Kelvin probe force microscopy of the nanoscale electrical surface potential barrier of metal/semiconductor interfaces in ambient atmosphere

• Petr Knotek,
• Tomáš Plecháček,
• Jan Smolík,
• Petr Kutálek,
• Filip Dvořák,
• Milan Vlček,
• Jiří Navrátil and
• Čestmír Drašar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1401–1411, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.138

• voltage of 20 kV (which results in a penetration depth of the electrons of 1 µm into Bi2Se3) for a period of maximally 360 s. The work function (WF) was determined by utraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) using a helium gas discharge source with He I radiation (hν = 21.22 eV). All UPS measurements

Fabrication of phase masks from amorphous carbon thin films for electron-beam shaping

• Lukas Grünewald,
• Dagmar Gerthsen and
• Simon Hettler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1290–1302, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.128

• penetration depth of the Ga ions in the material of the thin film. The thickness amplitude is smaller than expected, because even though the FIB is only scanned azimuthally along the minima, sputtering also takes place near the maxima of the sinusoidal structure and decreases the total thickness of the thin

Tungsten disulfide-based nanocomposites for photothermal therapy

• Tzuriel Levin,
• Hagit Sade,
• Rina Ben-Shabbat Binyamini,
• Maayan Pour,
• Iftach Nachman and
• Jean-Paul Lellouche

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 811–822, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.81

• accumulate on the tumor area, absorb light, and release it as heat, killing the cancerous cells. The light is generated by a laser, in a near-infrared (NIR) wavelength range (750–1000 nm). NIR irradiation has low off-target interaction and a high penetration depth of ca. 1–2 cm in the human body. PTT

Biomimetic synthesis of Ag-coated glasswing butterfly arrays as ultra-sensitive SERS substrates for efficient trace detection of pesticides

• Guochao Shi,
• Mingli Wang,
• Yanying Zhu,
• Yuhong Wang,
• Xiaoya Yan,
• Xin Sun,
• Haijun Xu and
• Wanli Ma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 578–588, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.59

• , respectively. Therefore, the ratio of ISERS/Ibulk was calculated to be 2052.80. The Nbulk was calculated according to Equation 2: where A is the laser spot area, h is the laser penetration depth, cbulk is the concentration of the CV solution and NA is the Avogadro constant. In the Raman measurement, the

• diameter of the illumination spot was ca. 1 µm and the penetration depth was ca. 3 mm. Hence, the value of Nbulk was ca. 1.42 × 1010. According to the above analysis, when the concentration of the CV was 10−6 M, the CV molecules were absorbed as a monolayer on the surface of the Ag-G.b.-20 substrate. The

Improving control of carbide-derived carbon microstructure by immobilization of a transition-metal catalyst within the shell of carbide/carbon core–shell structures

• Teguh Ariyanto,
• Jan Glaesel,
• Andreas Kern,
• Gui-Rong Zhang and
• Bastian J. M. Etzold

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 419–427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.41

• , while the spectra of CDC-Ni10 and CDC-Ni60 are similar. The reason for the deviation from the other characterization results could be the penetration depth of the Raman laser, which probably is probing especially the shell of the core–shell material. As the initial shell is produced without

Advanced scanning probe lithography using anatase-to-rutile transition to create localized TiO₂ nanorods

• Julian Kalb,
• Vanessa Knittel and
• Lukas Schmidt-Mende

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 412–418, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.40

• was not observed that different probes result in changes of the presented structure. Last but not least, a look at the penetration depth of this method is taken. For this purpose, a 3 nm thin SiO2 layer was deposited on the anatase film. Even after scratching hundreds of times at the same position

Zn/F-doped tin oxide nanoparticles synthesized by laser pyrolysis: structural and optical properties

• Florian Dumitrache,
• Iuliana P. Morjan,
• Elena Dutu,
• Ion Morjan,
• Claudiu Teodor Fleaca,
• Monica Scarisoreanu,
• Alina Ilie,
• Marius Dumitru,
• Cristian Mihailescu,
• Adriana Smarandache and
• Gabriel Prodan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 9–21, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.2

• compositional gradient in the nanopowder (the superficial F concentration is higher than in the inner zone of the nanoparticle). The XPS analysis is only sensitive to surface areas, with a penetration depth of a few nanometers, while EDX evaluates the average composition on the irradiated area (containing more

• than 1000 particles in average), thus its penetration depth exceeds the mean particle size (few tens of nanometers). Consequently, the predominant presence of F at the nanopowder surface may be evidence for the assumption that freshly formed nanoclusters have a catalytic role in the partial

Size limits of magnetic-domain engineering in continuous in-plane exchange-bias prototype films

• Alexander Gaul,
• Daniel Emmrich,
• Timo Ueltzhöffer,
• Henning Huckfeldt,
• Hatice Doğanay,
• Johanna Hackl,
• Muhammad Imtiaz Khan,
• Daniel M. Gottlob,
• Gregor Hartmann,
• André Beyer,
• Dennis Holzinger,
• Slavomír Nemšák,
• Claus M. Schneider,
• Armin Gölzhäuser,
• Günter Reiss and
• Arno Ehresmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2968–2979, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.276

• entering the layer system orthogonally to the surface. The resulting penetration depth z and the lateral x/z distributions were extracted from the IONZ3D file of the program (Figure 5b). The lateral energy transfer distribution for each data set on the z-axis Θz(x) was approximated by a Gaussian normal

• transfer by ionization per ion. The positions of layer borders are indicated by black lines. (a) Energy loss Az as a function of the penetration depth z. (b) Spatial energy transfer distribution in the xz-plane with the ion beam at a lateral width of x = 0 nm and the surface position at z = 0 nm. (c) Beam

Time-resolved universal temperature measurements using NaYF₄:Er³⁺,Yb³⁺ upconverting nanoparticles in an electrospray jet

• Kristina Shrestha,
• Arwa A. Alaulamie,
• Ali Rafiei Miandashti and
• Hugh H. Richardson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2916–2924, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.270

• UCNPs minimizes tissue damage [2], is relatively free of background fluorescence [3], and has a high penetration depth [3][4]. Time-resolved temperature measurements using the luminescence intensity ratio (LIR) of UCNPs are rare [5][6]. Here we show that NaYF4:Er3+,Yb3+ UCNPs can provide time-resolved

Charged particle single nanometre manufacturing

• Philip D. Prewett,
• Cornelis W. Hagen,
• Claudia Lenk,
• Steve Lenk,
• Marcus Kaestner,
• Tzvetan Ivanov,
• Ahmad Ahmad,
• Ivo W. Rangelow,
• Xiaoqing Shi,
• Stuart A. Boden,
• Alex P. G. Robinson,
• Dongxu Yang,
• Sangeetha Hari,
• Marijke Scotuzzi and
• Ejaz Huq

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2855–2882, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.266

• familiar 69,71Ga+ LMIS [18]. Such a heavy ion unfortunately produces loss of resist by sputter erosion. Also, because of its size, nuclear stopping in the resist layer limits the penetration depth of the 69,71Ga+ion beam to a few tens of nanometres at typical beam energies of 20–30 keV. Thus, despite some

Disorder in H⁺-irradiated HOPG: effect of impinging energy and dose on Raman D-band splitting and surface topography

• Lisandro Venosta,
• Noelia Bajales,
• Sergio Suárez and
• Paula G. Bercoff

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2708–2717, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.253

• 50 μC, assures a dose of 1016 H+ ions/cm2, while a dose of 1014 ions/cm2 is achieved with a charge of 1 μC. The irradiation energy was chosen according to the desired penetration depth of the ions in the sample, previously calculated via numeric simulations using the software SRIM [29]. Approximate

• , and in particular the D2 component, is strongly dominated by the dose rather than the H+ penetration depth (energy). This result discloses that a larger contribution of defects, originating from a rupture of C–C sp2 bond symmetry through the formation of C–H sp3 bonds, is expected in the D2 component

Nanoantenna structures for the detection of phonons in nanocrystals

• Alexander G. Milekhin,
• Sergei A. Kuznetsov,
• Ilya A. Milekhin,
• Larisa L. Sveshnikova,
• Tatyana A. Duda,
• Ekaterina E. Rodyakina,
• Alexander V. Latyshev,
• Volodymyr M. Dzhagan and
• Dietrich R. T. Zahn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2646–2656, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.246

• nanoantenna arrays on the LSPR energy, as well as the LSP penetration depth into SiO2 were established [12]. We also showed that diffraction modes in linear Au nanoantenna arrays propagating along the Si surface and perpendicular to the nanoantennas [24] can be effectively employed for further enhancement of

High-temperature magnetism and microstructure of a semiconducting ferromagnetic (GaSb)_1−x(MnSb)_x alloy

• Leonid N. Oveshnikov,
• Elena I. Nekhaeva,
• Alexey V. Kochura,
• Alexander B. Davydov,
• Mikhail A. Shakhov,
• Sergey F. Marenkin,
• Oleg A. Novodvorskii,
• Alexander P. Kuzmenko,
• Alexander L. Vasiliev,
• Boris A. Aronzon and
• Erkki Lahderanta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2457–2465, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.230

• with the effective penetration depth of the carrier (hole) wave function, lp, under triangular barrier. Taking into account that the energy gap in GaSb is Eg = 0.7 eV and the Schottky barrier height is about (1/3)Eg[21], the value of dbarrier can be estimated as 2 nm at Np = 1020 cm−3 while lp is of

Metal–dielectric hybrid nanoantennas for efficient frequency conversion at the anapole mode

• Valerio F. Gili,
• Lavinia Ghirardini,
• Davide Rocco,
• Giuseppe Marino,
• Ivan Favero,
• Iännis Roland,
• Giovanni Pellegrini,
• Lamberto Duò,
• Marco Finazzi,
• Luca Carletti,
• Andrea Locatelli,
• Aristide Lemaître,
• Dragomir Neshev,
• Costantino De Angelis,
• Giuseppe Leo and
• Michele Celebrano

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2306–2314, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.215

• nanoantennas is instead one of the most successful approaches to compensate for the lack of phase-matching and long interaction lengths at the nanoscale [11]. However, metals display large material losses in the visible range and limit the penetration depth of electric fields, thereby hindering the beneficial

Increasing the performance of a superconducting spin valve using a Heusler alloy

• Andrey A. Kamashev,
• Aidar A. Validov,
• Joachim Schumann,
• Vladislav Kataev,
• Bernd Büchner,
• Yakov V. Fominov and
• Ilgiz A. Garifullin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1764–1769, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.167

• of the HA layer and to 70% at Tsub = 600 K. In the AFM/F1/N1/F2/N2/S structure it would be advantageous to achieve a penetration depth of the Cooper pairs into F2 ferromagnetic layer as large as possible. This means that the spin polarization of the conduction band should be small. To fulfill this

• the maximum magnitude of the spin-valve effect ΔTc, the thickness dF2 of the F2 layer proximate to the S layer should be of the order or smaller than the penetration depth of the Cooper pairs into the F2 layer, . Here h is the exchange splitting of the conduction band of a ferromagnet. The thinner the

Multimodal noncontact atomic force microscopy and Kelvin probe force microscopy investigations of organolead tribromide perovskite single crystals

• Yann Almadori,
• David Moerman,
• Jaume Llacer Martinez,
• Philippe Leclère and
• Benjamin Grévin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1695–1704, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.161

• , it has been indeed argued that the responsive layer is much thicker that the light penetration depth due to the diffusion of photocarriers in the bulk [16]. In turn, the SPV (more precisely its fast component) originates from the contributions of oppositely charged photocarriers located on either

Imaging of viscoelastic soft matter with small indentation using higher eigenmodes in single-eigenmode amplitude-modulation atomic force microscopy

• Miead Nikfarjam,
• Enrique A. López-Guerra,
• Santiago D. Solares and
• Babak Eslami

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1116–1122, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.103

• indentation depth as a function of the setpoint ratio of the modulated amplitude. As the results show, AM-AFM using the second eigenmode has the smallest penetration depth. On the other hand, bimodal AFM leads to the greatest tip penetration, since there are “kiAi” contributions from two eigenmodes. The kinks

Bombyx mori silk/titania/gold hybrid materials for photocatalytic water splitting: combining renewable raw materials with clean fuels

• Stefanie Krüger,
• Michael Schwarze,
• Otto Baumann,
• Christina Günter,
• Michael Bruns,
• Christian Kübel,
• Dorothée Vinga Szabó,
• Rafael Meinusch,
• Verónica de Zea Bermudez and
• Andreas Taubert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 187–204, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.21

• , Supporting Information File 1) suggests that the penetration depth of the AuNP reaches up to 120 µm, judging from the purple color visible in the optical micrographs. The absence of PEO affects the color of the TS samples. TS_Au2.5 is light purple but the color is less intense than in TPS_Au2.5. Again, the

• variation of the Au salt concentration leads to a color change. In contrast to TPS_Aux, however, the surfaces of TS_Au5.6 and TS_Au6.1 do not show intensification of the purple color, but instead an increasing gray hue. Moreover, the penetration depth of the Au – again judging by the color – is 400 µm; this

• fact that the amount of HAuCl4·3H2O used for the synthesis was higher than in TPS_Au2.5. Furthermore, the particles are more clearly separated from one another. TEM also suggests that the AuNPs have a higher penetration depth in the TS-based materials than in the TPS_Aux materials, which is consistent

Electron-driven and thermal chemistry during water-assisted purification of platinum nanomaterials generated by electron beam induced deposition

• Ziyan Warneke,
• Markus Rohdenburg,
• Jonas Warneke,
• Janina Kopyra and
• Petra Swiderek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 77–90, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.10

• when the irradiated molecular layers were sufficiently thick. This effect was explained by deactivation of the OH radicals by capturing of thermalized electrons, an effect that can only occur near the surface and not below a depth roughly corresponding to the effective penetration depth of the electron

Study of the vertically aligned in-plane switching liquid crystal mode in microscale periodic electric fields

• Artur R. Geivandov,
• Mikhail I. Barnik,
• Irina V. Kasyanova and
• Serguei P. Palto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 11–19, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.2

• elastic deformation from the surface into the bulk. The relaxation time of the bulk mode depends on the penetration depth of the deformation into the LC layer volume along the layer normal. This depth can be controlled by both the driving pulse duration and the thickness of the LC layer. By varying the

Hyperthermic intracavitary nanoaerosol therapy (HINAT) as an improved approach for pressurised intraperitoneal aerosol chemotherapy (PIPAC): Technical description, experimental validation and first proof of concept

• Daniel Göhler,
• Stephan Große,
• Alexander Bellendorf,
• Thomas Albert Falkenstein,
• Mehdi Ouaissi,
• Jürgen Zieren,
• Michael Stintz and
• Urs Giger-Pabst

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2729–2740, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.272

• , Erlangen, Germany) and analysed by means of suitable add-ons for planar scintigraphy (MM Oncology application) and SPECT-CT (mMR General application). Multilocal in-tissue penetration (ITP) depth analyses Multilocal in-tissue doxorubicin penetration depth analyses were performed after doxorubicin exposure

• liquid nitrogen. Analyses of in-tissue doxorubicin penetration depth (i.e., distance between luminal surface and innermost positive staining for doxorubicin accumulation) were performed by confocal laser microscopy (Leica TCS SP8, Leica Microsystems GmbH, Wetzlar, Germany) with immersion oil on ten

• , but also on electrostatic and thermophoretic effects. In order to estimate the actual drug dose for scintigraphic peritoneography and multilocal in-tissue penetration depth analyses, the peritoneal drug deposition efficiency was determined gravimetrically by weighing the drug chamber as well the

Localized growth of carbon nanotubes via lithographic fabrication of metallic deposits

• Fan Tu,
• Martin Drost,
• Imre Szenti,
• Janos Kiss,
• Zoltan Kónya and
• Hubertus Marbach

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2592–2605, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.260

• the bulk material dominates the detected EDX signals. For example, the penetration depth, d, of the focused electron beam with a primary energy of 10 keV within amorphous carbon or silicon can be estimated to be in the range of 1.8 µm by the following equation [44]: d (μm) = 0.1E1.5/ρ, where E is the

Comparing postdeposition reactions of electrons and radicals with Pt nanostructures created by focused electron beam induced deposition

• Julie A. Spencer,
• Michael Barclay,
• Miranda J. Gallagher,
• Robert Winkler,
• Ilyas Unlu,
• Yung-Chien Wu,
• Harald Plank,
• Lisa McElwee-White and
• D. Howard Fairbrother

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2410–2424, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.240

• surface area Pt catalysts and may reverse the effects of sintering. In marked contrast to the effect observed with AH, densification of the structure was observed during the postdeposition purification of PtCx deposits created from MeCpPtMe3 using atomic oxygen (AO), although the limited penetration depth

• occur in a top-down manner, but is rather controlled by the penetration depth of the incident electron beam. At a beam energy of 5 keV, complete carbon removal could be obtained up to an initial thickness of 150 nm. In addition to purification, the purified deposit was compacted to form a high-fidelity

• only Pt and Cl as determined by analysis in the AES system and by EDS (Figure 1b,c). Based on the attenuation of the substrate peaks in EDS, and using an estimated penetration depth of ≈200 nm for the 10 keV electron beam together with the software package CASINO v2.48 [50], the PtCl2 deposits studied

Electron beam induced deposition of silacyclohexane and dichlorosilacyclohexane: the role of dissociative ionization and dissociative electron attachment in the deposition process

• Ragesh Kumar T P,
• Sangeetha Hari,
• Krishna K Damodaran,
• Oddur Ingólfsson and
• Cornelis W. Hagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2376–2388, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.237

• substrate, significant inelastic and elastic scattering will take place at the surface and within the substrate along the penetration depth of the beam [3][4]. Furthermore, a significant number of secondary electrons are produced through inelastic ionizing scattering of the primary beam and its scattered

• size of the interaction volume in a pillar does not necessarily have to be the same as in the bulk, because of the reduced scattering in a pillar. For example, the Monte Carlo simulated mean electron penetration depth for 20 keV electrons in a flat aluminium substrate is 3200 nm [42] while the

• simulated electron penetration depth for 20 keV electrons in a pillar with a cone angle of 10° is only 240 nm [42]. Similarly, the simulated depth of the interaction volume for 20 keV electrons in bulk SiO2 is ca. 3 μm [43], while the calculated averaged depth of the interaction volume for 20 keV electrons

Bi-layer sandwich film for antibacterial catheters

• Gerhard Franz,
• Florian Schamberger,
• Hamideh Heidari Zare,
• Sara Felicitas Bröskamp and
• Dieter Jocham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1982–2001, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.199

• of the depositing molecules decreases exponentially with penetration depth not only by diffusion but also by deposition losses, which causes a steeply dropping layer thickness. The reaction can occur in the gas phase as well as during or after the process of condensation (physisorption). By diluting