Implementation of data-cube pump–probe KPFM on organic solar cells

• Benjamin Grévin,
• Olivier Bardagot and
• Renaud Demadrille

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 323–337, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.24

• levels of holes and electrons upon illumination, symbolized by dotted lines. (b) Organic BHJ solar cell and experimental configuration. The sample is illuminated in backside geometry. The transparent anode, the hole collecting electrode made of indium tin oxide coated with PEDOT:PSS, is grounded. The

The different ways to chitosan/hyaluronic acid nanoparticles: templated vs direct complexation. Influence of particle preparation on morphology, cell uptake and silencing efficiency

• Arianna Gennari,
• Julio M. Rios de la Rosa,
• Erwin Hohn,
• Maria Pelliccia,
• Enrique Lallana,
• Roberto Donno,
• Annalisa Tirella and
• Nicola Tirelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2594–2608, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.250

• water, 5 min with 20 mM phosphate buffer at pH 7.4 (running buffer), 1 min with 0.1 M NaOH, 1 min with deionized water, and finally 1.5 min with the running buffer. Each sample was then injected at 0.5 psi for 10 s, applying 15 kV between the anode and the injection site (normal polarity) for 60 min. At

Antimony deposition onto Au(111) and insertion of Mg

• Lingxing Zan,
• Da Xing,
• Abdelaziz Ali Abd-El-Latif and
• Helmut Baltruschat

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2541–2552, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.245

• , Egypt 10.3762/bjnano.10.245 Abstract Magnesium-based secondary batteries have been regarded as a viable alternative to the immensely popular Li-ion systems owing to their high volumetric capacity. One of the largest challenges is the selection of Mg anode material since the insertion/extraction

• “environmental friendly, non-toxic” alternative compared to Li-ion systems owing to their high volumetric capacity [1][2][3][4]. Unlike lithium, magnesium has no tendency to form dendrites during recharge [5]; but on the other hand, the Mg anode is covered with an insulation layer, which is different from the

• formation of a solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer in Li systems. One of the main challenges in the commercialization of Mg-ion batteries is the incompatibility of the magnesium anode with the electrolytes because of the formation of this Mg2+ film. Recently, Sb has been suggested as an alternative

Design and facile synthesis of defect-rich C-MoS₂/rGO nanosheets for enhanced lithium–sulfur battery performance

• Chengxiang Tian,
• Juwei Wu,
• Zheng Ma,
• Bo Li,
• Pengcheng Li,
• Xiaotao Zu and
• Xia Xiang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2251–2260, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.217

• discharge products (Li2S2 and Li2S) and sulfur result in a slow charge and discharge process and a low specific capacity [3]. Intermediate products of battery charge and discharge (Li2Sn, where 3 ≤ n ≤ 8) are soluble in the electrolyte and can also migrate to the lithium metal anode and precipitate there [4

A novel all-fiber-based LiFePO₄/Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ battery with self-standing nanofiber membrane electrodes

• Li-li Chen,
• Hua Yang,
• Mao-xiang Jing,
• Chong Han,
• Fei Chen,
• Xin-yu Hu,
• Wei-yong Yuan,
• Shan-shan Yao and
• Xiang-qian Shen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2229–2237, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.215

• reductive inert atmosphere. However, TiO2 itself is a relatively stable anode material [42], so the appearance of such impurities would not affect the performance of the electrode. The Raman spectra of the two fiber materials in Figure 6 show two characteristic peaks at 1350 cm−1 and 1580 cm−1 corresponding

• . Table S1 in Supporting Information File 1 lists the electrochemical performance obtained in some related works. It can be seen that the flexible self-standing LiFePO4/C fiber membrane cathode and Li4Ti5O12/C fiber membrane anode in this work show a comparable electrochemical performance. In addition

• assembled in an Ar-filled glovebox by using lithium foil as anode and 1 M LiPF6 electrolyte (ethylene carbonate/dimethyl carbonate/ethyl methyl carbonate = 1:1:1). A Celgard 2400 polypropylene membrane was used as separator. The cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements were

The importance of design in nanoarchitectonics: multifractality in MACE silicon nanowires

• Stefania Carapezzi and
• Anna Cavallini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2094–2102, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.204

• anisotropic wet etching technique where the sculpting of the nanostructures is catalyzed by a discontinuous thin film of noble metal deposited on a substrate. The metal works as a local cathode where the reduction of oxidants occurs. The underneath semiconductor is the local anode where a charge-mediated

Facile synthesis of carbon nanotube-supported NiO//Fe₂O₃ for all-solid-state supercapacitors

• Shengming Zhang,
• Xuhui Wang,
• Yan Li,
• Xuemei Mu,
• Yaxiong Zhang,
• Jingwei Du,
• Guo Liu,
• Xiaohui Hua,
• Yingzhuo Sheng,
• Erqing Xie and
• Zhenxing Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1923–1932, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.188

• carbon cloth–carbon nanotube@metal oxide (CC-CNT@MO) three-dimensional structures combine the high specific capacitance and rich redox sites of metal oxides with the large specific area and high electrical conductivity of carbon nanotubes. The prepared CC-CNT@Fe2O3 anode reaches a high capacity of 226

• this method to prepare CNT@NiO composites. NiO is a potential positive material offering high theoretical capacity, nontoxicity, and environmentally benign nature [25]. Through aqueous reduction, Fe2O3-coated CNT on carbon cloth (CC-CNT@Fe2O3) as anode and NiO-coated CNT on carbon cloth (CC-CNT@NiO) as

• Discussion Figure 1 shows the process of synthesizing cathode and anode, and finally, the asymmetric supercapacitor. The details can be seen in the Experimental section. Anode material CC-CNT@Fe2O3 CNTs were grown on CC by chemical vapour deposition (CVD). As shown in Figure 2a, CNTs grow homogeneously with

TiO₂/GO-coated functional separator to suppress polysulfide migration in lithium–sulfur batteries

• Ning Liu,
• Lu Wang,
• Taizhe Tan,
• Yan Zhao and
• Yongguang Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1726–1736, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.168

• but suffer from poor cyclic performance due to the dissolution of intermediate polysulfides. Herein, a lightweight nanoporous TiO2 and graphene oxide (GO) composite is prepared and utilized as an interlayer between a Li anode and a sulfur cathode to suppress the polysulfide migration and improve the

• issues, researchers have adopted various techniques, such as optimization of the cathode material [16][17][18], incorporation of electrolyte additives [19], and protection of the anode [20]. Recently, much attention has been directed to the development of a functional separator, which serves as an

• /GO-coated separator was introduced between the Li anode and sulfur cathode as a highly efficient polysulfide absorber. The TiO2/GO composite was prepared by dealloying, as reported elsewhere [35], and subsequent spray drying. It has been demonstrated that the utilization of the TiO2/GO composite

Tuning the performance of vanadium redox flow batteries by modifying the structural defects of the carbon felt electrode

• Ditty Dixon,
• Deepu Joseph Babu,
• Aiswarya Bhaskar,
• Hans-Michael Bruns,
• Joerg J. Schneider,
• Frieder Scheiba and
• Helmut Ehrenberg

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1698–1706, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.165

• (NHE)) reaction is very close to HER (0 V vs NHE). To minimize the HER, the negative electrode surface structure should be tuned in such a way that it tends to preferably bind V3+/V2+ ions over H+ ions. Creating oxygen functional groups on the surface of the anode is one way to achieve this [5][6

• -treated electrode is higher than that with the heat-treated electrode. Therefore, for achieving the optimum VRFB performance, the electrodes, especially the anode, must be tuned for defects such as N-substitution as well as oxygen functionality (specifically –O–C=O groups). The present study predicts that

• the combination of various plasma techniques (O2/N2) and thermal activation could produce an ideal electrode for the anode in VRFB. Conclusion When PAN-based GFD-type felts are subjected to N2 plasma treatment, defects are formed on the carbon felt. In addition to the increase in the amount of

Nanoporous smartPearls for dermal application – Identification of optimal silica types and a scalable production process as prerequisites for marketed products

• David Hespeler,
• Sanaa El Nomeiri,
• Jonas Kaltenbach and
• Rainer H. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1666–1678, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.162

• = 2–60°) was applied and the goniometer was equipped with a Cu anode (Cu Kα, λ= 0.15406 nm) at a voltage of 40 kV and current of 35 mA. Light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) Light microscope imaging was performed using a Motic microscope (BA210, Motic Deutschland GmbH, Germany

Materials nanoarchitectonics at two-dimensional liquid interfaces

• Katsuhiko Ariga,
• Michio Matsumoto,
• Taizo Mori and
• Lok Kumar Shrestha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1559–1587, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.153

• confirmed by steady-state optical spectroscopy. Photovoltaic cells with one-dimensional C60 nanorods as active layer sandwiched by an indium tin oxide anode and an aluminium cathode exhibited enhanced photovoltaic capabilities. It also led to a significant enhancement of photogenerated charge carriers as

Rapid thermal annealing for high-quality ITO thin films deposited by radio-frequency magnetron sputtering

• Petronela Prepelita,
• Ionel Stavarache,
• Doina Craciun,
• Florin Garoi,
• Catalin Negrila,
• Beatrice Gabriela Sbarcea and
• Valentin Craciun

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1511–1522, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.149

• spectroscopy (XPS) method. A SPECS spectrometer with a PHOIBOS RX 150 analyzer and a Specs XR–50 M source was operated with a monochromatic Al anode (hν = 1486.61 eV) at 300 W. The charging effect of the sample deposited onto the quartz substrate is compensated for with a Specs FG15/40 flood gun. The chemical

Synthesis of P- and N-doped carbon catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction via controlled phosphoric acid treatment of folic acid

• Rieko Kobayashi,
• Takafumi Ishii,
• Yasuo Imashiro and
• Jun-ichi Ozaki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1497–1510, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.148

• fuel cells (PEFCs), both anode and cathode reactions are catalyzed by Pt. Compared to the anode reaction, the cathode reaction, namely the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), is rather slow and hence requires the use of larger amounts of Pt [1], which increases the cost of PEFCs and prevents their wide

• activity, as the cathode catalyst and a commercial Pt/C catalyst as the anode catalyst is presented in Figure 10. The initial voltage was 0.86 V and the cell voltage decreased the current density. The red curve indicated the power density of the cell, which showed a maximum value of 141 mW/cm2. Discussion

• ((5 wt % solution of lower aliphatic alcohols, Aldrich), ionomer/catalyst weight ratio ≈ 0.7:1) was sprayed onto a diffusion layer (29BC, SGL CARBON GmbH). A Pt/C catalyst was used as the anode (catalyst loading = 0.3 mg·cm−2), and PH-700 was used as the cathode (catalyst loading = 3.5 mg·cm−2). A 5

Flexible freestanding MoS₂-based composite paper for energy conversion and storage

• Florian Zoller,
• Jan Luxa,
• Thomas Bein,
• Dina Fattakhova-Rohlfing,
• Daniel Bouša and
• Zdeněk Sofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1488–1496, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.147

• extend their application to large energy storage systems or to the electromobility sector, an improvement in the energy storage capacity is necessary. Layered dichalcogenide materials such as molybdenum sulfide (MoS2) are promising candidates for the replacement of the commercial anode material graphite

• high flexibility and combines the high conductivity of SWCNTs and electrochemical potential of MoS2. We also show that the material finds use as an anode in LIBs, supercapacitor electrodes and HER catalyst. The application for LIBs seems particularly promising as this composite material requires no

• -based composite paper was also tested as an anode material for LIBs. Hence, the MoS2-based composite paper was used directly as an anode without any binder, carbon additive or a Cu-foil current collector. Figure 5a shows the first four cycles of the cyclic voltammetry (CV) curves of the MoS2-based

Hierarchically structured 3D carbon nanotube electrodes for electrocatalytic applications

• Pei Wang,
• Katarzyna Kulp and
• Michael Bron

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1475–1487, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.146

• energy conversion and storage, since they, in addition to their nonpolluting nature and low operating temperature, run on an easily handled and cheap liquid fuel. However, the slow kinetics of methanol oxidation at the anode and the methanol crossover through the electrolyte membrane from anode to

Multicomponent bionanocomposites based on clay nanoarchitectures for electrochemical devices

• Giulia Lo Dico,
• Bernd Wicklein,
• Lorenzo Lisuzzo,
• Giuseppe Lazzara,
• Pilar Aranda and
• Eduardo Ruiz-Hitzky

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1303–1315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.129

• strong and, in some cases, might cause the loss of the biological functionality [60]. Application of foam-GOx as anode in a membrane-less and open-air biofuel cell It is well known that redox mediators are required for most of the GOx-based bioelectrocatalysis applications to guarantee an efficient

• [71]: The reaction occurring on the anode surface is: while the Pt cathode catalyses the reaction: Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) experiments were carried out to evaluate the electrocatalytic properties of the bionanocomposite Foam-GOx as 3D bio-anode. Figure 5D displays the catalytic behaviour during

• cathode surface. The presence of the acidic medium, in fact, can favour the proton migration from the anode to the cathode surface leading to an increase of the half-cell potential [70]. The power output of the EBC was different for the two pH values. Compared to pH 7 the cell working at pH 5.5 exhibits

Alloyed Pt₃M (M = Co, Ni) nanoparticles supported on S- and N-doped carbon nanotubes for the oxygen reduction reaction

• Stéphane Louisia,
• Yohann R. J. Thomas,
• Pierre Lecante,
• Marie Heitzmann,
• M. Rosa Axet,
• Pierre-André Jacques and
• Philippe Serp

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1251–1269, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.125

• contain 20% weigh ratio of Nafion (equivalent weight: 1000), each square centimeter of cathodic active layer contains 0.18 µmol of sulfonic acid site. The anode is composed of 0.2 mgPt·cm−2 and a Nafion content of 25%, which leads to 0.13 µmol of sulfonic acid site per square centimeter of MEA. According

Playing with covalent triazine framework tiles for improved CO₂ adsorption properties and catalytic performance

• Giulia Tuci,
• Andree Iemhoff,
• Housseinou Ba,
• Lapo Luconi,
• Andrea Rossin,
• Vasiliki Papaefthimiou,
• Regina Palkovits,
• Jens Artz,
• Cuong Pham-Huu and
• Giuliano Giambastiani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1217–1227, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.121

• ) measurements were performed in an ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) Thermo-VG scientific spectrometer equipped with a CLAM4 (MCD) hemispherical electron analyser. The Al Kα line (1486.6 eV) of a dual anode X-ray source was used as incident radiation. Survey and high-resolution spectra were recorded in constant pass

In situ AFM visualization of Li–O₂ battery discharge products during redox cycling in an atmospherically controlled sample cell

• Kumar Virwani,
• Younes Ansari,
• Khanh Nguyen,
• Francisco José Alía Moreno-Ortiz,
• Jangwoo Kim,
• Maxwell J. Giammona,
• Ho-Cheol Kim and
• Young-Hye La

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 930–940, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.94

• of a donut-shaped polyethylene separator (Figure 1d) and lithium (Figure 1e) anode. The electrical contact to the lithium anode was made using stainless steel (Figure 1b). The entire assembly was performed inside of the glove box (<0.1 ppm H2O and O2), allowing the assembled cell to be free of

Fabrication of silver nanoisland films by pulsed laser deposition for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

• Bogusław Budner,
• Mariusz Kuźma,
• Barbara Nasiłowska,
• Bartosz Bartosewicz,
• Malwina Liszewska and
• Bartłomiej J. Jankiewicz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 882–893, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.89

• deposited silver layers X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used (XPS spectrometer, Prevac Company). The measurements were made using an X-ray source equipped with an Al anode emitting X-ray radiation with photon energy of 1486.6 eV. The analysis of registered XPS spectra was performed in the CasaXPS

Synthesis of MnO₂–CuO–Fe₂O₃/CNTs catalysts: low-temperature SCR activity and formation mechanism

• Yanbing Zhang,
• Lihua Liu,
• Yingzan Chen,
• Xianglong Cheng,
• Chengjian Song,
• Mingjie Ding and
• Haipeng Zhao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 848–855, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.85

• on a Thermo Scientific ESCALAB 250 spectrometer equipped with a dual Al/Mg anode (0.6 eV resolution). Catalytic activity The SCR activity tests were carried out in a fixed-bed quartz reactor using 0.15 g catalyst in each test. The reaction gas consisted of [O2] = 5%, [NO] = [NH3] = 400 ppm, balanced

Trapping polysulfide on two-dimensional molybdenum disulfide for Li–S batteries through phase selection with optimized binding

• Sha Dong,
• Xiaoli Sun and
• Zhiguo Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 774–780, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.77

• is composed of a sulfur cathode and a metallic Li anode, with an organic liquid electrolyte as the ionic conductor, and a porous separator. The Li–S batteries undergo the reaction of 16Li + S8 → 8Li2S, with a simplified reaction sequence of S8 → Li2S8 → Li2S6/Li2S4 → Li2S2/Li2S. Low coulombic

• polysulfides (LPSs) (Li2Sx, x = 4–8) in the organic electrolyte solvent will migrate and react with the lithium anode, which results in capacity fading and low coulombic efficiency [7][8]. The major issue is the complex diffusion of LPSs, which in combination with the subsequent redox reactions is known as the

An iridescent film of porous anodic aluminum oxide with alternatingly electrodeposited Cu and SiO₂ nanoparticles

• Menglei Chang,
• Huawen Hu,
• Haiyan Quan,
• Hongyang Wei,
• Zhangyi Xiong,
• Jiacong Lu,
• Pin Luo,
• Yaoheng Liang,
• Jianzhen Ou and
• Dongchu Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 735–745, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.73

• stainless steel tube and a carbon fiber as the anode and cathode under the action of a circular electric field, respectively, resulting in a cylindrical fibrous structure. The control over the electrodeposition voltage and time allowed for the fabrication of fibers with different thicknesses, and the

A porous 3D-RGO@MWCNT hybrid material as Li–S battery cathode

• Yongguang Zhang,
• Jun Ren,
• Yan Zhao,
• Taizhe Tan,
• Fuxing Yin and
• Yichao Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 514–521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.52

• radiation. Electrochemical measurements CR2025 coin batteries were assembled using S-3D-RGO@MWCNT as the cathode, 1 M lithium bistrifluoromethanesulfonimide and 0.1 M LiNO3 in a mixed solution of DME-DOL (1:1 by volume) as electrolyte, a Li foil as anode, and a Celgard 2300 membrane as separator. The

Widening of the electroactivity potential range by composite formation – capacitive properties of TiO₂/BiVO₄/PEDOT:PSS electrodes in contact with an aqueous electrolyte

• Konrad Trzciński,
• Mariusz Szkoda,
• Andrzej P. Nowak,
• Marcin Łapiński and
• Anna Lisowska-Oleksiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 483–493, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.49

• after the hydrogenation process were performed by using X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS). The XPS measurements were performed using an Argus (Omicron NanoTechnology) X-ray photoelectron spectrometer. The photoelectrons were excited by a Mg Kα X-ray source. The X-ray anode was operated at 15 keV