The chemistry and biology of mycolactones

• Matthias Gehringer and
• Karl-Heinz Altmann

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1596–1660, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.159

• toxin. III. Total synthesis of mycolactones The fascinating biology and the challenging structural features of mycolactones have attracted significant interest from research groups worldwide with a focus on natural product synthesis. In this chapter the synthetic work on mycolactones that has been

Biomimetic molecular design tools that learn, evolve, and adapt

• David A Winkler

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1288–1302, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.125

• ]. Intensive experimental effort has been applied to the deliberate reengineering of biosynthetic pathways for natural product synthesis which, when combined with directed evolution, can generate libraries of potentially bioactive organic molecules with significant diversity and high chemical complexity [4

Strategies toward protecting group-free glycosylation through selective activation of the anomeric center

• A. Michael Downey and
• Michal Hocek

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1239–1279, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.123

• subject of much debate (Scheme 4B) [21]. The utility of these enzymes is very clear and even extends beyond glycobiology. They are applicable to natural product synthesis as the aglycone of a natural product glycoside can be forged to the saccharide component using either a natural or engineered GT [22

Synthesis of alkynyl-substituted camphor derivatives and their use in the preparation of paclitaxel-related compounds

• M. Fernanda N. N. Carvalho,
• Rudolf Herrmann and
• Gabriele Wagner

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1230–1238, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.122

• example for such a “chiral pool” starting material is camphor. Both its substituents and its bicyclic skeleton can easily be modified and adapted to the purpose at hand, e.g., natural product synthesis [5]. The Wagner–Meerwein and Nametkin-type rearrangements are the most common reaction patterns [6] and

A new paradigm for designing ring construction strategies for green organic synthesis: implications for the discovery of multicomponent reactions to build molecules containing a single ring

• John Andraos

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2420–2442, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.236

• scaffold, and in pharmaceuticals that typically contain one of several kinds of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic rings. Synthetic organic chemists engaged both in methodology development for the discovery of new transformations and in natural product synthesis to new complex target molecules are now

Enduracididine, a rare amino acid component of peptide antibiotics: Natural products and synthesis

• Darcy J. Atkinson,
• Briar J. Naysmith,
• Daniel P. Furkert and
• Margaret A. Brimble

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2325–2342, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.226

• -isomer exhibited 80% lower bacteriostatic activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis ATCC 607 compared to the parent natural product. Synthesis of Mannopeptimycin aglycone by Doi et al.: In 2014, the total synthesis of the mannopeptimycin aglycone (77) was reported by Doi et al. [33]. The aglycone was

The direct oxidative diene cyclization and related reactions in natural product synthesis

• Juliane Adrian,
• Leona J. Gross and
• Christian B. W. Stark

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2104–2123, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.200

• stereochemical aspects, this review article provides a summary on applications in natural product synthesis. Moreover, current limitations and future directions in this area of chemistry are discussed. Keywords: asymmetric synthesis; natural products; oxidation catalysis; tetrahydrofurans; total synthesis

• ; Introduction Scope of this article After a concise introduction on the history and mechanistic aspects of the title reaction, the primary aim of the present review article is to summarize all relevant applications in natural product synthesis. The main text of this article is ordered by compound classes, so

• transformations do not have the same broad substrate spectrum as has been demonstrated for 1,5-diene precursors and there are no applications to natural product synthesis thus far. A particularly fruitful extension of the direct 1,5-diene oxidation methodology (and due to mechanistic similarities also within the

Stereo- and regioselectivity of the hetero-Diels–Alder reaction of nitroso derivatives with conjugated dienes

• Lucie Brulíková,
• Aidan Harrison,
• Marvin J. Miller and
• Jan Hlaváč

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1949–1980, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.184

• organic synthesis [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24], applications of nitroso hetero-Diels–Alder reactions for the synthesis of azasugars [10], and the utilization of nitroso hetero-Diels–Alder reactions in natural product synthesis [9][25] and the synthesis of bioactive molecules [26]. However

Biosynthesis of oxygen and nitrogen-containing heterocycles in polyketides

• Franziska Hemmerling and
• Frank Hahn

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1512–1550, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.148

• cyclisation modes triggers the interest on the responsible enzymes. Due to the relevance of heterocycles, understanding the enzymology of heterocycle formation is also an important milestone on the way to using the enzymes as chemoenzymatic tools in natural product synthesis and medicinal chemistry [6][7

Synthesis of 2-oxindoles via 'transition-metal-free' intramolecular dehydrogenative coupling (IDC) of sp² C–H and sp³ C–H bonds

• Nivesh Kumar,
• Santanu Ghosh,
• Subhajit Bhunia and
• Alakesh Bisai

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1153–1169, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.111

• (±)-25a–h in excellent yields (Scheme 9 and Scheme 10). Later, we envisioned that the oxidative coupling products having allyl, methallyl, dimethylallyl esters after Trost–Tsuji decarboxylative allylations could serve as an interesting platform for complex natural product synthesis after further synthetic

Chiral cyclopentadienylruthenium sulfoxide catalysts for asymmetric redox bicycloisomerization

• Barry M. Trost,
• Michael C. Ryan and
• Meera Rao

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1136–1152, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.110

• molecular architectures hold a particular interest to the chemical community, especially in the fields of natural product synthesis and drug design, researchers have made a significant effort to discover asymmetric variations of enyne cycloisomerization reactions [11][12]. Researchers have used a variety of

The synthesis of functionalized bridged polycycles via C–H bond insertion

• Jiun-Le Shih,
• Po-An Chen and
• Jeremy A. May

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 985–999, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.97

• via C–H bond insertion by carbenes and nitrenes. Applications to natural product synthesis, a description of the essential elements in substrate-controlled reactions, and mechanistic details of transformations are presented. Overall, these transformations allow the construction of important ring

Recent advances in C(sp³)–H bond functionalization via metal–carbene insertions

• Bo Wang,
• Di Qiu,
• Yan Zhang and
• Jianbo Wang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 796–804, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.78

• high selectivities in many cases [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20], and they have been successfully incorporated into the steps in natural product synthesis. Herein some selected recent examples are highlighted. The C–H bond insertions at the α-positions of oxygen or nitrogen Attributed to

Beyond catalyst deactivation: cross-metathesis involving olefins containing N-heteroaromatics

• Kevin Lafaye,
• Cyril Bosset,
• Lionel Nicolas,
• Amandine Guérinot and
• Janine Cossy

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 2223–2241, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.241

• toolbox [1][2][3][4][5][6]. Since its infancy in the 50’s, metathesis has grown in importance and, today, applications in a broad variety of areas such as natural product synthesis [7][8][9][10][11], polymerization [12], drug discovery [7], petrochemistry or agricultural chemistry have been reported. One

Stereochemistry of ring-opening/cross metathesis reactions of exo- and endo-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2-carbonitriles with allyl alcohol and allyl acetate

• Piotr Wałejko,
• Michał Dąbrowski,
• Lech Szczepaniak,
• Jacek W. Morzycki and
• Stanisław Witkowski

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 1893–1901, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.204

• natural product synthesis [13][14][15][16][17]. One of the most promising approaches to solve this problem seemed to be the metathetic opening of substituted 7-oxanorbornenes, which was first developed by Blechert and co-workers [18][19]. They started with the ring-opening of strained alkenes (mostly 7

The Shono-type electroorganic oxidation of unfunctionalised amides. Carbon–carbon bond formation via electrogenerated N-acyliminium ions

• Alan M. Jones and
• Craig E. Banks

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 3056–3072, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.323

• product synthesis The synthesis of natural products is considered a good test of the synthetic potential of a new reaction. The Shono-type oxidation has proved itself in the following syntheses. Hurvois and colleagues have reported an electrochemical asymmetric synthesis of (+)-myrtine (66) as shown in

• ) [76][77]. The ability to introduce two carbon–carbon bonds on to the same α-carbon to prepare spirocyclic systems is a challenge, yet the application of electrochemistry in tandem with ring closing metathesis (RCM) readily achieved this feat. The use of the Shono-type electrooxidation in natural

Recent advances in the electrochemical construction of heterocycles

• Robert Francke

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2858–2873, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.303

• example for the use of such an electrochemically induced cycloaddition in natural product synthesis. The cyclization method was used for the generation of structures 54–56 (Scheme 20), which represent model compounds for euglobals, natural products which can be obtained by extraction of eucalyptus leaves

Relay cross metathesis reactions of vinylphosphonates

• Raj K. Malla,
• Jeremy N. Ridenour and
• Christopher D. Spilling

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1933–1941, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.201

• combing organic fragments in natural product synthesis, the value of vinylphosphonates as synthetic intermediates would increase if their reactivity could be enhanced to a level where they would participate in cross metathesis reactions. As an example, we recently described a method for the formal

Application of cyclic phosphonamide reagents in the total synthesis of natural products and biologically active molecules

• Thilo Focken and
• Stephen Hanessian

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1848–1877, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.195

• α-alkyl phosphonamide, respectively [36]. Michael reactions The application of chiral, cyclic phosphonamides such as 28c in asymmetric Michael-type reactions has proven to be a powerful tool in natural product synthesis to generate up to three contiguous stereogenic centers in a single step with a

Use of activated enol ethers in the synthesis of pyrazoles: reactions with hydrazine and a study of pyrazole tautomerism

• Denisa Tarabová,
• Stanislava Šoralová,
• Martin Breza,
• Marek Fronc,
• Wolfgang Holzer and
• Viktor Milata

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 752–760, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.70

• and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojárov 10, SK-832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia Department of Drug and Natural Product Synthesis, Vienna

Recent applications of the divinylcyclopropane–cycloheptadiene rearrangement in organic synthesis

• Sebastian Krüger and
• Tanja Gaich

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 163–193, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.14

• cyclohepta[cd]oxindole core 32 proved the synthetic versatility of a [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement for direct C–C-bond formation at the C4 position of the indole nucleus, and thus provides experimental evidence for the biosynthetic proposal. Applications to natural product synthesis Fatty acid metabolites

Total synthesis of (+)-grandiamide D, dasyclamide and gigantamide A from a Baylis–Hillman adduct: A unified biomimetic approach

• Andivelu Ilangovan and
• Shanmugasundar Saravanakumar

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 127–133, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.9

• ). The spectral data is in accordance with the published data for natural dasyclamide [7] which further confirms the structure of the natural product. Synthesis of gigantamide A As given in the retrosynthetic analysis and based on the preference in literature for the preparation of jatropham by

The renaissance of organic radical chemistry – deja vu all over again

• Corey R. J. Stephenson,
• Armido Studer and
• Dennis P. Curran

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 2778–2780, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.312

• ][14][15][16], e) radical trifluoromethylation [17] and radical fluorination [18][19][20], f) natural product synthesis [21], g) new main group radical chemistry involving elements like boron [22], phosphorous [23] and selenium [24], tellurium [25], among others, h) synthesis or functionalization of

Garner’s aldehyde as a versatile intermediate in the synthesis of enantiopure natural products

• Mikko Passiniemi and
• Ari M.P. Koskinen

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 2641–2659, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.300

• deleterious epimerization of the existing stereocenter in Garner’s aldehyde. Keywords: asymmetric synthesis; Garner’s aldehyde; natural product synthesis; L-serine; Introduction “The universe is a dissymmetrical whole. I am inclined to think that life, as manifested to us, must be a function of the

• for the introduction of chirality to substrates. This review presents a general overview of the synthesis and use of Garner’s aldehyde in natural product synthesis. Particular attention will be paid on the preservation of chiral information in the addition reaction of nucleophiles to the aldehyde

• °C, then (S)-1, toluene, −95 °C (57%); (b) 61, n-BuLi, ZnCl2, toluene, −78 °C, then (S)-1, toluene, −95 °C (72%). Olefin A as an intermediate in natural product synthesis. (a) Ph3(Me)PBr, KH, benzene (66%, rac-64) or (b) AlMe3, Zn, CH2I2, THF (76%) [101]; (c) Ph3(Me)PBr, n-BuLi, THF, −75 °C, then (S

Stereodivergent synthesis of jaspine B and its isomers using a carbohydrate-derived alkoxyallene as C₃-building block

• Volker M. Schmiedel,
• Stefano Stefani and
• Hans-Ulrich Reissig

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 2564–2569, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.291

• . Keywords: chiral auxiliaries; gold catalysis; jaspine B; lithiated alkoxyallenes; natural product synthesis; pachastrissamine; tetrahydrofurans; Introduction Jaspine B, also known as pachastrissamine (1, Scheme 1), is an anhydrophytosphingosine derivative, isolated 2002 from the marine sponge Pachastrissa