Exfoliation in a low boiling point solvent and electrochemical applications of MoO₃

• Matangi Sricharan,
• Bikesh Gupta,
• Sreejesh Moolayadukkam and
• H. S. S. Ramakrishna Matte

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 662–670, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.52

• potential window from 0 to 0.6 V. The humps indicating a pseudocapacitance may be attributed to redox reactions in MoO3 as discussed for the three-electrode measurements. CV measurements have been carried out at different scan rates (Figure 4b). A maximum specific capacitance of 68.4 F·g−1 at a scan rate of

High-performance asymmetric supercapacitor made of NiMoO₄ nanorods@Co₃O₄ on a cellulose-based carbon aerogel

• Meixia Wang,
• Jing Zhang,
• Xibin Yi,
• Benxue Liu,
• Xinfu Zhao and
• Xiaochan Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 240–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.18

• can provide a much higher specific capacitance as a result of rapid reversible redox reactions [9][10]. Recently, advanced electrode materials based on transition metal molybdates such as NiMoO4 [11], CoMoO4 [12], MnMoO4 [13] and FeMoO4 [14] with suitable oxidation states and unique electrochemical

• and electrolyte and facilitating the transport of electrons during the redox reactions [33]. Such a hierarchical structure can effectively enlarge the specific surface area of Faradaic reactions and shorten the diffusion pathways for the fast ion transfer, thus increasing the performance of the

• , which can be attributed to the redox reaction between M2+ and M3+ (M represents Ni and Co elements) and Co3+ and Co4+, as described by the following equations [43]: Therefore, the coexistence of Ni and Co provides multiple redox reactions for the electrochemical process. The peak currents of the CV

Formation of metal/semiconductor Cu–Si composite nanostructures

• Natalya V. Yumozhapova,
• Andrey V. Nomoev,
• Vyacheslav V. Syzrantsev and
• Erzhena C. Khartaeva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2497–2504, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.240

• improvement of the thermal stability of the core and, under the condition of a hermetic coating, reliably protects its surface from redox reactions [3]. Janus-like metal/semiconductor nanoparticles are promising as effective radio-absorbing media and are the basis for creating the elemental basis for

Label-free highly sensitive probe detection with novel hierarchical SERS substrates fabricated by nanoindentation and chemical reaction methods

• Jingran Zhang,
• Tianqi Jia,
• Yongda Yan,
• Li Wang,
• Peng Miao,
• Yimin Han,
• Xinming Zhang,
• Guangfeng Shi,
• Yanquan Geng,
• Zhankun Weng,
• Daniel Laipple and
• Zuobin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2483–2496, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.239

• substrate, and Ag is formed on the Cu substrate due to redox reactions. Oxygen is generated when the Ag nanoparticles are formed. Table 2 and Table 3 show the distribution of the contents of each element of the internal cavities and pile-ups of cavities with fx = 2 μm and fy = 2 μm. The mass ratio of silver

Design and facile synthesis of defect-rich C-MoS₂/rGO nanosheets for enhanced lithium–sulfur battery performance

• Chengxiang Tian,
• Juwei Wu,
• Zheng Ma,
• Bo Li,
• Pengcheng Li,
• Xiaotao Zu and
• Xia Xiang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2251–2260, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.217

• redox reactions but also chemically adsorb polysulfides. In addition, rGO and carbon layer can also enhance the conductivity of C-MoS2/rGO. Therefore, the C-MoS2/rGO, as an efficient sulfur host, could exhibit excellent electrochemical performance. Experimental Preparation of defect-rich C-MoS2/rGO

Ultrathin Ni_1−xCo_xS₂ nanoflakes as high energy density electrode materials for asymmetric supercapacitors

• Xiaoxiang Wang,
• Teng Wang,
• Rusen Zhou,
• Lijuan Fan,
• Shengli Zhang,
• Feng Yu,
• Tuquabo Tesfamichael,
• Liwei Su and
• Hongxia Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2207–2216, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.213

• from both nickel and cobalt ions in the bimetallic sulfides can provide relatively affluent redox reactions, resulting in higher specific capacitance and electrical conductivity [6][7]. Moreover, layered ultrathin nanoflakes in the synthesised nanomaterials, derived from metal oxides/dichalcogenides

• from −0.1 to 0.65 V (vs Hg/HgO), which can be attributed to reversible faradaic redox reactions of Co2+/Co3+/Co4+ and Ni2+/Ni3+ associated with the following reaction equations (Equation 6–8) [14][31]: With increased sweep rates, the anodic peaks move in the positive direction and the cathodic peaks

• energy density of 67.5 Wh·kg−1), and excellent cycling stability and capacity retention. These results can be credited to synergic effects rich and fast redox reactions, high conductivity, as well as highly porous and robust ultrathin nanoflakes structures. (a) X-ray diffraction patterns of Ni1−xCoxS2

TiO₂/GO-coated functional separator to suppress polysulfide migration in lithium–sulfur batteries

• Ning Liu,
• Lu Wang,
• Taizhe Tan,
• Yan Zhao and
• Yongguang Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1726–1736, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.168

• reduction and oxidation peaks, corresponding to the redox reactions of typical Li/S batteries. These observations are consistent with the CV curves. In addition, the plateaus in the discharge–charge profiles are almost overlapped even after the 100th cycle, indicating a stable electrochemical performance of

Tuning the performance of vanadium redox flow batteries by modifying the structural defects of the carbon felt electrode

• Ditty Dixon,
• Deepu Joseph Babu,
• Aiswarya Bhaskar,
• Hans-Michael Bruns,
• Joerg J. Schneider,
• Frieder Scheiba and
• Helmut Ehrenberg

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1698–1706, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.165

• oxygen functional groups on the N2-plasma-treated sample was very low, the felt showed enhanced electrochemical performance for both V3+/V2+ as well as V5+/V4+ redox reactions. The result is highly significant as the pristine electrode with the same amount of oxygen functional groups showed significantly

• were carried out. In contrast to the pristine sample, a prominent V3+/V2+ redox peak is observed for the N2-plasma-treated sample. The CV of the pristine sample is mainly characterized by a hydrogen evolution peak. The CV curves for both negative and positive redox reactions are shown in Figure 5

Kelvin probe force microscopy work function characterization of transition metal oxide crystals under ongoing reduction and oxidation

• Dominik Wrana,
• Karol Cieślik,
• Wojciech Belza,
• Christian Rodenbücher,
• Krzysztof Szot and
• Franciszek Krok

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1596–1607, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.155

• the oxygen activity and redox reactions on surfaces, the next experiment was aimed to study the work function dependence upon controlled reoxidation of reduced oxides. Transition metal oxide nanostructures find manifold applications, especially in various (photo)catalytic processes, e.g., water

Porous N- and S-doped carbon–carbon composite electrodes by soft-templating for redox flow batteries

• Maike Schnucklake,
• László Eifert,
• Jonathan Schneider,
• Roswitha Zeis and
• Christina Roth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1131–1139, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.113

• works described heteroatom doping that should provide more active centres for the vanadium redox reactions, and hence lead to a higher electrochemical activity [14][15][16][17]. But still details of the mechanism are lacking and contradictory suggestions can be found in the literature, as to which

Concurrent nanoscale surface etching and SnO₂ loading of carbon fibers for vanadium ion redox enhancement

• Jun Maruyama,
• Shohei Maruyama,
• Tomoko Fukuhara,
• Toru Nagaoka and
• Kei Hanafusa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 985–992, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.99

• redox reactions of electrolyte ions are required to produce efficient and low-cost redox flow batteries (RFBs). Carbon-fiber electrodes are widely used in various types of RFBs and surface oxidation is commonly performed to enhance the redox reactions, although it is not necessarily efficient. Quite

• photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The activity for the vanadium ion redox reactions was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) to demonstrate the enhancement of both the positive and negative electrode reactions. A full cell test of the vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) showed a significant decrease of the

• overpotential and a stable cycling performance. A facile and efficient technique based on the nanoscale processing of the carbon fiber surface was presented to substantially enhance the activity for the redox reactions in redox flow batteries. Keywords: carbon fiber; electrode reactions; metal-oxide

Synthesis of MnO₂–CuO–Fe₂O₃/CNTs catalysts: low-temperature SCR activity and formation mechanism

• Yanbing Zhang,
• Lihua Liu,
• Yingzan Chen,
• Xianglong Cheng,
• Chengjian Song,
• Mingjie Ding and
• Haipeng Zhao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 848–855, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.85

• °C. The mechanisms of above preparation method are redox reactions between MnO4− (from KMnO4) and Cl− (from FeCl3 and CeCl3), or Mn7+ and O2− (from KMnO4) as well as MnO4− (from the KMnO4) and Cl− (from CeCl3). The generation of Cl− anions in the preparation process can result in corrosion of the

An efficient electrode material for high performance solid-state hybrid supercapacitors based on a Cu/CuO/porous carbon nanofiber/TiO₂ hybrid composite

• Mamta Sham Lal,
• Thirugnanam Lavanya and
• Sundara Ramaprabhu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 781–793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.78

• weak and broad characteristic peaks, which result from the redox reactions, indicating the pseudo-capacitive behavior of TiO2. Notably, the composite material shows a combined electric double-layer capacitance and pseudo-capacitive behavior with a higher integrated area compared to all the other

• values than all other electrode materials, which was due to the addition of TiO2 nanoparticles. TiO2 nanoparticles show pseudo-capacitive behavior due to faradaic charge transfer that takes place in redox reactions. Therefore, the supercapacitor performance of the Cu/CuO/PCNF/TiO2 composite electrode

Trapping polysulfide on two-dimensional molybdenum disulfide for Li–S batteries through phase selection with optimized binding

• Sha Dong,
• Xiaoli Sun and
• Zhiguo Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 774–780, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.77

• polysulfides (LPSs) (Li2Sx, x = 4–8) in the organic electrolyte solvent will migrate and react with the lithium anode, which results in capacity fading and low coulombic efficiency [7][8]. The major issue is the complex diffusion of LPSs, which in combination with the subsequent redox reactions is known as the

A Ni(OH)₂ nanopetals network for high-performance supercapacitors synthesized by immersing Ni nanofoam in water

• Donghui Zheng,
• Man Li,
• Yongyan Li,
• Chunling Qin,
• Yichao Wang and
• Zhifeng Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 281–293, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.27

• derivatives, such as active carbon, porous carbon, graphene, carbon nanotubes with good electrical conductivity and high specific surface area, are most commonly employed as electrode materials [5][6][7]. The other category are pseudocapacitors governed by reversible faradic redox reactions at the interface

• (OH)2/Ni-NF/MG electrodes further elucidate the pseudo-capacitance characteristics, as shown in Figure 5b. Every GCD curve has an obvious charge–discharge plateau and the voltage position is in agreement with the CV curves, demonstrating that the faradic redox reactions mainly contribute to the

Electrospun one-dimensional nanostructures: a new horizon for gas sensing materials

• Muhammad Imran,
• Nunzio Motta and
• Mahnaz Shafiei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2128–2170, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.202

• changes upon exposure to the target gas. The adsorption of gas molecules on the sensing layer leads to redox reactions by serving as an electron donor or acceptor which depends on the reductive or oxidative nature of the target gas compared to molecular oxygen. As the charge carrier concentration changes

Synthesis of a MnO₂/Fe₃O₄/diatomite nanocomposite as an efficient heterogeneous Fenton-like catalyst for methylene blue degradation

• Zishun Li,
• Xuekun Tang,
• Kun Liu,
• Jing Huang,
• Yueyang Xu,
• Qian Peng and
• Minlin Ao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1940–1950, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.185

• accelerates the redox reactions of Fe(III)/Fe(II) and Mn(IV)/Mn(III), resulting in an accelerated •SO4− generation rate. The standard redox potential of Mn(IV)/Mn(III) is 0.15 V [40], while that of Fe(III)/Fe(II) is 0.77 V [10]. Therefore, the transfer of electrons from ≡Mn(III) to ≡Fe(III) is

Controllable one-pot synthesis of uniform colloidal TiO₂ particles in a mixed solvent solution for photocatalysis

• Jong Tae Moon,
• Seung Ki Lee and
• Ji Bong Joo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1715–1727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.163

• valance bands, TiO2 can absorb photons in the ultraviolet (UV) portion of the light spectrum. This leads to the sequential generation of electron–hole pairs that can induce a variety of surface redox reactions. Photocatalytic water splitting via a TiO2 electrode under UV irradiation was first reported by

• without charge recombination. Finally, each charge carrier can be consumed for surface redox reactions [9][15]. To achieve high performance in the overall photocatalysis system, the efficiency of each step should be improved [13]. Regarding the point of light absorption, the band gap energy range of the

• irradiation. This leads to a more stable charge separation and allows holes to reach the surface for redox reactions. In addition, the small band gap of the rutile phase extends the useful range of light energy into the visible light spectrum [20]. Although our TiO2-500 catalyst does not have the same

Cr(VI) remediation from aqueous environment through modified-TiO₂-mediated photocatalytic reduction

• Rashmi Acharya,
• Brundabana Naik and
• Kulamani Parida

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1448–1470, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.137

• transformation for the fine chemical synthesis [39][40][41][42] and (v) photodegradation of pollutants [43][44][45][46][47][48][49]. Semiconductor-based photocatalysis proceeds through following three steps: (1) absorption of light; (2) separation and transport of charge carriers; and (3) redox reactions on the

• (electrons (eCB−) and holes (hVB+)) must be effectively separated before they can carry out appropriate redox reactions at the semiconductor surface. Photoelectrochemical water splitting Hydrogen (H2) is considered as a sustainable, clean and renewable energy source to provide a solution to the global energy

Facile synthesis of a ZnO–BiOI p–n nano-heterojunction with excellent visible-light photocatalytic activity

• Mengyuan Zhang,
• Jiaqian Qin,
• Pengfei Yu,
• Bing Zhang,
• Mingzhen Ma,
• Xinyu Zhang and
• Riping Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 789–800, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.72

• , the degradation degree still remains at 95% photocatalytic activity compared to the result of the first cycle, indicating the stability and the reuse ability are considerably high. It is known that the degradation of organic dye is realized through redox reactions, which are mainly dependent on the

Mechanistic insights into plasmonic photocatalysts in utilizing visible light

• Kah Hon Leong,
• Azrina Abd Aziz,
• Lan Ching Sim,
• Pichiah Saravanan,
• Min Jang and
• Detlef Bahnemann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 628–648, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.59

• in this system (as do organic molecules in the solution) and thus lack the potential for redox reactions to occur. The generated charge carriers are trapped by the presence of noble metal. This leads to saturation when accumulating charge carrier reaches it limits. Thus, the gathered charges are

• by redox reactions caused by photo-induced formation of electrons (e−) and holes (h+). Several reactive species are produced on the heterogeneous solid surfaces of photocatalysts during the oxidative and reductive reactions in photocatalysis. Thus photocatalysis can be practically employed with water

Synthesis and characterization of electrospun molybdenum dioxide–carbon nanofibers as sulfur matrix additives for rechargeable lithium–sulfur battery applications

• Ruiyuan Zhuang,
• Shanshan Yao,
• Maoxiang Jing,
• Xiangqian Shen,
• Jun Xiang,
• Tianbao Li,
• Kesong Xiao and
• Shibiao Qin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 262–270, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.28

• of 0.1 mV s−1, as shown in Figure 5a. Among these samples, all the CV curves appeared in the range of 1.93–2.05 V, 2.15–2.28 V and 2.41–2.52 V, which are typical redox reactions of Li–S batteries [31][32]. Meanwhile, the CV data confirm that the MoO2–CNF additive is not electrochemically active in

Review on optofluidic microreactors for artificial photosynthesis

• Xiaowen Huang,
• Jianchun Wang,
• Tenghao Li,
• Jianmei Wang,
• Min Xu,
• Weixing Yu,
• Abdel El Abed and
• Xuming Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 30–41, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.5

• moves to the surface-active sites for surface redox reactions [64]. The activation equations for water splitting, CO2 photoreduction and coenzyme regeneration are as follows: Equation 1 represents the formation of the electron–hole pair. Equation 2 and Equation 3 describe the water splitting process

• for the redox reactions [65][66][67]. The desirable features of a photocatalyst include wide-range absorption, long-term stability, fast electron–hole separation, and strong redox powers. However, it is difficult to have all of these features in a single photocatalyst. Thereby, a simple heterojunction

One-step chemical vapor deposition synthesis and supercapacitor performance of nitrogen-doped porous carbon–carbon nanotube hybrids

• Egor V. Lobiak,
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva,
• Ekaterina O. Fedorovskaya,
• Yury V. Shubin,
• Pavel E. Plyusnin,
• Pierre Lonchambon,
• Boris V. Senkovskiy,
• Zinfer R. Ismagilov,
• Emmanuel Flahaut and
• Alexander V. Okotrub

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2669–2679, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.267

• redox reactions with a participation of oxygen-containing groups and nitrogen species. In the used acidic electrolyte the electroactive groups are carbonyls [46] and pyridinic nitrogen [47]. Both of these functional groups are present in the CNx materials, as seen from the fitting of the XPS C 1s

• scan rate of the applied potential, the larger the contribution of redox reactions to the capacitance. An increase in the specific capacitance determined at 2 mV s−1 in the order of the used catalyst as Co < Ni < Fe fully correlates with the total amount of oxygen and nitrogen in these materials (Table

Two-dimensional carbon-based nanocomposites for photocatalytic energy generation and environmental remediation applications

• Suneel Kumar,
• Ashish Kumar,
• Ashish Bahuguna,
• Vipul Sharma and
• Venkata Krishnan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1571–1600, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.159

• semiconductor material occurs in three main steps, (1) absorption of light, (2) charge separation, (3) redox reactions on the catalyst surface. The first step involves the absorption of light by the photocatalyst and generation of electron–hole pairs in the CB and VB. The second step involves the charge