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Search for "photoswitching" in Full Text gives 34 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry.

Switchable molecular tweezers: design and applications

  • Pablo Msellem,
  • Maksym Dekthiarenko,
  • Nihal Hadj Seyd and
  • Guillaume Vives

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 504–539, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.45

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  • allosterically regulated host–guest systems to catalysis or magnetic properties. Redox switchable molecular tweezers One of the cleanest stimuli for supramolecular switching is electron transfer. Besides photoswitching, the undeniable advantages of redox switching are the absence of chemical waste and the fact
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Published 01 Mar 2024

Photochromic derivatives of indigo: historical overview of development, challenges and applications

  • Gökhan Kaplan,
  • Zeynel Seferoğlu and
  • Daria V. Berdnikova

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 228–242, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.23

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  • of prospective applications of indigo photoswitches. Keywords: indigoid dyes; photochemistry; photophysics; photoswitching; E–Z isomerization; Review Historical milestones in the development of photochromic indigo derivatives 1954: first reported photochromic indigo derivative – N,N'-diacetylindigo
  • in the presence of water in organic solvent. In 2023, Huang, Hecht, Priimagi and co-workers provided the first study of the photoswitching of Ν,Ν'-derivatized indigos in polymer films of different rigidity and described the molecular design strategy allowing to improve the photoswitching performance
  • within the polymer matrix [67]. Based on the obtained results, the authors are aiming to translate the photoswitching effect to the macroscopic level and to achieve the modulation of macroscopic properties of materials by red light. Conclusion From the first report on the photochromic N,N'-diacetylindigo
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Published 07 Feb 2024

Azo-dimethylaminopyridine-functionalized Ni(II)-porphyrin as a photoswitchable nucleophilic catalyst

  • Jannis Ludwig,
  • Julian Helberg,
  • Hendrik Zipse and
  • Rainer Herges

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2119–2126, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.179

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  • . reported on the photoswitching of the basicity of a piperidine nitrogen by reversible steric shielding of the nitrogen lone pair. The photoswitchable base was applied as a nucleophilic catalyst in the nitroaldol (Henry) reaction. Attached to a sterically demanding azobenzene unit, the lone pair was
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Published 31 Aug 2020

Potent hemithioindigo-based antimitotics photocontrol the microtubule cytoskeleton in cellulo

  • Alexander Sailer,
  • Franziska Ermer,
  • Yvonne Kraus,
  • Rebekkah Bingham,
  • Ferdinand H. Lutter,
  • Julia Ahlfeld and
  • Oliver Thorn-Seshold

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 125–134, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.14

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  • hemithioindigo-based indanone-like tubulin inhibitors (HITubs) and optimised their cellular potency as antimitotic photopharmaceuticals. These HITubs feature reliable and robust visible-light photoswitching and high fatigue resistance. The use of the hemithioindigo scaffold also permitted us to employ a para
  • , all-visible-light photoswitching. Results and Discussion Design strategy for HTIs The HTI-based colchicinoid HOTubs (e.g., HOTub-31) that we previously explored had the HTI photoswitch embedded inside a methoxylation pattern, such that one isomer obeyed the structure–activity relationship (SAR) of
  • photopharmaceutical scaffold than the widely used azobenzene motif. While para-hydroxyazobenzenes feature negligibly short cis-to-trans thermal relaxation half- lives in aqueous media in the range of μs [24][25], probably making them unsuitable for robust photoswitching applications against intracellular targets
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Published 27 Jan 2020

Reversible photoswitching of the DNA-binding properties of styrylquinolizinium derivatives through photochromic [2 + 2] cycloaddition and cycloreversion

  • Sarah Kölsch,
  • Heiko Ihmels,
  • Jochen Mattay,
  • Norbert Sewald and
  • Brian O. Patrick

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 111–124, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.13

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  • coupling of its transition dipole moment with the ones of the DNA bases. Overall, these data revealed a loose binding of the cyclobutane derivative 4b to DNA through outside-edge binding of the ligand that enabled the association of one or two aromatic units in the DNA grooves. Photoswitching of the DNA
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Published 23 Jan 2020

Light-controllable dithienylethene-modified cyclic peptides: photoswitching the in vivo toxicity in zebrafish embryos

  • Sergii Afonin,
  • Oleg Babii,
  • Aline Reuter,
  • Volker Middel,
  • Masanari Takamiya,
  • Uwe Strähle,
  • Igor V. Komarov and
  • Anne S. Ulrich

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 39–49, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.6

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  • embryotoxicity of dithienylethene-modified peptides upon photoswitching, using 19 analogues based on the β-hairpin scaffold of the natural membranolytic peptide gramicidin S. We established an in vivo assay in two variations (with ex vivo and in situ photoisomerization), using larvae of the model organism Danio
  • , (iii) demonstrate photoswitching of the whole-body toxicity for the dithienylethene-modified peptides in vivo, (iv) re-analyze previous structure–toxicity relationship data, and (v) select promising candidates for potential clinical development. Keywords: diarylethene photoswitch; gramicidin S
  • dilution steps. In the photoconversion experiments, in order to prevent spontaneous photoswitching of the ring-closed peptides by vis light, zebrafish embryos and peptides were kept in the dark before the first readout, and the vials were sealed to avoid evaporation of the embryonic medium (E3) at
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Published 07 Jan 2020

Starazo triple switches – synthesis of unsymmetrical 1,3,5-tris(arylazo)benzenes

  • Andreas H. Heindl and
  • Hermann A. Wegner

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 22–31, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.4

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  • variety of unsymmetrical starazo species, starting from suitable dibromoazobenzenes. A preliminary investigation of the presented three-state switches by UV–vis and 1H NMR spectroscopy revealed that both derivatives 3a and 3b were capable of E→Z photoisomerization. However, no selective photoswitching
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Published 03 Jan 2020

Synthesis and characterization of bis(4-amino-2-bromo-6-methoxy)azobenzene derivatives

  • David Martínez-López,
  • Amirhossein Babalhavaeji,
  • Diego Sampedro and
  • G. Andrew Woolley

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 3000–3008, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.296

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  • in particular can form azonium ions under physiological conditions and exhibit red-light photoswitching. Here, we report the synthesis and characterization of two bis(4-amino-2-bromo-6-methoxy)azobenzene derivatives. These compounds form red-light-absorbing azonium ions, but only under very acidic
  • azobenzenes – have recently been found to exhibit photoswitching properties suitable for in vivo use [8][9][10]. Typically, the formation of azonium ions from aminoazobenzenes occurs at pH < 3.5 [11][12], however, the pKa of the trans-azonium ion 1 is ca. 7.5 in aqueous solution (Figure 1) [9][10]. The
  • isomerization with 720 nm light under physiological conditions [8]. While the photoswitching properties of 3 are suitable for the use in biological systems, the overall size of 3 may limit the possibilities for the use as a component of photopharmaceutical agents. Currently, most photopharmaceutical agents are
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Published 30 Dec 2019

Design, synthesis and investigation of water-soluble hemi-indigo photoswitches for bioapplications

  • Daria V. Berdnikova

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2822–2829, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.275

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  • Daria V. Berdnikova Department Chemie–Biologie, Organische Chemie II, Universität Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, 57076 Siegen, Germany 10.3762/bjoc.15.275 Abstract A series of hemi-indigo derivatives was synthesized and their photoswitching properties in aqueous medium were studied. The
  • that allowed to obtain an RNA-binding hemi-indigo derivative with photoswitchable fluorescent properties. Keywords: hemi-indigo; molecular switches; photochromism; photoswitching; visible light; water solubility; Introduction The application of organic photochromes in biological systems is fraught
  • with their poor solubility and reduced photoswitching efficiency in aqueous medium. In many cases, approaches to improve the water solubility by chemical modification of the photochromic scaffolds are not straightforward because the introduction of substituents often interferes with the desired
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Published 22 Nov 2019

Chemical tuning of photoswitchable azobenzenes: a photopharmacological case study using nicotinic transmission

  • Lorenzo Sansalone,
  • Jun Zhao,
  • Matthew T. Richers and
  • Graham C. R. Ellis-Davies

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2812–2821, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.274

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  • the cis-4FAB configuration (thermal half-life > 12 days at 37 °C in physiological buffer) and cis–trans photostationary states above 84%. Furthermore, the well-separated n–π* absorption bands of trans- and cis-4FAB allow facile photoswitching with visible light in two optical channels. A convergent 11
  • photoswitching of 2 (Figure 5c, colored traces). The time between these sweeps was 3 min. Since we used full field illumination through the epi-fluorescence port of the microscope for our experiments, the light not only illuminates an area around the cell, but much of the volume of the puffer pipette reservoir
  • neurotransmitters. We have synthesized a photoswitchable tetrafluoroazobenzene (4FAB) agonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors that is biologically inert at sub-millimolar levels in the cis AB configuration. Photoswitching of the chromophore on neurons with violet light rapidly activates inward currents. We
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Published 21 Nov 2019

Photoreversible stretching of a BAPTA chelator marshalling Ca2+-binding in aqueous media

  • Aurélien Ducrot,
  • Arnaud Tron,
  • Robin Bofinger,
  • Ingrid Sanz Beguer,
  • Jean-Luc Pozzo and
  • Nathan D. McClenaghan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2801–2811, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.273

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  • calcium upon acting on the conformation of the adjacent binding site, rendering it a stronger or weaker binder. Photoswitching was studied in pseudo-physiological conditions (pH 7.2, [KCl] = 100 mM) and dissociation constants for azobenzene cis- and trans-isomers have been determined (0.230 μM and 0.102
  • EDTA) such that photoswitching would enhance or lower Ca2+ binding based on the state of the adjacent photoswitch. Photogeneration of a positive charge proximal to the BAPTA site is undoubtedly the most robust approach to provoke calcium cation release, while diminishing electron density on the
  • affinity. Herein we describe the synthesis of 1, its photoswitching, and affinity changes between both forms in pseudo-physiological conditions, further rationalized by energy-minimized molecular modelling structures. Results and Discussion The synthetic pathway for the preparation of molecule 1 is shown
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Published 21 Nov 2019

A chiral self-sorting photoresponsive coordination cage based on overcrowded alkenes

  • Constantin Stuckhardt,
  • Diederik Roke,
  • Wojciech Danowski,
  • Edwin Otten,
  • Sander J. Wezenberg and
  • Ben L. Feringa

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2767–2773, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.268

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  • photoswitching affords a large geometric change of the ligands, only minor changes were observed in binding constants of the different cage structures. These results show that by incorporation of overcrowded alkenes into SCCs the geometry of cage structures can be controlled by light. Different designs might be
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Published 15 Nov 2019

A combinatorial approach to improving the performance of azoarene photoswitches

  • Joaquin Calbo,
  • Aditya R. Thawani,
  • Rosina S. L. Gibson,
  • Andrew J. P. White and
  • Matthew J. Fuchter

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2753–2764, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.266

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  • photopharmacology [1][2] and optochemical genetics [3] to data storage [4]. Numerous classes of photochromic molecules exist, each with their own unique characteristics. For example, spiropyrans [5][6] may exhibit significant changes in solubility upon photoswitching, whilst the photoswitching of diarylethenes [7
  • thermal stability of the Z-isomer. Despite the huge body of structure–property relationship studies known for substituted azobenzenes [8][9], it is still common to observe azo photoswitches that undergo incomplete photoswitching and/or possess low Z-isomer thermal stability. Perhaps the most important
  • advancement to tackle these limitations in recent times has been the discovery that tetra-ortho substitution of the azobenzene unit can lead to a significant improvement of the photoswitching properties (Figure 1a). Specifically, o-methoxy [10][11] and o-thio [12] analogues reported by Woolley and co-workers
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Published 14 Nov 2019

A photochemical determination of luminescence efficiency of upconverting nanoparticles

  • Baptiste Amouroux,
  • Clément Roux,
  • Jean-Claude Micheau,
  • Fabienne Gauffre and
  • Christophe Coudret

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2671–2677, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.260

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  • mimic such a situation, we have designed an experiment with larger nanoparticles (35 nm) and dilute 1-c dye: an absorbance at 540 nm of 0.11 ([1-c] = 1.14 × 105 mol L−1) corresponds to number of dyes of 6800 molecules per femtoliter. The photoswitching of the actinometer 1-c was clearly observed
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Published 11 Nov 2019

A toolbox of molecular photoswitches to modulate the CXCR3 chemokine receptor with light

  • Xavier Gómez-Santacana,
  • Sabrina M. de Munnik,
  • Tamara A. M. Mocking,
  • Niels J. Hauwert,
  • Shanliang Sun,
  • Prashanna Vijayachandran,
  • Iwan J. P. de Esch,
  • Henry F. Vischer,
  • Maikel Wijtmans and
  • Rob Leurs

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2509–2523, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.244

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  • full agonism. The compound class disclosed here can aid in new photopharmacology studies of CXCR3 signaling. Keywords: azo compounds; chemokine receptor; efficacy photoswitching; G protein-coupled receptors; photopharmacology; Introduction Photopharmacology is an emerging discipline at the interface
  • ligands [10]. The ensuing photochromic GPCR ligands are usually orthosteric and the photoswitching generally affects the functional potency [4][11][23] and/or the binding affinity [3][4][5][11] of the ligand (Figure 1A). However, as mentioned, GPCRs that endogenously bind large molecules (large peptides
  • substituent to the binding site of the receptor [24]. In order to obtain an efficacy photoswitching, we opted for replacing the biaryl moiety for an azobenzene in an azologization approach (Figure 1D) with the expectation that the isomerization of the azobenzene would provide changes in 3D shape that are
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Published 23 Oct 2019

Ultrafast processes triggered by one- and two-photon excitation of a photochromic and luminescent hydrazone

  • Alessandro Iagatti,
  • Baihao Shao,
  • Alberto Credi,
  • Barbara Ventura,
  • Ivan Aprahamian and
  • Mariangela Di Donato

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2438–2446, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.236

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  • photoswitching mechanism, aimed at characterizing the timescale of the photoinduced structure variation and the solvent dependence of its fluorescence properties, is still lacking. Here we present a spectroscopic characterization of this hydrazone species, using both steady state and time resolved absorption and
  • similarity of the successive evolution and of the transient spectra detected in the two cases indicates that a similar reactivity is induced upon one-photon and two-photon excitation, further confirming the two-photon photoswitching ability of hydrazone 1 already inferred by previous measurements [29]. Using
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Published 15 Oct 2019

Photochromic diarylethene ligands featuring 2-(imidazol-2-yl)pyridine coordination site and their iron(II) complexes

  • Andrey G. Lvov,
  • Max Mörtel,
  • Anton V. Yadykov,
  • Frank W. Heinemann,
  • Valerii Z. Shirinian and
  • Marat M. Khusniyarov

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2428–2437, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.235

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  • at the iron(II) ion at room temperature (rt) in solution via ligand photocyclization [19]. More recently, the remarkable photoswitching between high-spin and low-spin states at rt in the solid state and thin films was demonstrated [20][21][22]. Kawai et al. obtained a luminescent complex of europium
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Published 15 Oct 2019

Reversible switching of arylazopyrazole within a metal–organic cage

  • Anton I. Hanopolskyi,
  • Soumen De,
  • Michał J. Białek,
  • Yael Diskin-Posner,
  • Liat Avram,
  • Moran Feller and
  • Rafal Klajn

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2398–2407, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.232

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  • )22 prior to UV irradiation and, as expected, did not observe any shifts of 1’s signals. To further confirm the photoswitching-induced guest expulsion, we performed detailed diffusion-ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) measurements. A representative DOSY spectrum of (E-1)22 is shown in Figure 7, left. The
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Published 10 Oct 2019

Targeted photoswitchable imaging of intracellular glutathione by a photochromic glycosheet sensor

  • Xianzhi Chai,
  • Hai-Hao Han,
  • Yi Zang,
  • Jia Li,
  • Xiao-Peng He,
  • Junji Zhang and
  • He Tian

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2380–2389, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.230

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  • integrate these functions into one molecule. By taking advantages of both redox-active/high loading features of two-dimensional (2D) manganese dioxide (MnO2) and dynamic fluorescence photoswitching of photochromic sensors, we here design a hybrid photochromic MnO2 glycosheet (Glyco-DTE@MnO2) to achieve the
  • precise outputs can be obtained for targeted analytes even at low concentrations. Though promising, common “photochromophore–fluorophore”-type sensors require elaborate designs to integrate multifunctionality (e.g., photoswitching, fluorescence sensing, targetability, water solubility, etc.) into one
  • control reporter 8o with a PEG chain instead of the galactoside targeting group was also prepared. The detailed synthetic procedures and characterizations are given in Supporting Information File 1. Photochromic performances of Glyco-DTE The photoswitching performances of Glyco-DTE (1 × 10−5 mol/L) were
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Published 07 Oct 2019

Mono- and bithiophene-substituted diarylethene photoswitches with emissive open or closed forms

  • A. Lennart Schleper,
  • Mariano L. Bossi,
  • Vladimir N. Belov and
  • Stefan W. Hell

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2344–2354, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.227

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  • open forms with rather low emission efficiency. The photoswitching kinetics was studied at several wavelengths with UV and visible light. New diarylethenes underwent ring-closure reactions by irradiation with UV light (365 nm, 405 nm), and the reversible ring-opening by irradiation with visible light
  • large fluorescence quantum yield, compound SyOTh1 emerged as a candidate for single-molecule based super-resolution fluorescence microscopy. Keywords: diarylethenes; dyes; fluorescence; organic synthesis; photochromism; photoswitching; Introduction Reversibly photoswitchable diarylethenes (DAEs) with
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Published 01 Oct 2019

Aggregation-induced emission effect on turn-off fluorescent switching of a photochromic diarylethene

  • Luna Kono,
  • Yuma Nakagawa,
  • Ayako Fujimoto,
  • Ryo Nishimura,
  • Yohei Hattori,
  • Toshiki Mutai,
  • Nobuhiro Yasuda,
  • Kenichi Koizumi,
  • Satoshi Yokojima,
  • Shinichiro Nakamura and
  • Kingo Uchida

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2204–2212, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.217

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  • turn-off type fluorescent switch (Figure 6c and Figure 7e) [29][30]. The emission from the aggregates quenched much faster than the solution (Figure 6c) (Supporting Information File 2, Movie 1). This is due to a “giant amplification of fluorescence photoswitching” ascribed by a very efficient
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Published 20 Sep 2019

Azologization and repurposing of a hetero-stilbene-based kinase inhibitor: towards the design of photoswitchable sirtuin inhibitors

  • Christoph W. Grathwol,
  • Nathalie Wössner,
  • Sören Swyter,
  • Adam C. Smith,
  • Enrico Tapavicza,
  • Robert K. Hofstetter,
  • Anja Bodtke,
  • Manfred Jung and
  • Andreas Link

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2170–2183, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.214

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  • original stilbenoid structure exerted unfavourable photochemical characteristics it was remodelled to its heteroarylic diazeno analogue. By this intramolecular azologization, the shape of the molecule was left unaltered, whereas the photoswitching ability was improved. As anticipated, the highly analogous
  • conversion of commercially available methyl 5-aminonicotinate (9) and 4-fluoroaniline to 10 under Mill’s reaction conditions and subsequent ammonolysis of the methyl ester 10 to amide 11 (Scheme 4). Photoswitching of (E)-11 to a long-lived PSS (t½ = 300 h) containing 84% of (Z)-11 was possible by short term
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Published 16 Sep 2019

Reversible end-to-end assembly of selectively functionalized gold nanorods by light-responsive arylazopyrazole–cyclodextrin interaction

  • Maximilian Niehues,
  • Patricia Tegeder and
  • Bart Jan Ravoo

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1407–1415, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.140

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  • uncontrolled aggregation would result in an additional shift of the TSPR band [15]. In the course of repeated photoswitching experiments, the spectra show a small but significant decrease of the overall nanoparticle absorbance which is most likely due to sedimentation of irreversible aggregates or size
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Published 26 Jun 2019

Coordination chemistry and photoswitching of dinuclear macrocyclic cadmium-, nickel-, and zinc complexes containing azobenzene carboxylato co-ligands

  • Jennifer Klose,
  • Tobias Severin,
  • Peter Hahn,
  • Alexander Jeremies,
  • Jens Bergmann,
  • Daniel Fuhrmann,
  • Jan Griebel,
  • Bernd Abel and
  • Berthold Kersting

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 840–851, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.81

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Published 03 Apr 2019

Synthesis and metal binding properties of N-alkylcarboxyspiropyrans

  • Alexis Perry and
  • Christina J. Kousseff

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1542–1550, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.154

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  • , N-alkylcarboxyspiropyrans have been tagged (via ester or amide linkage) to carbon nanotubes (e.g., for photocontrolled Zn2+ delivery in biological media [8]) and gold electrodes (for photoswitching the bioelectrocatalytic cascade of cytochrome c/cytochrome oxidase [9]), and attachment to
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Published 04 Aug 2017
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