Green and sustainable approaches for the Friedel–Crafts reaction between aldehydes and indoles

• Periklis X. Kolagkis,
• Eirini M. Galathri and
• Christoforos G. Kokotos

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 379–426, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.36

• his research group developed a novel sulfonic graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4-SO3H) as a nanosheet ionic liquid for the one-pot synthesis of BIMs [125]. Graphitic carbon nitride is a non-metal and non-toxic chemically stable nanostructure, which is obtained through a facile pyrolysis process that has

• effect on reaction times or yields. The nanostructure could be recovered by simple filtration, where it could be reemployed upwards of 5 times before a drop in catalytic activity was noticed. The low reactivity exhibited by ketones, the use of ethanol as a solvent and the need for conventional heating

Perspectives on push–pull chromophores derived from click-type [2 + 2] cycloaddition–retroelectrocyclization reactions of electron-rich alkynes and electron-deficient alkenes

• Michio Yamada

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 125–154, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.13

• solution as well as contradictory propensity to form luminescent nanostructure suspensions in hexane (Figure 5) [137]. It was posited that 65 features hollow vesicles, with vesicle fusion releasing curvature energy, leading to a thermodynamically more stable tubular structure. Such aggregation-induced

Tetraphenylethylene-embedded pillar[5]arene-based orthogonal self-assembly for efficient photocatalysis in water

• Zhihang Bai,
• Krishnasamy Velmurugan,
• Xueqi Tian,
• Minzan Zuo,
• Kaiya Wang and
• Xiao-Yu Hu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 429–437, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.45

• phenyl-ring rotations thus enhancing the AIE property. The resulting m-TPEWP5G self-assembled worm-like nanosystem acts as an ideal donor and loading EsY as acceptor on the surface of the worm-like nanostructure, leads to the generation of a nanorod assembly via electrostatic interactions. The final AIE

• -like nanostructure (diameter = 748 nm). After the loading of EsY into m-TPEWP5G, the worm-like structure changed into a nanorod (diameter = 652 nm) assembly via electrostatic interactions. In comparison, the diameter and length of the m-TPEWP5G assembly were slightly higher than that of m-TPEWP5G-EsY

Constrained thermoresponsive polymers – new insights into fundamentals and applications

• Patricia Flemming,
• Alexander S. Münch,
• Andreas Fery and
• Petra Uhlmann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2123–2163, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.138

Multiswitchable photoacid–hydroxyflavylium–polyelectrolyte nano-assemblies

• Alexander Zika and
• Franziska Gröhn

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 166–185, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.17

• applied in aqueous solution, with the Schmuck binding motif – the guanidiniocarbonyl‐pyrrole zwitterion binding motif – representing a most versatile binding motif with potential from nanostructure design to biomedicine [22][23][24][25]. In addition, it is desirable to establish general concepts that do

Heterogeneous photocatalysis in flow chemical reactors

• Christopher G. Thomson,
• Ai-Lan Lee and
• Filipe Vilela

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1495–1549, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.125

Functionalization of graphene: does the organic chemistry matter?

• Artur Kasprzak,
• Agnieszka Zuchowska and
• Magdalena Poplawska

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2018–2026, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.177

• ; Introduction In 2004, Geim and Novoselov reported the first experimental isolation of the graphene sheet and the measurement of its properties [1]. Since then, the researchers have presented many different applications of this special carbon nanostructure [2][3]. Graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide

• material applies for the derivatization of GO and RGO based on heating or mixing a carbon nanostructure with an amine or hydroxy-containing component [24][25][26]. For example [24], it is not clear whether the word “amination” refers to the formation of the amide (NH–CO) bond or to the reaction that the

A self-assembled photoresponsive gel consisting of chiral nanofibers

• Lei Zou,
• Dan Han,
• Zhiyi Yuan,
• Dongdong Chang and
• Xiang Ma

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1994–2001, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.174

• absorption spectroscopy, circular dichroism, scanning electron microscopy and rheological techniques. This work provides a new method for facile synthesis of chiro-optical gels. Keywords: chirality; nanostructure; organogel; photoresponse; self-assembly; Introduction Supramolecular gels [1][2] immobilized

• process of the nanostructure is proposed as well. It is found that compound 3 is able to form a gel in nonpolar solvents. The assembled structures of 3 in different solvents were also investigated. The photoresponsiveness of the formed nanostructure was investigated concomitantly as well. Results and

• microscopy (SEM, Figure 4). The samples were prepared by evaporating the solution of compound 3 on a surface of mica, and the differences in various solvents were also investigated. The sample in DMSO did not show a chiral self-assembled nanostructure owing to the destruction of quadruple hydrogen bonding

Nanoreactors for green catalysis

• M. Teresa De Martino,
• Loai K. E. A. Abdelmohsen,
• Floris P. J. T. Rutjes and
• Jan C. M. van Hest

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 716–733, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.61

• confined catalysis, (c) the nanostructure shell may regulate the access of substrates to the catalyst-containing micelle core. Reprinted with permission from reference [29]. PQS (4a), PQS attached proline catalyst 4b. Adapted from reference [26]. Copyright 2012 American Chemical Society. 3a) Schematic

Mechanochemical synthesis of graphene oxide-supported transition metal catalysts for the oxidation of isoeugenol to vanillin

• Ana Franco,
• Sudipta De,
• Alina M. Balu,
• Araceli Garcia and
• Rafael Luque

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1439–1445, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.141

• areas result from the superposition of several graphene oxide and/or graphene layers containing oxygen functional groups. Most transparent areas are from thinner films composed of a few layers of reduced graphene oxide from stacking nanostructure exfoliation. A significant collapse of the structure

Effects of solvent additive on “s-shaped” curves in solution-processed small molecule solar cells

• John A. Love,
• Shu-Hua Chou,
• Ye Huang,
• Guilllermo C. Bazan and
• Thuc-Quyen Nguyen

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2543–2555, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.249

• extraction, it significantly reduces the magnitude of the effects, removing the dramatic s-shape of the curve. Thin film X-ray diffraction Changes in device performance upon addition of solvent additives are typically ascribed to improvements in the BHJ nanostructure by affecting the thermodynamics and

A direct method for the N-tetraalkylation of azamacrocycles

• Andrew J. Counsell,
• Angus T. Jones,
• Matthew H. Todd and
• Peter J. Rutledge

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2457–2461, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.239

• their system is controlled by the influence of mechanical motion on nanostructure formation (the assembly of β-sheet-based fibres from the peptide building blocks in this example). Given the rapid precipitation of 3 at the phase interface observed in our N-tetrapropargylation reaction, it seems

• plausible that mechanical motion is influencing nanostructure formation and thence reaction outcomes in this context too, when shaking versus stirring the system. Alternatively the difference may be due to cavitation effects at play in the shaken system [50]. However, further work is required to determine

Separation and identification of indene–C₇₀ bisadduct isomers

• Bolong Zhang,
• Jegadesan Subbiah,
• David J. Jones and
• Wallace W. H. Wong

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 903–911, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.88

• thin film nanostructure are key factors in determining the performance of these fullerene derivatives in BHJ solar cell devices. With the observations in this study, it can be argued that the success of IC70BA (and in extension, IC60BA) as the electron acceptor component in BHJ solar cells is

• electron donor and an electron acceptor) with the film nanostructure being extremely important for the device performance. Molecular structure of IC60BA and IC70BA. a) Schlegel diagram of C70; b) illustrations of three regioisomers of IC70BA and their geometrical isomers. Chromatograms of IC70BA mixture

Enabling technologies and green processes in cyclodextrin chemistry

• Giancarlo Cravotto,
• Marina Caporaso,
• Laszlo Jicsinszky and
• Katia Martina

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 278–294, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.30

• , while nanostructure size and shape were regulated according to the structure of the CD-PG dendrons [75]. CD-based polymers can be easily prepared under MW. Biswas et al. have prepared a number of macromolecular structures from α-, β-, γ-CDs by crosslinking reactions with toluene diisocyanate and

Aggregation behaviour of amphiphilic cyclodextrins: the nucleation stage by atomistic molecular dynamics simulations

• Giuseppina Raffaini,
• Antonino Mazzaglia and
• Fabio Ganazzoli

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 2459–2473, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.267

• nanostructure could be viewed as the building block of a vesicle surface [37]. In any case, the radius of gyration of the two clusters are essentially equal, since they amount to 12.01 Å and 12.09 Å, respectively, showing again the relatively loose association achieved in water in this stage. It should be

Star-shaped tetrathiafulvalene oligomers towards the construction of conducting supramolecular assembly

• Masahiko Iyoda and
• Masashi Hasegawa

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 1596–1613, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.175

• showed two reversible two-electron redox waves at −0.03 and 0.38 V vs Fc/Fc+ in benzonitrile under normal conditions [25][60]. Conducting nanostructure formation from star-shaped oligo-TTFs Although pristine TTF does not self-associate in solution due to the low association constant for dimerization, the

Synthesis and evaluation of the biostability and cell compatibility of novel conjugates of nucleobase, peptidic epitope, and saccharide

• Dan Yuan,
• Xuewen Du,
• Junfeng Shi,
• Ning Zhou,
• Abdulgader Ahmed Baoum,
• Khalid Omar Al Footy,
• Khadija Omar Badahdah and
• Bing Xu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 1352–1359, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.145

• nanostructure (Figure 1C). This result implies that the base pair interactions between thymine and adenine likely play a critical role for the hydrogelation of the mixture of 5 + 8. In addition, we did gelation tests for 4 + 5 and 4 + 7. Both mixtures are unable to self-assemble to form hydrogels at the same

Cyanoethylation of the glucans dextran and pullulan: Substitution pattern and formation of nanostructures and entrapment of magnetic nanoparticles

• Kathrin Fiege,
• Heinrich Lünsdorf,
• Sevil Atarijabarzadeh and
• Petra Mischnick

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 551–566, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.63

• when a solution of the polymer material is dialyzed against the poorer solvent water. A certain degree of hydrophobicity and amphiphilic balance is necessary to form stable particles [11][12][13][14]. We also observed nanostructure formation of alkynyldextrans [15]. Embedding magnetic iron cores in the

Molecular recognition of organic ammonium ions in solution using synthetic receptors

• Andreas Späth and
• Burkhard König

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, No. 32, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.32

• . This indicates that the actual binding conformation of the bis-crown ether-diammonium ion aggregates may be more complex under the experimental conditions. Recently, they reported the application of a similar peptide forming an α-helical amphiphilic peptide nanostructure with cytolytic activity. A