mL of dried distilled DMF. After 16 h of stirring at room temperature, the mixture was concentrated and the product precipitated by