C–C Bond formation catalyzed by natural gelatin and collagen proteins

• Dennis Kühbeck,
• Basab Bijayi Dhar,
• Eva-Maria Schön,
• Carlos Cativiela,
• Vicente Gotor-Fernández and
• David Díaz Díaz

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1111–1118, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.123

• ; Lot No. 051M0012V; CAS 9000-70-8; Type B, derived from lime-cured tissue; ~225 Bloom; 73% protein content by Biuret) and gelatin from cold water fish skin (Cat. No. G7041-100G; Lot No. 071M0258V; CAS 9000-70-8; ash content 0.3%; heavy metals content 1 ppm; viscosity 8.9 CS, 10% solution, 30 °C) were

Synthesis of guanidinium–sulfonimide ion pairs: towards novel ionic liquid crystals

• Martin Butschies,
• Manuel M. Neidhardt,
• Markus Mansueto,
• Sabine Laschat and
• Stefan Tussetschläger

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1093–1101, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.121

• Seddon and Bruce [13]. Regarding ionic liquids, sulfonimides have been used in various ways. Particularly interesting is the symmetrical bistriflimide anion [14], which leads to desirable properties such as hydrolytic stability, low viscosity or low melting points in the ionic liquids [1][4][15][16][17

Camera-enabled techniques for organic synthesis

• Steven V. Ley,
• Richard J. Ingham,
• Matthew O’Brien and
• Duncan L. Browne

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1051–1072, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.118

• chemistry experimentation where one may wish to record colour changes, crystallisation, precipitation, viscosity and other phase changes, or detect the onset of polymerisation and gas evolution. Indeed, there are many examples in the literature whereby this basic level of monitoring and recording can be

A new family of four-ring bent-core nematic liquid crystals with highly polar transverse and end groups

• Kalpana Upadhyaya,
• Venkatesh Gude,
• Golam Mohiuddin and
• Rao V. S. Nandiraju

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 26–35, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.4

• range of stable bent-core mesogens exhibiting a wide spectrum of physical properties, further experimental studies, i.e., examining birefringence, elastic constants, viscosity, and electro-optical characteristics, are in progress in fundamental and applied research. Attempts to realize the enantiotropic

Influence of cyclodextrin on the solubility and the polymerization of (meth)acrylated Triton^® X-100

• Melanie Kemnitz and
• Helmut Ritter

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 2176–2183, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.245

• , matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), dynamic light scattering (DLS), gel-permeation chromatography (GPC) and turbidity measurements. Additionally, the viscosity change of the methacrylic homopolymer with RAMEB-CD was evaluated. Keywords: (meth)acrylated Triton

• -complex was monitored by viscosity measurements. Results and Discussion Complexation study of Triton® X-100 with RAMEB-CD The complexation behavior of Triton® X-100 (1) with RAMEB-CD was investigated by means of an ITC experiment (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1). Assuming the sequential-binding

• behavior of the RAMEB-CD-double-complexed methacrylic homopolymer (8) The rheological experiments were performed in a temperature range of 25 to 85 °C for constant shear rates. Below 30 °C the viscosity of an aqueous polymer solution decreases with increasing temperature (Figure 3, I). Surprisingly, above

Flow photochemistry: Old light through new windows

• Jonathan P. Knowles,
• Luke D. Elliott and
• Kevin I. Booker-Milburn

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 2025–2052, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.229

Influence of intramolecular hydrogen bonds on the binding potential of methylated β-cyclodextrin derivatives

• Gerhard Wenz

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1890–1895, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.218

• already applied industrially on a large scale, e.g., for switching the viscosity of polymeric thickeners [22], for decontamination of soil [23][24], or for cosmetic formulations [25]. High binding potentials of the methylated CDs are essential for their specific functions in these applications. Therefore

Polysiloxane ionic liquids as good solvents for β-cyclodextrin-polydimethylsiloxane polyrotaxane structures

• Narcisa Marangoci,
• Rodinel Ardeleanu,
• Laura Ursu,
• Constanta Ibanescu,
• Maricel Danu,
• Mariana Pinteala and
• Bogdan C. Simionescu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1610–1618, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.184

• wt % PRot with PDMS-Im/Br turned into a viscous clear solution, suggesting a complete dissolution. Cooling the sample to room temperature in a dry box caused an increase in the apparent viscosity; it should also be mentioned that the mixture remained clear for the next five weeks (Figure 1). This

• increased. Rotational measurements were also carried out for a better understanding of the rheological behavior of the analyzed samples. The flow curves were recorded both in terms of the shear stress (τ) and viscosity (η) (Figure 6). The ionic liquid exhibits Newtonian behavior for almost the entire

• measurement domain, with a viscosity that is independent of the shear rate. A deviation from linearity appears only for high shear rates. An important increase, both in terms of viscosity and shear stress, is noticed when rotaxane is added to the ionic liquid. The first Newtonian domain is obvious as well as

Supramolecular hydrogels formed from poly(viologen) cross-linked with cyclodextrin dimers and their physical properties

• Yoshinori Takashima,
• Yang Yuting,
• Miyuki Otsubo,
• Hiroyasu Yamaguchi and
• Akira Harada

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1594–1600, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.182

• . Hydrogelation between the CD dimer and viologen polymer Mixing the α,α-CD dimer and VP in aqueous solutions at room temperature slightly increases the viscosity of the α,α-CD dimer/VP, but hydrogels are not formed. On the other hand, after heating at 100 °C for 7 h, an aqueous solution of the α,α-CD dimer/VP

Synthesis of conformationally restricted glutamate and glutamine derivatives from carbonylation of orthopalladated phenylglycine derivatives

• Esteban P. Urriolabeitia,
• Eduardo Laga and
• Carlos Cativiela

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1569–1575, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.179

• ) usually comes from the reaction solvent (an alcohol). This fact guarantees the full displacement of the reaction, but sometimes hampers the purification of the target products, mainly when alcohols of high boiling point and/or viscosity are involved. However, in our method, CH2Cl2 is used as the solvent

Restructuring polymers via nanoconfinement and subsequent release

• Alan E. Tonelli

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1318–1332, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.151

• those samples that are processed normally. For example, in Figure 10 the rheological behaviors of asr- and c-PCL melts, the latter obtained from PCL-α-CD IC, are compared and seen to be quite distinct [65][70]. The zero shear viscosity of the c-PCL melt is about two orders of magnitude less than that of

• for the PC/PMMA/PVAc-2 blend. The sample was held for 3 min at 170 °C after the first heating [28]. Storage modulus, loss modulus, and apparent viscosity (G’, G’’, and n*, respectively) for asr- and c-PCL melts, (top and bottom, respectively), as obtained through oscillatory melt rheology (T = 90 °C

Photoreactions of cyclic sulfite esters: Evidence for diradical intermediates

• Rick C. White,
• Benny E. Arney Jr. and
• Heiko Ihmels

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1208–1212, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.134

• studies have revealed information on reactive intermediates, solvent effects, and stereochemical outcomes, while synthetic work has pointed to novel approaches for preparing various molecules. For example, deazetation reactions in solvents of increasing viscosity were employed to determine whether the

Cyanoethylation of the glucans dextran and pullulan: Substitution pattern and formation of nanostructures and entrapment of magnetic nanoparticles

• Kathrin Fiege,
• Heinrich Lünsdorf,
• Sevil Atarijabarzadeh and
• Petra Mischnick

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 551–566, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.63

• years their importance for special biochemical or pharmaceutical applications, such drug delivery or biosensor technology, has grown, due to their special properties such as water solubility, low viscosity and film formation [24][25][26][27]. Pullulan is a homopolysaccharide of D-glucose secreted by

• Aureobasidium pullulans. The repeating units of this linear and regular glucan are maltotrioses (Glc-α-1→4-Glc-α-1→4-Glc), which are α-1→6-linked. Due to this linkage pattern, pullulan is very flexible and dissolves readily in water, with low viscosity. Films can be easily prepared. Pullulan is nontoxic, even

• broadening occurs, probably due to a poorer solution state of the much more hydrophobic derivatives, and higher viscosity. The region of the anomeric protons becomes very complex and is difficult to integrate. It is assumed that for the 2-O-cyanoethylglucoses, the H-1 of the glucosyl residues A, B and C

Synthesis of fluorinated maltose derivatives for monitoring protein interaction by ¹⁹F NMR

• Michaela Braitsch,
• Hanspeter Kählig,
• Georg Kontaxis,
• Michael Fischer,
• Toshinari Kawada,
• Robert Konrat and
• Walther Schmid

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 448–455, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.51

• systematic errors (e.g., nonspecific binding or aggregation, and/or viscosity changes due to increased protein concentration). Ideally, the system of choice would thus be a mixture of reporter ligands consisting of one 19F-labeled reporter ligand and another chemically similar (also 19F-labeled) reference

• . This clearly demonstrates both the binding selectivity of the α-gluco-type and the feasibility of the β-gluco-type and manno-type isomers, serving as internal reference compounds to rule out nonspecific binding and interactions (e.g., changes in viscosity). It should be noted that the detection limit

Perhydroazulene-based liquid-crystalline materials with smectic phases

• Zakir Hussain,
• Henning Hopf and
• S. Holger Eichhorn

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 403–410, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.44

• be large in order to decrease the operating voltage, since this will lower power consumption. The rotational viscosity γ1 should be as low as possible to allow fast switching, and the birefringence Δn has to be adjusted to fit the precise display configuration, in particular the cell gap. In the

Synthesis and mesomorphic properties of calamitic malonates and cyanoacetates tethered to 4-cyanobiphenyls

• Katharina C. Kress,
• Martin Kaller,
• Kirill V. Axenov,
• Stefan Tussetschläger and
• Sabine Laschat

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 371–378, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.40

• axis, but with the molecular arrangement in random positional order [1]. Nematic phases typically display low viscosity [2][3][4]. Due to the long-range orientational order they reveal anisotropic properties. These features make nematic liquid crystals very attractive materials for electronics [5][6][7

Laterally substituted symmetric and nonsymmetric salicylideneimine-based bent-core mesogens

• Sonja Findeisen-Tandel,
• Wolfgang Weissflog,
• Ute Baumeister,
• Gerhard Pelzl,
• H. N. Shreenivasa Murthy and
• Channabasaveshwar V. Yelamaggad

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 129–154, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.15

• has been reported by Schröder et al. in 2004 [48] for the SmCP phases and by Szydlowska et al. in 2003 [50] for the B1 phase. Both processes of molecular movement require different energies, which correspond to different coefficients of viscosity for both molecular movements [51

Synthesis of dye/fluorescent functionalized dendrons based on cyclotriphosphazene

• Aurélien Hameau,
• Sabine Fuchs,
• Régis Laurent,
• Jean-Pierre Majoral and
• Anne-Marie Caminade

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 1577–1583, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.186

• -shift of the fluorescence wavelength up to a molar fraction of 0.8 in water (from 492 to 524 nm), then a dramatic blue-shift is observed as the quantity was increased up to pure water (501 nm) (Figure 4). This unexpected behavior must be related to the variation of the viscosity of the mixtures dioxane

• /water, which is maximal at the molar fraction 0.8 [19]. Figure 5 displays the comparison between the maxima wavelength of emission of dendron 10 with the viscosity of the mixture dioxane/water. A good correlation between both curves is observed, showing that the viscosity is indeed the most important

• differences in the polarity of the solvents, enhanced by the hydrophobic nature of the dansyl part, and to their close proximity in the dendron. Variations of the emission wavelengths must be related to the variations in the viscosity of the mixtures. Such findings demonstrate that dendron 10 is a new sensing

Efficient and selective chemical transformations under flow conditions: The combination of supported catalysts and supercritical fluids

• M. Isabel Burguete,
• Eduardo García-Verdugo and
• Santiago V. Luis

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 1347–1359, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.159

• mind for their possible implementation. Supercritical fluids exhibit unique properties that offer the opportunity to manipulate, as required, the parameters of the reaction environment, such as density, viscosity, diffusivity or surface tension, continuously from gaslike to liquid-like properties

• viscosity, can accelerate the adsorption and desorption steps of reactants and products in the catalytic sites. Thereby, a shift from adsorption- or desorption-controlled surface processes to surface-reaction-controlled processes can take place [23][35][36][37]. Besides, the solvent properties can be easily

• compounds between both solvents, is essential for developing this type of process, because it determines the contact conditions between scCO2 and the solute, as well as the conditions for reducing the viscosity of the IL phase, thus enhancing the mass transfer rate of any catalytic system [45]. The use of

Donor-acceptor substituted phenylethynyltriphenylenes – excited state intramolecular charge transfer, solvatochromic absorption and fluorescence emission

• Ritesh Nandy and
• Sethuraman Sankararaman

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, 992–1001, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.112

• show strong solvatochromic emission, the reverse trend was observed. The quantum yield of fluorescence increased in DMSO compared to cyclohexane. This might be due to the increase in the viscosity of the medium which quenches the non-radiative pathways. In the cases of the carbonyl derivatives 1d and

Insights into the mechanical properties of a silicone oil gel with a ‘latent’ gelator, 1-octadecylamine, and CO₂ as an ‘activator’

• Emiliano Carretti,
• Mathew George and
• Richard G. Weiss

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, 984–991, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.111

• mechanical measurements is used to characterize the gel networks and how they respond to temperature and strain. It is shown, for example, that very precise measurements of the gel-to-sol transitions can be obtained from plots of viscosity versus temperature. Keywords: ammonium carbamate; damping factor

• ; gel-sol transition; rheology; viscosity; Introduction During the last two decades, research efforts have increased enormously to understand the range of structures and processes of self-assembly of ‘small’ molecules such as low-molecular-mass organogelators (LMOGs), which gelate large volume

• -assembly leading to one-dimensional objects and SAFINs. The concentrations of the latent LMOG can be very low, <1 wt %. For the purposes of this work, somewhat higher concentrations were employed to ensure that the rheological measurements probe viscoelasticity and not simple Newtonian viscosity effects of

Chain stopper engineering for hydrogen bonded supramolecular polymers

• Thomas Pinault,
• Bruno Andrioletti and
• Laurent Bouteiller

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, 869–875, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.102

• viscosity of these solutions can be controlled by adding monofunctional compounds, which interact with the chain extremities: chain stoppers. We have synthesized new substituted ureas and thioureas and tested them as chain stoppers for a bis-urea based supramolecular polymer. In particular, the bis-thiourea

• analogue of the bis-urea monomer is shown not to form a supramolecular polymer, but a good chain stopper, because it is a strong hydrogen bond donor and a weak acceptor. Moreover, all substituted ureas tested reduce the viscosity of the supramolecular polymer solutions, but the best chain stopper is

• the supramolecular polymer (and thus reduce the viscosity of the solution) [14][15][16], but also in order to block the concentration dependence of the supramolecular polymers [17][18][19]. Chain stoppers can also be exploited to decorate the chain-ends with particular functional groups or labels [20

Poly(glycolide) multi-arm star polymers: Improved solubility via limited arm length

• Florian K. Wolf,
• Anna M. Fischer and
• Holger Frey

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, No. 67, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.67

• an overestimation of the chain length rather than an underestimation. During the polymerization in the melt, continuous polymer melts with high viscosity are only observed for samples with a targeted average of up to 5–6 GA units. For longer arm lengths, the high mobility of the oligo-GA chains

Free radical homopolymerization of a vinylferrocene/cyclodextrin complex in water

• Helmut Ritter,
• Beate E. Mondrzik,
• Matthias Rehahn and
• Markus Gallei

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, No. 60, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.60

• polymerization in water at 50 °C. During the reaction an increase in viscosity was observed, due to the formation of complexed polyvinylferrocene 3, which did not precipitate during the chain growth as a consequence of a strong host-guest interaction (Scheme 1). The complex remains in solution. The ratio of

New amphiphilic glycopolymers by click functionalization of random copolymers – application to the colloidal stabilisation of polymer nanoparticles and their interaction with concanavalin A lectin

• Otman Otman,
• Paul Boullanger,
• Eric Drockenmuller and
• Thierry Hamaide

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, No. 58, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.58

• nanoparticles were measured by dynamic light scattering (each measurement was repeated five times) at 25 °C with a Malvern Zetasizer 1000HSa series (wavelength 633.0 nm, RI (dispersant) 1.330, angle 90°); data treatments were made in intensity, with water viscosity 0.89 cP. Interaction of the nanoparticles