Perspectives on push–pull chromophores derived from click-type [2 + 2] cycloaddition–retroelectrocyclization reactions of electron-rich alkynes and electron-deficient alkenes

• Michio Yamada

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 125–154, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.13

Preparation of β-cyclodextrin/polysaccharide foams using saponin

• Max Petitjean and
• José Ramón Isasi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 78–88, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.7

• matrices. The saponin of soapbark (Quillaja saponaria) has been used to obtain foams using different procedures. The influence of the synthesis path on the porosity of the materials and their corresponding sorption capacities in the aqueous phase were evaluated. Keywords: chitosan; cyclodextrin polymers

• ; green synthesis; locust bean gum; saponin; sorption; xanthan gum; Introduction Saponins are a family of natural molecules consisting of a hydrophobic aglycone backbone grafted with hydrophilic sugar molecules, allowing the plant to be protected from illnesses [1] and from herbivores endangerment [2

• the presence of porosity and some chemical functions after pyrolysis. Chitosan–saponin–bentonite composite films can also be produced to absorb methyl orange and Cr(VI) [27]. Native [28] or derivatized [29] chitosans allow also a good sorption of Quillaja saponins useful to liberate them from wound

[2 + 1] Cycloaddition reactions of fullerene C₆₀ based on diazo compounds

• Yuliya N. Biglova

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 630–670, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.55

• in the use of these compounds. This is quite understandable: compounds with unique optical [2][3][4], electrophysical [5][6][7], mechanical [8][9][10], tribological [11][12][13], sorption [14][15][16][17], and biological properties [18][19][20], and even new dyes and catalysts [21][22][23][24][25

Particle size effect in the mechanically assisted synthesis of β-cyclodextrin mesitylene sulfonate

• Stéphane Menuel,
• Sébastien Saitzek,
• Eric Monflier and
• Frédéric Hapiot

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2598–2606, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.211

• the measurement of ca. 225 particles found in an arbitrarily chosen area of the images using the ImageJ software (version 1.4.3.67) [32]. After calibrating from the scale of the SEM images, the software provides the Feret diameter. BET (adsorption of N2) Dinitrogen sorption isotherms were collected at

Conformational preferences of fluorine-containing agrochemicals and their implications for lipophilicity prediction

• Daniela Rodrigues Silva,
• Joyce K. Daré and
• Matheus P. Freitas

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2469–2476, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.200

• soil sorption and bioconcentration of organic compounds. Since the C–F bond is the most polar in organic chemistry, the orientation of fluorine substituents originating from the rotation around C–C(F) bonds should affect the polarity and, consequently, the physicochemical and biological properties of

A proposed sustainability index for synthesis plans based on input provenance and output fate: application to academic and industrial synthesis plans for vanillin as a case study

• John Andraos

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2346–2362, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.196

• , unitless), acidity-basicity potential (ABP, unitless), bioconcentration potential (BCP, unitless), persistence potential (PER, unitless), soil sorption coefficient (soil, Koc), half-life of solvent in environment (half-life, h), aquatic toxicity to fish (aqua, mg/L for 96 h), Q-phrase potential (Q-phrase

Carbazole-functionalized hyper-cross-linked polymers for CO₂ uptake based on Friedel–Crafts polymerization on 9-phenylcarbazole

• Dandan Fang,
• Xiaodong Li,
• Meishuai Zou,
• Xiaoyan Guo and
• Aijuan Zhang

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2856–2863, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.279

• , P2–P5 exhibited a rapid nitrogen adsorption ability at low pressures (P/P0 < 0.05, Figure 6a), which indicated that the micropores exist in the networks [35]. The sorption isotherm of P2–P4 exhibited a combination of type I and IV nitrogen sorption isotherms according to the IUPAC classification [36

• polymerization process; to explore the effect of the reaction temperature on the porosity, we have synthesized P6 and P7 by increasing the reaction temperature T1 from rt (P3) to 40 and 50 °C. When comparing the sorption isotherms of the HCPs (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S4), it was envisioned that

• those of P6 and P7 were a combination of type I and II nitrogen sorption isotherms, which emerged two steep N2 adsorption abilities at the low pressure region (P/P0 < 0.1) and the high pressure region (P/P0 > 0.9), indicating that micropores and macropores appeared in the polymers [40]. The BET specific

Attempted synthesis of a meta-metalated calix[4]arene

• Christopher D. Jurisch and
• Gareth E. Arnott

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1996–2002, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.195

• resulted in applications in several fields, including, amongst others, the use as ligands in transition metal catalysis [2][3], in solid-phase gas sorption [4], as molecular sensors [5][6] and as biomimetic compounds [7][8]. Our own interest has been in the synthesis of inherently chiral calix[4]arenes

Mechanochemical synthesis of hyper-crosslinked polymers: influences on their pore structure and adsorption behaviour for organic vapors

• Sven Grätz,
• Sebastian Zink,
• Hanna Kraffczyk,
• Marcus Rose and
• Lars Borchardt

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1154–1161, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.112

• sorption experiments with benzene and cyclohexane. Keywords: hyper-crosslinked polymers; mechanochemistry; microporous; solvent-free; vapor sorption; Introduction The widespread use of microporous materials in areas like gas storage, gas separation, and catalysis has led to the development of a wide

• analysis (TGA) was performed on a Netzsch STA 409 PC/PG system using alumina crucibles under argon stream with the heating rate of 10 K min−1. The vapor sorption experiments were carried out using a Autosorb iQ from Quantachrome equipped with a vapor source and a heated manifold. Before evaporation the

Novel approach to hydroxy-group-containing porous organic polymers from bisphenol A

• Tao Wang,
• Yan-Chao Zhao,
• Li-Min Zhang,
• Yi Cui,
• Chang-Shan Zhang and
• Bao-Hang Han

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2131–2137, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.211

• , indicating the degradation of BPA catalyzed by TSA at high temperature [29][30]. Nitrogen sorption measurements were employed to evaluate the porosity of the obtained polymers. The nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms of PPOP-1–PPOP-3 are similar to each other (Figure 3a). All of the isotherms show a

Mechanochemistry-assisted synthesis of hierarchical porous carbons applied as supercapacitors

• Desirée Leistenschneider,
• Nicolas Jäckel,
• Felix Hippauf,
• Volker Presser and
• Lars Borchardt

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1332–1341, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.130

• influence of the pore size and the pore structure on (electro)sorption in energy storage devices [15][16][17]. Moreover, purely microporous carbons suffer from diffusion limitations resulting in low electrochemical performances at high charge/discharge rates [4][18][19]. Larger pores, like mesopores, or

Sugar-based micro/mesoporous hypercross-linked polymers with in situ embedded silver nanoparticles for catalytic reduction

• Qing Yin,
• Qi Chen,
• Li-Can Lu and
• Bao-Hang Han

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1212–1221, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.120

• the obtained polymers. The nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms (Figure 2a) of SugPOP-1–3 were measured at 77 K to explore the porosity of the obtained polymers. Both SugPOP-1 and SugPOP-3 show the combination of type I and IV sorption isotherms according to the IUPAC classification, whereas

• SugPOP-2 displays a type I sorption isotherm. A rapid uptake curve reflects the microporous monolayer adsorption tendency at low relative pressure (p/p0 < 0.10). As for SugPOP-1 and SugPOP-3, the significant hysteresis loops (0.50 < p/p0 < 1.00) are consistent with the mesoporous structure. The SSA value

• ; (d) 24 h. (e) SEM image and (f) the corresponding EDX data of the AgNPs/SugPOP-1 composite obtained after reaction for 24 h. Nitrogen sorption isotherm at 77 K and the pore size distribution profile calculated by NLDFT analysis (inset) of the AgNPs/SugPOP-1 composite. Catalytic performance of the

Supramolecular frameworks based on [60]fullerene hexakisadducts

• Andreas Kraft,
• Johannes Stangl,
• Ana-Maria Krause,
• Klaus Müller-Buschbaum and
• Florian Beuerle

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1–9, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.1

• thereby the spacing of the frameworks can be controlled and for the most elongated derivative, continuous channels are obtained within the structure. Stability, structural integrity and porosity of the material were investigated by powder X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry and sorption measurements

• the spacer length, the solvent-filled pore systems in the solid-state structures have been tuned and structural features such as porosity of the materials have been investigated by PXRD, TGA analysis and sorption studies. Results and Discussion Recently, we reported on the synthesis and solid-state

• are not bound to any carboxlic acids and may therefore be removable upon activation. In order to elaborate on the materials properties, we synthesized HFF-3 in bulk amounts and studied the thermal stability and sorption properties of this framework. The framework crystallizes as anisotropic needles

Stabilization of nanosized titanium dioxide by cyclodextrin polymers and its photocatalytic effect on the degradation of wastewater pollutants

• Tamás Zoltán Agócs,
• István Puskás,
• Erzsébet Varga,
• Mónika Molnár and
• Éva Fenyvesi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2873–2882, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.286

• is much lower than 0.1%, therefore this competition for the sorption sites is probably less pronounced even if we take into account that hydrogencarbonate, hydrogenphosphate and sulfate ions hinder the MB adsorption in a higher extent compared to chloride [44]. The nanoTiO2 stabilized by the polymer

Synthesis of three-dimensional porous hyper-crosslinked polymers via thiol–yne reaction

• Mathias Lang,
• Alexandra Schade and
• Stefan Bräse

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2570–2576, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.252

• Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany 10.3762/bjoc.12.252 Abstract Herein we report the syntheses of two porous hyper-crosslinked polymers (HCPs) via thiol–yne reaction with rigid tetrahedral and pseudo-octahedral core structures. Sorption measurements with nitrogen gas at 77 K revealed BET-surface areas up to

Robust C–C bonded porous networks with chemically designed functionalities for improved CO₂ capture from flue gas

• Damien Thirion,
• Joo S. Lee,
• Ercan Özdemir and
• Cafer T. Yavuz

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2274–2279, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.220

• different. BH3–Me2S gave the highest surface area and therefore CO2 uptake studies were based on this reduction method (see Supporting Information File 1, Table S1 for the properties of other obtained reduced networks). All networks were studied by FTIR, elemental analysis, TGA, and gas sorption experiments

• -amidoxime the 3400 cm−1 region is even broader, due to the combination of both NH and OH stretching. The strong peak at 1664 cm−1 can be attributed to the imine C=N bond of the amidoxime structure. The textural properties were measured through nitrogen sorption isotherms at 77 K and calculated based on the

• Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) theory. COP-156 shows type II N2 sorption isotherms and a slight hysteresis, owing to the existence of micro, meso and macropores, with a surface area of 650 m2/g and a pore volume of 0.82 cm3/g at P/P0 = 0.99 (Figure 2). The pore size distribution is broad with several

Ru complexes of Hoveyda–Grubbs type immobilized on lamellar zeolites: activity in olefin metathesis reactions

• Hynek Balcar,
• Naděžda Žilková,
• Martin Kubů,
• Michal Mazur,
• Zdeněk Bastl and
• Jiří Čejka

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 2087–2096, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.225

• passed through a column filled with activated alumina. Nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms were measured on a Micromeritics GEMINI II 2370 volumetric Surface Area Analyzer at liquid nitrogen temperature (−196 °C) to determine the surface area and pore volume. Prior to the sorption measurements, all

Properties of cationic monosubstituted tetraalkylammonium cyclodextrin derivatives – their stability, complexation ability in solution or when deposited on solid anionic surface

• Martin Popr,
• Sergey K. Filippov,
• Nikolai Matushkin,
• Juraj Dian and
• Jindřich Jindřich

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 192–199, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.20

• (PErMethylated EthyleneDiAmine substituted). Its binding ability toward selected aromatic guests is compared to the native β-CD at different pH. Deposition of PEMPDA-β-CD on the surface of an anionic Nafion® 117 membrane via ionic self-assembly was also studied along with the determination of sorption kinetics

Anomalous diffusion of Ibuprofen in cyclodextrin nanosponge hydrogels: an HRMAS NMR study

• Monica Ferro,
• Franca Castiglione,
• Carlo Punta,
• Lucio Melone,
• Walter Panzeri,
• Barbara Rossi,
• Francesco Trotta and
• Andrea Mele

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2715–2723, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.286

• -linked polymers; cyclodextrin nanosponges; diffusion; HRMAS NMR spectroscopy; TEM; Introduction Cyclodextrin nanosponges (CDNS) are a novel, promising class of nanoporous, three-dimensional polymers with interesting properties of sorption of both organic and inorganic species [1][2][3]. Indeed, several

Efficient CO₂ capture by tertiary amine-functionalized ionic liquids through Li⁺-stabilized zwitterionic adduct formation

• Zhen-Zhen Yang and
• Liang-Nian He

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1959–1966, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.204

• ] showed a poor CO2 sorption capacity, implying that only physical interactions with CO2 were present (Table 1, entries 1–3). The primary amine-functionalized IL [PEG150MeNH2Li][NTf2] gave rise to CO2 uptake approaching 1:2 stoichiometry (Table 1, entry 4) as expected from the proposed mechanism for the

• -philic nature of the PEG chain facilitates CO2 sorption. Generally, anhydrous tertiary amines absorb CO2 only under high CO2 pressures to form instable zwitterionic alkylcarbonate salts (Table 1, entry 9) [42]. [PEG150MeBu2NLi][NTf2] and [PEG150MeBu2NLi][SO3CF3] were able to rapidly reach 0.66 and 0.61

Investigations of thiol-modified phenol derivatives for the use in thiol–ene photopolymerizations

• Sebastian Reinelt,
• Monir Tabatabai,
• Urs Karl Fischer,
• Norbert Moszner,
• Andreas Utterodt and
• Helmut Ritter

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1733–1740, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.180

• properties of the resulting networks [34]. So far most studies focused on the optimization of the ene monomer while PETMP (pentaerythritol tetra(3-mercaptopropionate)) was constantly utilized as the thiol component. The influence of water sorption of cured dental composites on the mechanical properties have

• linkages and thus, a significant influence of water sorption on the mechanical properties should be expected. The limited availability of rigid thiol monomers is the initial point for this study. In analogy to Bis-GMA which is a well-established monomer for dental materials exhibiting good mechanical

Biantennary oligoglycines and glyco-oligoglycines self-associating in aqueous medium

• Svetlana V. Tsygankova,
• Alexander A. Chinarev,
• Alexander B. Tuzikov,
• Nikolai Severin,
• Alexey A. Kalachev,
• Juergen P. Rabe,
• Alexandra S. Gambaryan and
• Nicolai V. Bovin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1372–1382, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.140

• , Figure 5b), and covering the whole surface with an even layer (texp = 2 min, Figure 5c). Presumably, longer times (texp > 2 min) are characterized by the appearance of multilayer tectomers resulting from the sorption of associates formed in solution. The multilayer tectomers can be readily removed by

Spin state switching in iron coordination compounds

• Philipp Gütlich,
• Ana B. Gaspar and
• Yann Garcia

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 342–391, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.39

Synthesis and characterization of a novel carboxyl group containing (co)polyimide with sulfur in the polymer backbone

• Miroslav Mrsevic,
• David Düsselberg and
• Claudia Staudt

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 776–786, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.88

• significant loss in mechanical stability. As a result, the separation properties decrease sharply [8]. Swelling or sorption is not solely an important issue in separation processes, but also in optical applications in which polymeric lenses are used. The major concern in this case is moisture uptake from the

• simultaneously good solubility in organic solvents appears to be very valuable. If this material additionally acquires functional groups, i.e., carboxyl groups of the 3,5-diaminobenzoic acid (DABA) monomer, cross-linking is possible in order to decrease the water sorption. It is also possible to use carboxyl

• ) sulfide (4,4′-diaminodiphenyl sulfide, 4,4′-SDA) groups, were used for the synthesis of novel (co)polyimides in this work [25]. In order to investigate structural effects of the DABA groups on the glass-transition temperature, molecular weight, transparency and water sorption, both polymers 6FDA-4,4′-SDA

Functionalized copolyimide membranes for the separation of gaseous and liquid mixtures

• Nadine Schmeling,
• Roman Konietzny,
• Daniel Sieffert,
• Patrick Rölling and
• Claudia Staudt

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, 789–800, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.86

• keeping the permeate pressure much lower than the feed pressure. The mass transport through solution-diffusion membranes can be described with the solution-diffusion model [8]. Based on this model the components permeate through a polymeric membrane in a three step process, i.e., the sorption of the

• synthesized membrane polymer is suitable for a given separation problem, the solubility properties for the different feed components can be determined by means of gas or vapor sorption experiments. Diffusion coefficients can be determined by time dependent sorption measurements. For gas sorption experiments

• and for vapor sorption experiments, a microbalance and a quartz spring balance can be used, respectively [42][43]. It has been shown that polymeric membranes having significant differences in solubility for different feed components are particularly suitable for separating a mixture containing these