Green and sustainable approaches for the Friedel–Crafts reaction between aldehydes and indoles

• Periklis X. Kolagkis,
• Eirini M. Galathri and
• Christoforos G. Kokotos

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 379–426, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.36

• . immobilized carbon nanotubes on sulfonated polyacrylamide creating polymer/carbon nanotube composites, which could also be employed in the synthesis of BIMs [115][116]. This methodology used a catalyst loading of 5 mol % under reflux conditions (85 °C) in acetonitrile for 30–40 minutes with product yields

Facile access to pyridinium-based bent aromatic amphiphiles: nonionic surface modification of nanocarbons in water

• Lorenzo Catti,
• Shinji Aoyama and
• Michito Yoshizawa

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 32–40, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.5

• guest-derived absorption bands around 340 nm and 420–650 nm, confirming the solubilization of C60 in water (Figure 4b). Similar host–guest composites were also obtained using PA-CH3, PA-OH, and PA-Im under the same conditions. It is noteworthy that the C60-solubilization efficiency varied depending on

• size of these nanocarbons, the resultant host–guest composites were subjected to UV–visible analysis without further filtration following centrifugation (16,000g, ≈10 min). The obtained UV–visible spectra of the blackish, clear solutions of (PA-OCH3)n·(GN)m, (PA-OCH3)n·(s-CNT)m, and (PA-OCH3)n·(m-CNT)m

• thus enabled the efficient water-solubilization of nanocarbons independent of their size and shape (i.e., spherical, planar, and tubular objects). Electrostatic surface properties of hosts and host–guest composites Zeta potential (ZP) measurements were employed to further study the electrostatic

Enabling artificial photosynthesis systems with molecular recycling: A review of photo- and electrochemical methods for regenerating organic sacrificial electron donors

• Grace A. Lowe

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1198–1215, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.88

• photocatalyst composites, such as decorated quantum dots [4]. Most of the particulate Z-schemes use inorganic rather than organic redox mediators [2]. Interestingly, soluble redox mediators can be replaced by conducting substrates in inorganic Z-schemes to create ‘redox mediator-free’ schemes [2][4]. For

Cyclodextrins as building blocks for new materials

• Miriana Kfoury and
• Sophie Fourmentin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 889–891, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.66

• , and so on [14][15][16][17]. In addition to bearing a rigid skeleton, CDs act as versatile multitasking agents. They add value to these composites as their cavities remain generally available to accommodate active substances, or they work as supramolecular catalysts or molecular concealers. Due to the

From amines to (form)amides: a simple and successful mechanochemical approach

• Federico Casti,
• Rita Mocci and
• Andrea Porcheddu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1210–1216, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.126

• assistance with the generation of the 1H, 13C NMR, and GC–MS spectroscopic data. Funding This research was funded by MIUR Italy, PRIN 2017 project (grant number: 2017B7MMJ5_001) “MultIFunctional poLymer cOmposites based on groWn matERials (MIFLOWER) and Fondazione di Sardegna (FdS, F72F20000230007).

A trustworthy mechanochemical route to isocyanides

• Francesco Basoccu,
• Federico Cuccu,
• Federico Casti,
• Rita Mocci,
• Claudia Fattuoni and
• Andrea Porcheddu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 732–737, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.73

• Ricerca d'Ateneo) core facility of the University of Cagliari and Dr. Sandrina Lampis for assistance with the generation of the 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopic data. Funding This research was funded by MIUR Italy, PRIN 2017 project (grant number: 2017B7MMJ5_001) “MultIFunctional poLymer cOmposites based on

Adjusting the length of supramolecular polymer bottlebrushes by top-down approaches

• Tobias Klein,
• Franka V. Gruschwitz,
• Maren T. Kuchenbrod,
• Ivo Nischang,
• Stephanie Hoeppener and
• Johannes C. Brendel

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2621–2628, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.175

• forces. DAC has mainly been used to create drug composites but recently found application in the formulation of liposomes or the direct nanodispersion of pharmaceutically active ingredients [24][25][26][27][28]. The technique resembles nanomilling methods but allows a much smaller sample scale, which

An initiator- and catalyst-free hydrogel coating process for 3D printed medical-grade poly(ε-caprolactone)

• Jochen Löblein,
• Thomas Lorson,
• Miriam Komma,
• Tobias Kielholz,
• Maike Windbergs,
• Paul D. Dalton and
• Robert Luxenhofer

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2095–2101, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.136

• ]. Interestingly, PCL frames made with MEW were used to build up soft network composites [41][42][43] with outstanding mechanical properties, also with weak matrices of interest for tissue engineering applications [44]. Conclusion SIPGP is an interesting complementary technique to modify the surface of MEW printed

Towards new NIR dyes for free radical photopolymerization processes

• Haifaa Mokbel,
• Guillaume Noirbent,
• Didier Gigmes,
• Frédéric Dumur and
• Jacques Lalevée

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2067–2076, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.133

• mechanical properties of the generated polymers and composites will be provided in the forthcoming works. Visible–NIR spectra of NIR dyes in ACN. A) (1) CBPh1, (2) CBPh2, (3) CBPh3, (4) CBPh4, (5) Ca, (6) Cb, and (7) CNa. B) (1) CI1, (2) CI2, (3) CI3, (4) CI4, (5) CI5, (6) CI6, (7) CI7, (8) CI8, (9) CI9, and

Recent advances in the application of isoindigo derivatives in materials chemistry

• Andrei V. Bogdanov and
• Vladimir F. Mironov

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1533–1564, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.111

• accordingly improves the morphological and photophysical characteristics of the OSC [50]. For comparison, it should be noted that the OSC based on phenanthroquinoxaline derivative 33d showed an efficiency of only 0.3%. The study of composites based on mixtures of compounds 34 with PC71BM demonstrated the

• -coupling reaction (Scheme 19). However, the OSC of such a cell showed an efficiency of only 1%. Using polymeric isoindigo 35b as an acceptor component, a nonfullerene OSC was also obtained, which showed a record efficiency of 12.03% among the composites based on isoindigo described to date [55]. Polymeric

Valorisation of plastic waste via metal-catalysed depolymerisation

• Francesca Liguori,
• Carmen Moreno-Marrodán and
• Pierluigi Barbaro

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 589–621, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.53

Activated carbon as catalyst support: precursors, preparation, modification and characterization

• Melanie Iwanow,
• Tobias Gärtner,
• Volker Sieber and
• Burkhard König

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1188–1202, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.104

• a mist of micron-sized droplets. These droplets are transported into a furnace by an inert gas stream, where the solvent evaporates and the precursor decomposes. The formed carbon sphere/salt composites are collected in water bubblers. The salt is dissolved in the collection solvent and byproducts

A systematic review on silica-, carbon-, and magnetic materials-supported copper species as efficient heterogeneous nanocatalysts in “click” reactions

• Pezhman Shiri and
• Jasem Aboonajmi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 551–586, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.52

• was grown one or two times by repeating the above-mentioned process to generate G2-AAA–SBA-15 and G3-AAA–SBA-15 composites, respectively. Generally, x and AAA in Gx-AAA–SBA-15 refer to the dendron generation and diamine (AMP for dendrons containing 4-aminomethylpiperidine and PIP for dendrons

Metal-free mechanochemical oxidations in Ertalyte^® jars

• Andrea Porcheddu,
• Francesco Delogu,
• Lidia De Luca,
• Claudia Fattuoni and
• Evelina Colacino

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1786–1794, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.172

• : multifunctional polymer composites based on grown materials). A. P. is grateful to MIUR for “Finanziamento delle Attività Base di Ricerca (FABR 2017)“.

N-doped carbon dots covalently functionalized with pillar[5]arenes for Fe³⁺ sensing

• Jia Gao,
• Ming-Xue Wu,
• Dihua Dai,
• Zhi Cai,
• Yue Wang,
• Wenhui Fang,
• Yan Wang and
• Ying-Wei Yang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1262–1267, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.123

• composites, and the highly selective sensing towards Fe3+ is also related to the binding of Fe3+ with CP[5] ring (Figure 3f) [24][27][28]. Conclusion In summary, a promising fluorescent chemical sensing material (CCDs) was synthesized for the first time by covalently attaching CP[5] macrocycles onto the

Fabrication, characterization and adsorption properties of cucurbit[7]uril-functionalized polycaprolactone electrospun nanofibrous membranes

• Changzhong Chen,
• Fengbo Liu,
• Xiongzhi Zhang,
• Zhiyong Zhao and
• Simin Liu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 992–999, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.97

• temperature range of 25–650 °C are depicted in Figure S7 (Supporting Information File 1). From the TG/DTG curves, the thermal decomposition temperatures of the PCL/CB[7] nanofibers are higher than that of CB[7] alone, demonstrating a better thermal stability of the PCL/CB[7] nanofiber composites. Methylene

Organometallic vs organic photoredox catalysts for photocuring reactions in the visible region

• Aude-Héloise Bonardi,
• Frédéric Dumur,
• Guillaume Noirbent,
• Jacques Lalevée and
• Didier Gigmes

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 3025–3046, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.282

• of sectors such as coatings, adhesives, paints, inks, composites, 3D-printing, dentistry, data storage ... [5][6][7]. Review 1 Photopolymerization processes and uses of photocatalysts (PCs) Traditionally, polymer manufacturing is made through thermal curing. However, this route has many limitations

• ) and the low content required. All these works on PC pave the way for highly reactive photosensitive systems that can be used for high tech applications: functional coatings, smart materials, new 3D printing resins, preparation of composites. Other development of PC can be expected in near future

An overview on recent advances in the synthesis of sulfonated organic materials, sulfonated silica materials, and sulfonated carbon materials and their catalytic applications in chemical processes

• Hashem Sharghi,
• Pezhman Shiri and
• Mahdi Aberi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2745–2770, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.253

• sulfonated polymer-carbon nanotubes composites (CNT-P-SO3H) 100–102 were described as outstanding catalysts for liquid phase transesterification of triglycerides 103 with methanol. The catalysts were also used for the esterification of oleic acid (106) with methanol. The important feature of this study is

Assessing the possibilities of designing a unified multistep continuous flow synthesis platform

• Mrityunjay K. Sharma,
• Roopashri B. Acharya,
• Chinmay A. Shukla and
• Amol A. Kulkarni

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1917–1936, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.166

• compounds [1][2][3][4][5][6], complex large molecular weight medicinal drugs [7][8][9][10][11][12], polymeric materials [13][14][15], nanomaterials (metallic, bimetallic, composites, metal oxides, etc.) [16][17][18], catalysts [7][19], etc. In the recent times, the applicability of this tool has been

Hyper-reticulated calixarene polymers: a new example of entirely synthetic nanosponge materials

• Alberto Spinella,
• Marco Russo,
• Antonella Di Vincenzo,
• Delia Chillura Martino and
• Paolo Lo Meo

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1498–1507, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.127

• composites loaded with quercetin may show improved cytotoxic activity towards some human breast cancer cell lines [32], likely due to a synergistic action between the polyphenol nutraceutic guest molecule and triazole derivatives coming from the progressive disgregation of the co-polymer carrier. From the

A recursive microfluidic platform to explore the emergence of chemical evolution

• David Doran,
• Marc Rodriguez-Garcia,
• Rebecca Turk-MacLeod,
• Geoffrey J. T. Cooper and
• Leroy Cronin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1702–1709, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.164

• chemical units to undergo a process like evolution at the chemical level. Evolution of life from non-living, complex chemistry via chemical evolution of complex chemical composites towards increasing complexity. A transition to biological evolution occurs when composites become sufficiently complex to

• transition from chemical to biological units. Green arrows indicate continuous adaptation and complexification under selection pressure; the purple arrow indicates the transition from evolving chemical composites to evolving living units after exceeding a complexity threshold. Schematic describing the

Mechanochemistry-assisted synthesis of hierarchical porous carbons applied as supercapacitors

• Desirée Leistenschneider,
• Nicolas Jäckel,
• Felix Hippauf,
• Volker Presser and
• Lars Borchardt

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1332–1341, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.130

• solvent during the mechanochemical synthesis does not influence the porosity of the composite materials, since both composites (Comp-SF-3 and Comp-LA-3) provide the same pore volume (0.2 cm3 g−1) and SSA (300 m2 g−1, Table 1). However, the carbons derived after carbochlorination differ in their porosities

Sugar-based micro/mesoporous hypercross-linked polymers with in situ embedded silver nanoparticles for catalytic reduction

• Qing Yin,
• Qi Chen,
• Li-Can Lu and
• Bao-Hang Han

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1212–1221, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.120

• AgNPs incorporated into the porous polymer is too low and the AgNPs/SugPOP-1 composite does not exhibit good catalytic activity. Composites with different metal particle sizes will exhibit different catalytic activity. Owing to the smaller particles, possessing more surface atoms available for catalysis

Rearrangements of organic peroxides and related processes

• Ivan A. Yaremenko,
• Vera A. Vil’,
• Dmitry V. Demchuk and
• Alexander O. Terent’ev

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1647–1748, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.162

• used in anticorrosive composites, polyester and polyamide threads, and lubricants, for the synthesis of tridecanedioic acid, and as a component of perfume formulations. Scheme 35 presents the synthesis of hydroxy-10H-acridin-9-one 117 starting from tetramethoxyanthracene 114 through the formation of

Organic chemistry meets polymers, nanoscience, therapeutics and diagnostics

• Vincent M. Rotello

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1638–1646, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.161

• nanocomposite materials, including regular structures using diblock copolymers [25][26] and nanoparticle–protein [27][28] and nanoparticle–nucleic acid composites [29]. Concurrently with our 3D self-assembly, we pursued the use of nanoparticles for surface modification. This research has focused on the use of