Recent progress in perovskite solar cells: the perovskite layer

• Xianfeng Dai,
• Ke Xu and
• Fanan Wei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 51–60, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.5

• adjusting the number of 2D inorganic layers. Chen et al. [59] studied the effect of the treatment with solvents of different polarities and boiling points on the crystallinity, crystal orientation, grain size and film quality of 2DRP perovskites. Dimethylacetamide (DMAC), which has a low polarity and a

Influence of the epitaxial composition on N-face GaN KOH etch kinetics determined by ICP-OES

• Markus Tautz,
• Maren T. Kuchenbrod,
• Joachim Hertkorn,
• Robert Weinberger,
• Martin Welzel,
• Arno Pfitzner and
• David Díaz Díaz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 41–50, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.4

• and a 2D GaN layer with a combined thickness of 2000 nm. A, C and E contained a rudimentary MQW to allow for photoluminescence microscopy (PLM) analysis of dislocation density. Wafer processing After growth with Ga-polarity, the Ga-face of epilayers were bonded to silicon carriers with a non-ohmic

The different ways to chitosan/hyaluronic acid nanoparticles: templated vs direct complexation. Influence of particle preparation on morphology, cell uptake and silencing efficiency

• Arianna Gennari,
• Julio M. Rios de la Rosa,
• Erwin Hohn,
• Maria Pelliccia,
• Enrique Lallana,
• Roberto Donno,
• Annalisa Tirella and
• Nicola Tirelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2594–2608, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.250

• water, 5 min with 20 mM phosphate buffer at pH 7.4 (running buffer), 1 min with 0.1 M NaOH, 1 min with deionized water, and finally 1.5 min with the running buffer. Each sample was then injected at 0.5 psi for 10 s, applying 15 kV between the anode and the injection site (normal polarity) for 60 min. At

Long-term entrapment and temperature-controlled-release of SF₆ gas in metal–organic frameworks (MOFs)

• Hana Bunzen,
• Andreas Kalytta-Mewes,
• Leo van Wüllen and
• Dirk Volkmer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1851–1859, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.180

• include tuning the pore properties, such as polarity, or introducing open metal sides for a better interaction between the guest and host material [5][7][11]. Recently, we reported on an alternative approach which dealt with kinetic trapping of gas molecules in MOFs [12]. This approach is based on using

Processing nanoporous organic polymers in liquid amines

• Jeehye Byun,
• Damien Thirion and
• Cafer T. Yavuz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1844–1850, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.179

• of EDA on the nitrile groups by a nucleophilic attack [23], so that the alkylamine chain connected to the nitrile functionality can increase the polarity of the polymeric chains, making COP-100 soluble. However, as shown in Figure 4, FTIR spectra of COP-100, COP-100-Film, and COP-100-Precip. showed

Kelvin probe force microscopy of the nanoscale electrical surface potential barrier of metal/semiconductor interfaces in ambient atmosphere

• Petr Knotek,
• Tomáš Plecháček,
• Jan Smolík,
• Petr Kutálek,
• Filip Dvořák,
• Milan Vlček,
• Jiří Navrátil and
• Čestmír Drašar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1401–1411, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.138

• barrier (surface contact potential) value and the polarity can be controlled by the barrier-forming metal NPs (Au, Mo) and can reflect their different chemical behavior with the Bi2Se3 matrix. These metals were selected due to the different interaction with the matrix, as Au can diffuse to the Bi2Se3

Molecular attachment to a microscope tip: inelastic tunneling, Kondo screening, and thermopower

• Rouzhaji Tuerhong,
• Mauro Boero and
• Jean-Pierre Bucher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1243–1250, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.124

• of the MnPc junction shows a strong asymmetry with the polarity of the junction. The asymmetry is difficult to explain by simple means. However, we noticed that for the large-gap resistance (larger tip–sample distances) the effect progressively washes out, see the spectra of Figure 4a below. As a

Electroluminescence and current–voltage measurements of single-(In,Ga)N/GaN-nanowire light-emitting diodes in a nanowire ensemble

• David van Treeck,
• Johannes Ledig,
• Gregor Scholz,
• Jonas Lähnemann,
• Mattia Musolino,
• Abbes Tahraoui,
• Oliver Brandt,
• Andreas Waag,
• Henning Riechert and
• Lutz Geelhaar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1177–1187, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.117

• , the intensity of which changes in a characteristic way with current. This phenomenon is caused by the N polarity of the NWs and the three-dimensional strain profile resulting from elastic relaxation at the free sidewall surfaces, as previously shown in [7]. I–V curves acquired for single-NW LEDs

Trapping polysulfide on two-dimensional molybdenum disulfide for Li–S batteries through phase selection with optimized binding

• Sha Dong,
• Xiaoli Sun and
• Zhiguo Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 774–780, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.77

• as an efficient approach to improve the electrochemical performance. Due to the polarity of LPSs species, the interaction between LPSs and anchoring materials can be enhanced through polar–polar interactions. Graphene-based materials have been considered as anchoring materials due to their high

A comparison of tarsal morphology and traction force in the two burying beetles Nicrophorus nepalensis and Nicrophorus vespilloides (Coleoptera, Silphidae)

• Liesa Schnee,
• Benjamin Sampalla,
• Josef K. Müller and
• Oliver Betz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 47–61, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.5

• smooth and rough surfaces with clipped claws. Both species demonstrated poor traction forces on micro-rough surfaces. Results concerning the impact of surface polarity were inconclusive, whereas roughness more strongly affected the attachment performance in both species. Nanotribometric analyses of the

• surface polarity. We conclude that the investigated morphological traits are not critical for the observed interspecific difference in attachment ability on smooth surfaces. Furthermore, interspecific differences in performance are only clear on smooth surfaces and vanish on micro-rough and rough surfaces

• respective surfaces [15][16][17]. Another property that influences insect adhesion is surface polarity, which can be affected by surface roughness, apparently reinforcing hydrophobic or hydrophilic surface characteristics. The testing of both of these surface properties in combination in our experiments has

Bidirectional biomimetic flow sensing with antiparallel and curved artificial hair sensors

• Claudio Abels,
• Antonio Qualtieri,
• Toni Lober,
• Alessandro Mariotti,
• Lily D. Chambers,
• Massimo De Vittorio,
• William M. Megill and
• Francesco Rizzi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 32–46, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.4

• Civile e Industriale, Pisa, I-56122, Italy 10.3762/bjnano.10.4 Abstract Background: Flow stimuli in the natural world are varied and contain a wide variety of directional information. Nature has developed morphological polarity and bidirectional arrangements for flow sensing to filter the incoming

• sensor; biomimetics; flow direction; flow sensing; robotics; Introduction Biological lateral line organ Flow sensors in nature often have a morphological polarity, such as the hair cell sensors in the lateral line of fish [1], in jellyfish [2], arthropods [3][4] and crickets [5][6][7][8], as well as the

• by an axis of orientation of the individual hair cells) and morphological polarity [1]. As in the biological model, where hair cells within the same neuromast assume an antiparallel bending orientation with respect to each other, the presented antiparallel artificial hair sensors also demonstrated an

Size limits of magnetic-domain engineering in continuous in-plane exchange-bias prototype films

• Alexander Gaul,
• Daniel Emmrich,
• Timo Ueltzhöffer,
• Henning Huckfeldt,
• Hatice Doğanay,
• Johanna Hackl,
• Muhammad Imtiaz Khan,
• Daniel M. Gottlob,
• Gregor Hartmann,
• André Beyer,
• Dennis Holzinger,
• Slavomír Nemšák,
• Claus M. Schneider,
• Armin Gölzhäuser,
• Günter Reiss and
• Arno Ehresmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2968–2979, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.276

• charges of inverted polarity are, therefore, close together and cannot be detected by the MFM tip, averaging over a certain lateral range defined by the tip radius and the distance to the sample surface. The DW profile obtained for circular domains in the simulations also qualitatively reproduces the

Nanocellulose: Recent advances and its prospects in environmental remediation

• Katrina Pui Yee Shak,
• Yean Ling Pang and
• Shee Keat Mah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2479–2498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.232

• [138]. The interaction of cellulose with various compounds could be enhanced after introducing new functional groups in order to increase the surface polarity and hydrophilicity [87]. Reported applications of cellulose-based flocculants in wastewater treatment are summarized in Table 3. Suopajärvi and

Recent highlights in nanoscale and mesoscale friction

• Andrea Vanossi,
• Dirk Dietzel,
• Andre Schirmeisen,
• Ernst Meyer,
• Rémy Pawlak,
• Thilo Glatzel,
• Marcin Kisiel,
• Shigeki Kawai and
• Nicola Manini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1995–2014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.190

• by the action of a probing tip along a track of 100 nm on a Au(111) surface (Figure 8). The method to move the molecules is based on inelastic tunneling through which the electrons induce molecular vibrations, which then lead to increased diffusion. Depending on the polarity of the applied bias

Electromigrated electrical optical antennas for transducing electrons and photons at the nanoscale

• Arindam Dasgupta,
• Mickaël Buret,
• Nicolas Cazier,
• Marie-Maxime Mennemanteuil,
• Reinaldo Chacon,
• Kamal Hammani,
• Jean-Claude Weeber,
• Juan Arocas,
• Laurent Markey,
• Gérard Colas des Francs,
• Alexander Uskov,
• Igor Smetanin and
• Alexandre Bouhelier

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1964–1976, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.187

• Fowler–Nordheim plot of the JT(Vdc) characteristics discussed in Figure 3 is displayed in Figure 4a. Two clear minima are identified with respect to bias polarity at nearly symmetric values 1/ = −3.51 ± 0.16 V−1 and 1/ = 3.5 ± 0.09 V−1, corresponding to an average transition voltage |Vt| = 0.28 V. It is

Multimodal noncontact atomic force microscopy and Kelvin probe force microscopy investigations of organolead tribromide perovskite single crystals

• Yann Almadori,
• David Moerman,
• Jaume Llacer Martinez,
• Philippe Leclère and
• Benjamin Grévin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1695–1704, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.161

• = Wtip − Wsample, where W is the work function divided by the elementary charge in absolute value) is thus the opposite of VDC (more details about these polarity conventions can be found in [19]). In the following, the KPFM data are presented as compensation bias (Vtip = −CPD) images (also called the

• wavelengths (currently unavailable in our setup) would be necessary to draw a definitive conclusion about the wavelength dependency of the photoresponse above the bandgap. The fast surface photovoltage polarity implies that negative charges accumulate quickly under illumination beneath the surface of the

• carriers of opposite sign in the space charge region (Figure 3a). On the other hand, the opposite polarity of the slow SPV component implies that charge redistribution occurs in the system within a few seconds, which is highly likely to originate from photoinduced ion-migration mechanisms. As mentioned

Nanoscale electrochemical response of lithium-ion cathodes: a combined study using C-AFM and SIMS

• Jonathan Op de Beeck,
• Nouha Labyedh,
• Alfonso Sepúlveda,
• Valentina Spampinato,
• Alexis Franquet,
• Thierry Conard,
• Philippe M. Vereecken,
• Wilfried Vandervorst and
• Umberto Celano

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1623–1628, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.154

• approach to separate both components. Figure 1e,f proves that we can induce a local change in the conductivity of the layer when the tip is scanned with a negative polarity, which we relate to the presence of mobile Li ions in the LMO film. This effect, which has been already shown for other mixed ionic

Closed polymer containers based on phenylboronic esters of resorcinarenes

• Tatiana Yu. Sergeeva,
• Rezeda K. Mukhitova,
• Irek R. Nizameev,
• Marsil K. Kadirov,
• Polina D. Klypina,
• Albina Y. Ziganshina and
• Alexander I. Konovalov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1594–1601, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.151

• ) was examined as a container for pH- and glucose-controlled storage and as a source of substrates. Three dyes were chosen: fluorescein (Fl), pyrene (Py) and 1,3,6,8-pyrenetetrasulfonic acid tetrasodium salt (PTS). These dyes differ in polarity but all of them are used as fluorescent probes to determine

• tendency to aggregate, precise quantification of pyrene is difficult. The analysis of the UV and fluorescent spectra of D@p(SRA-B) showed that all of the used dyes are encapsulated in the cavity of p(SRA-B) despite the difference in their polarity. For Fl@p(SRA-B), a bathochromic shift of the absorption

Photoluminescence of CdSe/ZnS quantum dots in nematic liquid crystals in electric fields

• Margarita A. Kurochkina,
• Elena A. Konshina and
• Daria Khmelevskaia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1544–1549, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.145

• LC monomers and dimers [21]. The peak of the maximum luminescence intensity of QDs with 5 nm core diameter is at the wavelength of 630 nm. The quantum yield of the semiconductor NPs luminescence strongly depends on the polarity of the surrounding molecules, the electrostatic properties, the

• polarizability and the dipole moment of the nanoparticles. The enhancement of the QD luminescence results from the transfer of energy, when the channels of nonradiative deactivation of QDs are eliminated [22]. The polarity of the surrounding molecules affects the optical properties of the QDs. The interaction

Tuning adhesion forces between functionalized gold colloidal nanoparticles and silicon AFM tips: role of ligands and capillary forces

• Sven Oras,
• Sergei Vlassov,
• Marta Berholts,
• Rünno Lõhmus and
• Karine Mougin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 660–670, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.61

• the size and shape of the particles, and longer contact times may contribute to the increase of these interaction forces. The low values of adhesion obtained for –OH coated Au NPs can be explained by a possible contamination of the Au NPs deposited on the silicon wafer. Due to the high polarity of the

• –OH functional group compared to those of –NH2 and –SH groups, a higher adhesion value might have been expected. However, this high polarity of the tail group also confers a high reactivity to Au NPs, especially with contamination in air. As a result, the final adhesive behavior of the Au coated NPs

• that under ambient conditions an adsorbed thin water film exists at the NPs–substrate interface, that should increase the capillary forces and indirectly the adhesion between NPs and tip. On the other hand, high polarity of –COOH group increases the reactivity of NPs with airborne contaminants, which

Fabrication and photoactivity of ionic liquid–TiO₂ structures for efficient visible-light-induced photocatalytic decomposition of organic pollutants in aqueous phase

• Anna Gołąbiewska,
• Marta Paszkiewicz-Gawron,
• Aleksandra Sadzińska,
• Wojciech Lisowski,
• Ewelina Grabowska,
• Adriana Zaleska-Medynska and
• Justyna Łuczak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 580–590, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.54

• - and microstructure preparation with novel properties [15]. Especially, their polarity and affinity towards particles and precursors, transport and surface properties seem to be crucial for formation of the protective layer at the particle surface, thus electrosteric, solvation and viscous

Kinetics of solvent supported tubule formation of Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) wax on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) investigated by atomic force microscopy

• Sujit Kumar Dora,
• Kerstin Koch,
• Wilhelm Barthlott and
• Klaus Wandelt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 468–481, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.45

• angle from 88° to 129° after 14 days of wax recrystallization on HOPG. A more recent surface scientific approach by Koch et al. [22] demonstrated a spiral growth mechanism of tubule formation. The effect of substrate polarity on tubule growth was also demonstrated by showing upright oriented tubules on

Combined scanning probe electronic and thermal characterization of an indium arsenide nanowire

• Tino Wagner,
• Fabian Menges,
• Heike Riel,
• Bernd Gotsmann and
• Andreas Stemmer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 129–136, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.15

• measurements. Whereas the nanowire potential is symmetric around 0 μA near the left contact, we observe a pronounced asymmetry at the transition from the nanowire to the electrode on the right hand side. This indicates that the contact resistance here depends on polarity, hinting at the formation of a Schottky

Atomic layer deposition and properties of ZrO₂/Fe₂O₃ thin films

• Kristjan Kalam,
• Helina Seemen,
• Peeter Ritslaid,
• Mihkel Rähn,
• Aile Tamm,
• Kaupo Kukli,
• Aarne Kasikov,
• Joosep Link,
• Raivo Stern,
• Salvador Dueñas,
• Helena Castán and
• Héctor García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 119–128, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.14

• level for polarization was actually not quite achieved at either polarity of the external field, as the polarized charge kept increasing with the voltage. Most probably, the charge (which is responsible for the polarization in the material deposited) was due to the electric field that drifted from an

• layer under certain polarity, and an opposite polarity with increasing, oppositely directed field is required to release the charge from the traps for the subsequent drift towards the counterelectrode. The current density to applied electric field curves are shown in Figure 7 to support the given

Beyond Moore’s technologies: operation principles of a superconductor alternative

• Igor I. Soloviev,
• Nikolay V. Klenov,
• Sergey V. Bakurskiy,
• Mikhail Yu. Kupriyanov,
• Alexander L. Gudkov and
• Anatoli S. Sidorenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2689–2710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.269

• . RQL logic cells are state machines similar to RSFQ logic cells. The internal state of a logic cell can be changed by an SFQ propagating in front of the clock wave. Its paired SFQ with opposite polarity serves for the state resetting at the end of a clock period. A complete set of RQL logic cells