Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B₁₂ analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks

• Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi and
• Zeynep Altintas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153

Microplastic pollution in Himalayan lakes: assessment, risks, and sustainable remediation strategies

• Sameeksha Rawat,
• S. M. Tauseef and
• Madhuben Sharma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2144–2167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.148

• urban runoff have resulted in plastic pollution increasing in Nainital Lake, a popular tourist destination, threatening aquatic biodiversity [2]. Nazir et al. state that MPs pollute water bodies by accumulating in food chains and bearing toxic contaminants such as heavy metals. This problem is

• key mechanism in remote lakes besides direct input [7]. Groundwater modeling methods have been instrumental in describing the transport and fate of contaminants, including MPs, in subsurface environments. Numerical methods such as MODFLOW coupled with transport methods such as MT3DMS and RT3D are

• runoff. Summer melt pulses enhance the transport of MPs from catchment basins, whereas weak winter flows allow for sedimentation. Perennial flow of the Brahmaputra and the Koshi rivers across borders makes sure that extraneous contaminants enter such pristine ecosystems [24]. Hydrological conveyance is

Toward clinical translation of carbon nanomaterials in anticancer drug delivery: the need for standardisation

• Michał Bartkowski,
• Francesco Calzaferri and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2092–2104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.144

• , sedentary behaviour, obesity, environmental contaminants, and certain occupations and pharmaceuticals [17]. Prevention, the most cost-effective and beneficial approach for the general population [18], is supported by strong evidence-based recommendations from organisations like the World Cancer Research

• , and material purity are essential for translational development. Contaminants such as carboxylated carbonaceous fragments (CCFs) may be introduced during synthesis and processing, and these impurities can alter biological responses or induce toxicity. Their detection and removal should form a routine

Current status of using adsorbent nanomaterials for removing microplastics from water supply systems: a mini review

• Nguyen Thi Nhan and
• Tran Le Luu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1837–1850, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.127

• polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane [4][5][6]. These adsorbed contaminants can bioaccumulate through the food chain and move from marine organisms to human food [7]. In water supply systems, MPs with adsorbed toxins pose significant risks without being

• properly removed during treatment [8]. Exposure to MPs and their adsorbed contaminants through water supply systems has been related to various adverse health effects, including endocrine disruption, neurotoxicity, carcinogenesis, and chronic exposure-related issues [9][10]. Ecologically, MPs disrupt

• , leading to cellular damage [111]. According to Thirunavukkarasu et al., the interactions between these nanomaterials and other contaminants are not fully understood. While some studies suggest that different synthesis methods can reduce toxicity, they still pose a significant threat to end-users [112

Electrical, photocatalytic, and sensory properties of graphene oxide and polyimide implanted with low- and medium-energy silver ions

• Josef Novák,
• Eva Štěpanovská,
• Petr Malinský,
• Vlastimil Mazánek,
• Jan Luxa,
• Ulrich Kentsch and
• Zdeněk Sofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1794–1811, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.123

• , where they initiate redox reactions with adsorbed species, such as water or dissolved oxygen, leading to the formation of reactive oxygen species that degrade organic contaminants. In Ag-modified polymer matrices, several synergistic effects contribute to enhanced photocatalytic activity. The

Nanotechnology-based approaches for the removal of microplastics from wastewater: a comprehensive review

• Nayanathara O Sanjeev,
• Manjunath Singanodi Vallabha and
• Rebekah Rubidha Lisha Rabi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1607–1632, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.114

• hydrocarbons, heavy metals, and other toxic contaminants, increasing their potential risks to living ecosystems and organisms [9][10]. MPs have low density, variable sizes, high persistence, and non-biodegradable nature. These characteristics make their removal difficult, especially in aquatic environments [11

• of these contaminants includes airborne particles introduced during food processing or handling, degradation of plastic packaging, and, most significantly, contamination from polluted freshwater sources [13]. Primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment methods have been explored to mitigate MP

• 1039 in 2024. This indicates a growing recognition of NPs as emerging contaminants, though they still receive less attention than MPs. In contrast, Figure 1b provides insights from Springer Nature, categorizing the type of publications related to both MP and NP removal between 2015 and 2025. Research

Photocatalytic degradation of ofloxacin in water assisted by TiO₂ nanowires on carbon cloth: contributions of H₂O₂ addition and substrate absorbability

• Iram Hussain,
• Lisha Zhang,
• Zhizhen Ye and
• Jin-Ming Wu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1567–1579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.111

• unsatisfactory interaction with target contaminants diminishes photocatalytic degradation efficiency in water. Here, we present a mild solution method to precipitate anatase TiO2 nanowire arrays, measuring 1.5 μm in thickness, over carbon cloth to ensure substantial interactions with target pollutants and, in

• concentration of 200 ppm, suggesting the high adsorption capacity and probably a deep mineralization capacity of the thin film photocatalyst developed in the current investigation. This work represents a new promising strategy to tackle emerging contaminants and could lead to the advancement of cutting-edge

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

The role of biochar in combating microplastic pollution: a bibliometric analysis in environmental contexts

• Tuan Minh Truong Dang,
• Thao Thu Thi Huynh,
• Guo-Ping Chang-Chien and
• Ha Manh Bui

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1401–1416, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.102

Automated collection and categorisation of STM images and STS spectra with and without machine learning

• Dylan Stewart Barker and
• Adam Sweetman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1367–1379, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.99

• contaminants can also strongly perturb the electronic structure of the tip. Methods of optimising the probe state for ideal STS are slow and laborious, involving indentation into a metal surface and bias pulses applied to the tip, manually checking spectra and imaging after each probe shaping attempt. The

Deep-learning recognition and tracking of individual nanotubes in low-contrast microscopy videos

• Vladimir Pimonov,
• Said Tahir and
• Vincent Jourdain

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1316–1324, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.96

• and carrier gas. Oxygen and water sensors monitored gas-phase contaminants at the outlet line. In situ microscopy Nanotube growth was imaged in situ using a custom-built optical setup for homodyne polarization microscopy. A supercontinuum source (Fianium SC-400-4, 2 ps pulses, 40 MHz, spectral range

Wavelength-dependent correlation of LIPSS periodicity and laser penetration depth in stainless steel

• Nitin Chaudhary,
• Chavan Akash Naik,
• Shilpa Mangalassery,
• Jai Prakash Gautam and
• Sri Ram Gopal Naraharisetty

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1302–1315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.95

• . Before and after the laser treatment, these SS surfaces underwent ultrasonic rinsing with acetone for 10 min each, aiming to eliminate dust particles and other contaminants. Experimental details A commercially available Ti:sapphire femtosecond laser operating at an 800 nm central wavelength, with 75 fs

Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

• [94]. Like BSA, ovalbumin can activate an immune response and the presence of endotoxin contaminants activates macrophages and dendritic cells [95]. Therefore, ovalbumin nanoparticles are generally limited to immunotherapeutic applications. 1.3.5 Ferritin-based biomimetic nanoparticles. Ferritin is an

Single-layer graphene oxide film grown on α-Al₂O₃(0001) for use as an adsorbent

• Shiro Entani,
• Mitsunori Honda,
• Masaru Takizawa and
• Makoto Kohda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1082–1087, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.79

• of radioactive Cs contaminants from rocks and soils [21]. The resulting solution is a substantial quantity of low-level radioactive treated water. Therefore, the adsorbent needs to possesses high-adsorption performance, a rapid reaction rate, and cost-effectiveness in production. Romanchuk et al

Morphology and properties of pyrite nanoparticles obtained by pulsed laser ablation in liquid and thin films for photodetection

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• Rene Fabian Cienfuegos Pelaes,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• Josué Amílcar Aguilar-Martínez and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 785–805, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.60

• related to FeS2 [3]. Pyrite has shown outstanding performance and a long shelf life as a high-capacity cathode and has been utilized in batteries [4]. Pyrite has also been identified as a promising material for effectively removing environmental contaminants in the environment near the surface of the

Feasibility analysis of carbon nanofiber synthesis and morphology control using a LPG premixed flame

• Iftikhar Rahman Bishal,
• Muhammad Hilmi Ibrahim,
• Norikhwan Hamzah,
• Mohd Zamri Mohd Yusop,
• Faizuan Bin Abdullah,
• I Putu Tedy Indrayana and
• Mohd Fairus Mohd Yasin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 581–590, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.45

• impregnated beads Zirconia beads of 0.30 mm diameter were selected as a substrate. The beads were cleaned by sonication in ethanol followed by rinsing with distilled water; the rinsed beads were dried in an oven to remove contaminants. The cleaned zirconia beads were impregnated with nickel catalyst to be

Quantification of lead through rod-shaped silver-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles using an electrochemical approach

• Ravinder Lamba,
• Gaurav Bhanjana,
• Neeraj Dilbaghi,
• Vivek Gupta and
• Sandeep Kumar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 422–434, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.33

• of Ag@ZnO NRs has been calculated through the use of the Tauc's method, as shown in Figure 4b, and it is determined to be 2.8 eV. No further peak indicative of contaminants is observed in the aforementioned spectra, indicating the high purity of the synthesized nanorods. Incorporating Ag dopants into

Engineered PEG–PCL nanoparticles enable sensitive and selective detection of sodium dodecyl sulfate: a qualitative and quantitative analysis

• Soni Prajapati and
• Ranjana Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 385–396, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.29

• delivery, targeting, sensing, and imaging [23]. Also, there are a wide variety of nanoparticles available for desired applications. In the case of detection of contaminants or sensing applications, carbon and metal nanoparticles are mostly preferable [24]. Despite their use, these nanoparticles possess

• inherent toxicity, and their post-synthesis functionalization is laborious for selective detection [25][26]. Furthermore, alternatives such as polymer nanoparticles emerged as potential candidates for detecting contaminants such as SDS. Fu et al. developed a method for detecting SDS using polyethyleneimine

• ions and surfactants, as well as in control samples with no added metals or surfactants. This lack of response in the absence of SDS highlights the specificity of the detection system, as it demonstrates that the PEG–PCL NPs do not respond to other potential contaminants or interfere with the detection

Pulsed laser in liquid grafting of gold nanoparticle–carbon support composites

• Madeleine K. Wilsey,
• Teona Taseska,
• Qishen Lyu,
• Connor P. Cox and
• Astrid M. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 349–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.26

• at materials surfaces. These organics impede the adhesion and electrical contact of nanoparticles, even when the nanoparticles are surfactant-free. Regular nanosecond pulsed laser cleaning rids surfaces of organic deposits by the interaction of nanosecond laser pulses with surface contaminants via

• absorption and volatilization [35][36]. However, surfaces return to their initial state fast and cannot be kept microscopically clean because the removal of ubiquitous surface contaminants leaves unterminated, highly reactive surfaces with dangling bonds and, as a result, high surface energy, which is

Emerging strategies in the sustainable removal of antibiotics using semiconductor-based photocatalysts

• Yunus Ahmed,
• Keya Rani Dutta,
• Parul Akhtar,
• Md. Arif Hossen,
• Md. Jahangir Alam,
• Obaid A. Alharbi,
• Hamad AlMohamadi and
• Abdul Wahab Mohammad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 264–285, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.21

• studies and sustainable technologies, this study presents new insights into the complex relationship between contaminants and catalytic degradation processes. Compared to single and binary photocatalysts, modified ternary composites were found to have superior photodegradation performance under visible

• antibiotics has raised public concern, especially because they are environmental contaminants originating from human and animal waste [5]. These antibiotics can persist without change or as active metabolites in the environment, posing significant toxicity risks to aquatic and human life [6][7][8]. The

• contaminants, making it a versatile option for environmental remediation across various water and air treatment applications. These features collectively make photocatalysis an attractive approach for addressing pollution challenges in diverse settings. In recent years, several significant review papers have

A review of metal-organic frameworks and polymers in mixed matrix membranes for CO₂ capture

• Charlotte Skjold Qvist Christensen,
• Nicholas Hansen,
• Mahboubeh Motadayen,
• Nina Lock,
• Martin Lahn Henriksen and
• Jonathan Quinson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 155–186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.14

Theoretical study of the electronic and optical properties of a composite formed by the zeolite NaA and a magnetite cluster

• Joel Antúnez-García,
• Roberto Núñez-González,
• Vitalii Petranovskii,
• H’Linh Hmok,
• Armando Reyes-Serrato,
• Fabian N. Murrieta-Rico,
• Mufei Xiao and
• Jonathan Zamora

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 44–53, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.5

• introduction of magnetic nanoparticles into zeolite crystals so that the resulting composite can respond to an external magnetic field [33]. By imparting magnetic properties to such composites, they can be efficiently recovered after capturing contaminants such as heavy metals [34][35][36][37] and dyes [38][39

• nanoparticles, sodium Linde A Type (LTA) zeolite, also known as NaA zeolite, stands out for its remarkable capacity and selectivity to capture various types of metals commonly found as contaminants in drinking water. These metals include Ca, K, Mg, Mn, Co, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, Cs, and Sr [42][43][44][45][46

Attempts to preserve and visualize protein corona on the surface of biological nanoparticles in blood serum using photomodification

• Julia E. Poletaeva,
• Anastasiya V. Tupitsyna,
• Alina E. Grigor’eva,
• Ilya S. Dovydenko and
• Elena I. Ryabchikova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1654–1666, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.130

• , insert). The presence of contaminants on the grid and on the surface of bio-NPs made it difficult to visualize the latter after single UC. In the samples obtained by double UC, bio-NPs were scattered on the grids mainly individually and were the same types of bio-NPs as after single UC (Figure 3e–h

• contaminants. Thus, single and double UC for 2 h at 100,000g did not remove all serum components bound to the surface of bio-NPs. The next stage of our work was to study the effect of sera photomodification on the ultrastructure of bio-NPs isolated from FBS and NBS by single or double UC. Significant changes

• undoubtedly be useful to identify the mechanisms of this phenomenon. It was impossible to assess the proportion of EVs or different LPs carrying a protein corona in samples obtained by UC because of the presence of serum contaminants that can mask bio-NPs. Isolation of bio-NPs from sera by UC did not result

Facile synthesis of size-tunable L-carnosine-capped silver nanoparticles and their role in metal ion sensing and catalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol

• Akash Kumar,
• Ridhima Chadha,
• Abhishek Das,
• Nandita Maiti and
• Rayavarapu Raja Gopal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1576–1592, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.124

• with various contaminants. Keywords: catalysis; heavy metals; ʟ-carnosine; p-nitrophenol; silver nanoparticles; Introduction The persistent rise in environmental pollution, notably from heavy metal ions and organic pollutants, has propelled the development of innovative and efficient environmental

• biomagnification [1]. Similarly, organic pollutants such as p-nitrophenol (P-NP), from agricultural and industrial processes, are of significant concern because of their toxicity and resistance to degradation [2]. Consequently, detection and removal of these contaminants have become crucial for environmental

• environmental contaminants. DFT results The optimized geometries of ʟ-carnosine are shown in Supporting Information File 1, Figure S3. ʟ-Carnosine may exist in two H-bonded forms (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S3a,b) where the carboxylic acid and amino groups remain close, and the O–H moiety of the

Ion-induced surface reactions and deposition from Pt(CO)₂Cl₂ and Pt(CO)₂Br₂

• Mohammed K. Abdel-Rahman,
• Patrick M. Eckhert,
• Atul Chaudhary,
• Johnathon M. Johnson,
• Jo-Chi Yu,
• Lisa McElwee-White and
• D. Howard Fairbrother

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1427–1439, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.115

• conditions after surface contaminants (carbon and oxygen) that unavoidably accrued as a result of sample transfer from the deposition chamber to the AES system were removed by Ar+ sputtering. This data is shown alongside the AES data of a sputter-cleaned Pt foil measured in the same chamber. This comparison