An effective Pd nanocatalyst in aqueous media: stilbene synthesis by Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction under microwave irradiation

• Carolina S. García,
• Paula M. Uberman and
• Sandra E. Martín

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1717–1727, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.166

• relatively easy to prepare and can be obtained in different size and morphology by essentially controlling the synthetic method and experimental conditions. As a result of the excellent catalytic activity of NPs, they can be used under mild and, in some cases, in environmental sustainable conditions. In

• from the same H2PdCl4 and PVP aqueous solution using MW irradiation (see Supporting Information File 1). The morphology and size of the Pd NPs was determined by TEM micrographs. Unfortunately, these MW-synthesized NPs proved to be inactive as catalysts in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction between 1a

• (20 ± 10) nm with high dispersion in size (Figures S1 and S2, Supporting Information File 1). However, these bigger NPs were still active as catalysts, since with this larger NPs several catalytic cycles were performed (Figure 1). The morphology of the NPs like a “blackberry” appeared not to be

Block copolymers from ionic liquids for the preparation of thin carbonaceous shells

• Sadaf Hanif,
• Bernd Oschmann,
• Dmitri Spetter,
• Muhammad Nawaz Tahir,
• Wolfgang Tremel and
• Rudolf Zentel

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1693–1701, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.163

• in PIL block copolymers due to their demixed morphology or (ii) the control of ion conduction near surfaces, if PIL brushes are fixed to a surface [13]. This last example of a spatially restricted access of ions to a surface can be very interesting in combination with redox reactions [14][15], a case

The chemistry and biology of mycolactones

• Matthias Gehringer and
• Karl-Heinz Altmann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1596–1660, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.159

New electroactive asymmetrical chalcones and therefrom derived 2-amino- / 2-(1H-pyrrol-1-yl)pyrimidines, containing an N-[ω-(4-methoxyphenoxy)alkyl]carbazole fragment: synthesis, optical and electrochemical properties

• Daria G. Selivanova,
• Alexei A. Gorbunov,
• Olga A. Mayorova,
• Alexander N. Vasyanin,
• Igor V. Lunegov,
• Elena V. Shklyaeva and
• Georgii G. Abashev

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1583–1595, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.158

• properties of the prepared compounds were investigated by UV–vis absorption spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. Electrochemical oxidation of these heterocycles resulted in the formation of thin films on the surface of an ITO working electrode. The morphology of grown films has been investigated by means of

• executed the electrochemical oxidation of compounds 6–8b using ITO covered glass plate as a working electrode. These processes resulted in the formation of thin films on the surface of the working electrode. Cyclic voltammograms, film images and the study of the morphology of their surface are presented in

Mechanochemical synthesis of graphene oxide-supported transition metal catalysts for the oxidation of isoeugenol to vanillin

• Ana Franco,
• Sudipta De,
• Alina M. Balu,
• Araceli Garcia and
• Rafael Luque

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1439–1445, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.141

• mesoporous nature of the RGO can be easily observed from SEM images (Figure 2a and b), whereas metal-supported RGO materials show a smooth surface with decreased crystallinity. TEM images of RGO materials with different thickness show a sheet like morphology with different transparencies (Figure 3). Dark

Sugar-based micro/mesoporous hypercross-linked polymers with in situ embedded silver nanoparticles for catalytic reduction

• Qing Yin,
• Qi Chen,
• Li-Can Lu and
• Bao-Hang Han

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1212–1221, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.120

• impurities and dried, resulting in a dark brown solid. The formation process of a AgNPs/SugPOP-1 composite together with the related morphology of the matrix and AgNPs were studied by TEM. As shown in Figure 3a–d, with increased reaction time, the AgNPs gradually grow and the particle size become apparently

Glycoscience@Synchrotron: Synchrotron radiation applied to structural glycoscience

• Serge Pérez and
• Daniele de Sanctis

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1145–1167, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.114

• fractions extracted from never-dried delignified spruce wood. In this case, the observed morphology was of the type “nanostrips” that had a characteristic thickness and width of about 0.5 nm and 4 nm, respectively. The thickness is an indication that the nanostrips are made up of only one monolayer of

Glyco-gold nanoparticles: synthesis and applications

• Federica Compostella,
• Olimpia Pitirollo,
• Alessandro Silvestri and
• Laura Polito

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1008–1021, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.100

• (i.e, AgNO3 or cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, CTAB), a control over the core morphology can be implemented with this methodology, as reported for the synthesis of mannose and galactose functionalized nanorods and nanostars [24] or glucosamine-coated nanostar AuNPs [22]. Respect to other methodologies

• devices [31][32]. Furthermore, in vitro and in vivo short term reduced toxicity of AuNPs has been widely documented [10][33][34][35][36][37][38]. AuNPs own a number of peculiar optical properties, strongly dependent on the size and the morphology of the metallic core. When AuNP dimension is comparable to

• . This phenomenon consists in a collective oscillation of the free electrons of the metal, induced by the light impinging on the AuNPs [31][39]. The AuNP surface plasmon resonance is dependent upon a vast number of parameters like size, shape, morphology and environment surrounding AuNPs [40]. By

Aggregation behaviour of a single-chain, phenylene-modified bolalipid and its miscibility with classical phospholipids

• Simon Drescher,
• Vasil M. Garamus,
• Christopher J. Garvey,
• Annette Meister and
• Alfred Blume

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 995–1007, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.99

• of aggregates, samples for TEM were prepared below the first transition as well as between the first and the second transition of PC-C18pPhC18-PC. At about 7 °C, the TEM image depicts a dense network of long nanofibres (A). The morphology of these fibres changes with increasing temperature. At 36 °C

Molecular-level architectural design using benzothiadiazole-based polymers for photovoltaic applications

• Vinila N. Viswanathan,
• Arun D. Rao,
• Upendra K. Pandey,
• Arul Varman Kesavan and
• Praveen C. Ramamurthy

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 863–873, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.87

• will simultaneously decrease their processability in solution. This will result in the reduced formation of the desired bicontinuous morphology with the acceptor [16]. Hence, when designing new molecules for OPV applications, a subtle balance between lowering the band gap, crystallinity, and solubility

• -withdrawing or electron-donating groups [23][24]. Substitutions can be used to tune the band gap, energy levels, solubility, packing of material and morphology [8]. Among them, the introduction of fluorine has attained great interest because of its small size and strong electron-withdrawing nature, and

• planarity of the molecules. To understand the photovoltaic results, we have also investigated the morphology of the active layers of the devices by tapping mode AFM. With this method, information about the topography as well as phase images as shown in Figure S2 (Supporting Information File 1) can be

Continuous-flow processes for the catalytic partial hydrogenation reaction of alkynes

• Carmen Moreno-Marrodan,
• Francesca Liguori and
• Pierluigi Barbaro

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 734–754, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.73

• support material, e.g., acid/base properties [184][185], morphology, grain size [186], porosity [187], strong metal–support interactions, swelling propensity [188]). In propyne hydrogenation, for instance, catalyst resistance was shown to decrease with increasing acidity of the support [189]. In order to

Fluorescent carbon dots from mono- and polysaccharides: synthesis, properties and applications

• Stephen Hill and
• M. Carmen Galan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 675–693, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.67

• distribution (1–2 nm) but little morphological uniformity. On the other hand, Chi-CDs appear to have a distinctly spherical morphology with a size range of 2–10 nm and Alg-CDs also exhibit a distinct spherical morphology with a size range of 2–4 nm. Interestingly, an inverse correlation between the size of the

• cyclodextrin utilised, with each CD showing a green emission under UV irradiation and excitation-independent emission from 360 to 460 nm excitation, which is typical of a uniform morphology. The authors proposed that the uniform emission could be attributed to either the uniform size distribution or the

Supramolecular frameworks based on [60]fullerene hexakisadducts

• Andreas Kraft,
• Johannes Stangl,
• Ana-Maria Krause,
• Klaus Müller-Buschbaum and
• Florian Beuerle

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1–9, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.1

• and PXRD measurements in combination with BFDH morphology calculations indicated the structural integrity of the material and the fact that the pore channels are located along the long fiber axis (see Figure S15 in Supporting Information File 1). Thermal treatment of crystalline samples under a

Effects of solvent additive on “s-shaped” curves in solution-processed small molecule solar cells

• John A. Love,
• Shu-Hua Chou,
• Ye Huang,
• Guilllermo C. Bazan and
• Thuc-Quyen Nguyen

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2543–2555, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.249

• separation. This yields much better performing devices, with improved curve shape, demonstrating the importance of morphology control in BHJ devices and improving the understanding of the role of solvent additives. Keywords: current voltage analysis; morphology; organic solar cells; Introduction Tremendous

• architecture choices can lead to non-ideal electronics at electrode interfaces and severely limit the performance of a materials system. In particular, the fill factor (FF), which is simply a metric describing the field dependence of current, can be particularly sensitive to changes in morphology or

• shown by Tan and co-workers that in some cases, when PEDOT limits the voltage in solar cells, casting methanol on top of the layer will improve efficiency [63]. The methanol has been shown to effectively deepen the work function of the anode layer while not significantly disrupting the morphology

Inhibition of peptide aggregation by means of enzymatic phosphorylation

• Kristin Folmert,
• Malgorzata Broncel,
• Hans v. Berlepsch,
• Christopher H. Ullrich,
• Mary-Ann Siegert and
• Beate Koksch

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2462–2470, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.240

• multiple conditions [1]. The morphology ranges from liquid crystals to ribbons, rigid nanotubes and funnels [2]. Although amyloid aggregates are mostly known for pathologic events like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease or type two diabetes [3][4][5][6], they also combine the potential for applications

• , in which no lag time was observed. To discover the morphology of the amyloid fibrils, a TEM (transmission electron micrograph) was obtained at 24 hours of incubation (Figure 3a). The TEM shows typical amyloid morphologies such as extended tubular fibers, some of them ending in funnels. The

• position of the phosphate group can influence the amyloid formation and even the morphology of the formed fibrils [54][64]. Determining the relative contributions of the above factors to the role of phosphorylation in the amyloid forming pathway is a major challenge, however, crucial for the molecular

High performance p-type molecular electron donors for OPV applications via alkylthiophene catenation chromophore extension

• Paul B. Geraghty,
• Calvin Lee,
• Jegadesan Subbiah,
• Wallace W. H. Wong,
• James L. Banal,
• Mohammed A. Jameel,
• Trevor A. Smith and
• David J. Jones

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2298–2314, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.223

• −2, Voc = 0.90 V, FF 74.1% and PCE of 9.3% [14], showing the batch to batch reproducibility in device data for molecular materials. Except for BMR, the FFs for SVA devices lie above 70%, indicating excellent morphology development. The best device contains BQR with a PCE of 9.4% and a Jsc = 15.3 mA

• those for BTR, except for a significant drop in Voc to 0.88 V from 0.92 V. One can only speculate on the cause of the Voc drop until further structural characterisation of the thin films is completed. The poor Jsc and FF for the BT8R devices indicates a poor development of morphology and indicates that

• BHJ devices leads to an improvement in overall device performance [22]. The underlying reason for the improved performance in these ternary devices is not yet clear with a combination of favourable morphology, energy level cascading and recombination in the ternary blend being suggested [23][24

Comparing blends and blocks: Synthesis of partially fluorinated diblock polythiophene copolymers to investigate the thermal stability of optical and morphological properties

• Pierre Boufflet,
• Sebastian Wood,
• Jessica Wade,
• Zhuping Fei,
• Ji-Seon Kim and
• Martin Heeney

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2150–2163, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.205

• thin-film microstructure playing such a key role in the optoelectronic and charge transport properties of conjugated polymers, block copolymers naturally appear as useful tools for tailoring the thin-film morphology [1][2][3][4][5]. The propensity of some block copolymers to phase segregate at the nano

• , the morphology of the resulting ternary blend film can be more stable over long periods of time, even under thermal annealing [14][20][21]. However, the synthesis of block copolymers can be difficult to control, particularly in the case of step-growth polymerizations that are often used to synthesize

• key role in the morphology control and the self-assembly behavior of these polymers [7][22][23]. The Grignard Metathesis (GRIM) polymerization, also known as the Kumada catalyst transfer polymerisation (KCTP), is a popular method to synthesize conjugated block copolymers because its chain growth

Hydroxy-functionalized hyper-cross-linked ultra-microporous organic polymers for selective CO₂ capture at room temperature

• Partha Samanta,
• Priyanshu Chandra and
• Sujit K. Ghosh

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1981–1986, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.185

• S4). To investigate the morphology of both compounds we performed a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) study. The morphology of HCP-91 can be described as agglomerated particles consisting of small particles without any distinct shape (Figure 2c and Figure S5). But in case of HCP-94

• , a clear capsule-type of morphology was found in the FESEM (Figure 2d and Figure S6). After all characterizations and proper desolvation of both compounds, we investigated their porosity. First, we measured the N2 adsorption at 77 K. The N2 uptake for HCP-91 was found to be 595 mL/g, whereas that for

Synthesis and characterization of fluorinated azadipyrromethene complexes as acceptors for organic photovoltaics

• Forrest S. Etheridge,
• Roshan J. Fernando,
• Sandra Pejić,
• Matthias Zeller and
• Geneviève Sauvé

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1925–1938, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.182

• higher FF, and a lower Jsc. The lower Jsc may be due to several factors, including purity, film thickness, morphology and charge recombination differences. Further studies are underway to better understand these results and will be reported separately. Conclusion In conclusion, four fluorinated WS3

Effect of the π-conjugation length on the properties and photovoltaic performance of A–π–D–π–A type oligothiophenes with a 4,8-bis(thienyl)benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene core

• Ni Yin,
• Lilei Wang,
• Yi Lin,
• Jinduo Yi,
• Lingpeng Yan,
• Junyan Dou,
• Hai-Bo Yang,
• Xin Zhao and
• Chang-Qi Ma

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1788–1797, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.169

• best performance for cells based on COOP-capped BDT derivatives [21][22][23][35][36][37]. Surface morphology of the blended films The surface morphology of the COOP-nHT-TBDT:PC61BM films was scrutinized with atomic force microscopy (AFM). Figure 4 depicts the topological images of the blended films

Rearrangements of organic peroxides and related processes

• Ivan A. Yaremenko,
• Vera A. Vil’,
• Dmitry V. Demchuk and
• Alexander O. Terent’ev

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1647–1748, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.162

• Baeyer–Villiger rearrangement of 2-adamantanone (45с) was performed using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and stannosilicate zeolites with nanosheet morphology and MFI topology (Sn-MFI-ns) as highly efficient catalysts [249]. The Sn-beta zeolites prepared by a steam-assisted conversion method are efficient

Synthesis and characterization of benzodithiophene and benzotriazole-based polymers for photovoltaic applications

• Desta Gedefaw,
• Marta Tessarolo,
• Margherita Bolognesi,
• Mario Prosa,
• Renee Kroon,
• Wenliu Zhuang,
• Patrik Henriksson,
• Kim Bini,
• Ergang Wang,
• Michele Muccini,
• Mirko Seri and
• Mats R. Andersson

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1629–1637, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.160

• surpassing the 10% milestone. It has also been possible to achieve improved PCE by using multi-junction structures (e.g., tandem) [5][6][7][8]. The continued development of new active materials with desired properties, understanding of nanoscale morphology and device architecture is expected to push the PCE

• corresponding optimized blends by tapping-mode atomic force microscope (AFM) (Figure 5). The surface morphology of the films is quite different, reflecting the trend of the photovoltaic responses. In particular, the topographic image of the 1:2 (wt/wt) PTzBDT-1:PC61BM film (Figure 5A) is characterized by an

• responsible for the generation of a suboptimal BHJ morphology. Experimental General Size exclusion chromatography was performed on Waters Alliance GPCV2000 with a refractive index detector, with columns: Waters Styragel® HT 6E×1, Waters Styragel® HMW 6E×2. The eluent was 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene and the

Marine-derived myxobacteria of the suborder Nannocystineae: An underexplored source of structurally intriguing and biologically active metabolites

• Antonio Dávila-Céspedes,
• Peter Hufendiek,
• Max Crüsemann,
• Till F. Schäberle and
• Gabriele M. König

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 969–984, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.96

• been published in terms of their morphology, physiology and ecology [2][4][6][7]. Recently, ever more myxobacteria from intertidal and marine environments were reported. According to salt requirements for growth, a straightforward classification of these bacteria has been provided [8]: (I) halotolerant

• morphological features may deviate from the ones of terrestrial strains and are not well known. Thus, in order to use marine-derived myxobacteria as a source of bioactive metabolites, in-depth studies of their morphology and physiology are necessary. From the available genetic and chemical data, the potential

Stimuli-responsive HBPS-g-PDMAEMA and its application as nanocarrier in loading hydrophobic molecules

• Yongsheng Chen,
• Li Wang,
• Haojie Yu,
• Zain-Ul-Abdin,
• Ruoli Sun,
• Guanghui Jing,
• Rongbai Tong and
• Zheng Deng

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 939–949, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.92

• depends on the formation or breakdown of hydrogen bonds between polymer chains and water molecules as well as entropically driven effects. Figure 2C shows TEM images of HBPS-g-PDMAEMA aggregates. It was observed that the morphology of aggregates is inhomogeneous and the aggregates were composed of

Separation and identification of indene–C₇₀ bisadduct isomers

• Bolong Zhang,
• Jegadesan Subbiah,
• David J. Jones and
• Wallace W. H. Wong

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 903–911, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.88

• favorable molecular packing in the active layer due to crystalline isomer fraction 9-1 as well as nanoscale phase separation morphology (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S16d) of active layer blend [14]. The other fullerene fractions (2, 3 and 9-1) showed the moderate device performance with short