Influence of thickness and morphology of MoS₂ on the performance of counter electrodes in dye-sensitized solar cells

• Lam Thuy Thi Mai,
• Hai Viet Le,
• Ngan Kim Thi Nguyen,
• Van La Tran Pham,
• Thu Anh Thi Nguyen,
• Nguyen Thanh Le Huynh and
• Hoang Thai Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 528–537, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.44

• MoS2/FTO. The resulting DSSCs showed a PCE of 7.16%, similar to that of a Pt/FTO CE (7.48%). The MoS2 film was amorphous and contained agglomerated clusters of nanoparticles [22]. Recently, Gurulakshmi et al. reported on DSSCs using a flexible CE fabricated by electrodeposition of a MoS2 thin film onto

A chemiresistive sensor array based on polyaniline nanocomposites and machine learning classification

• Jiri Kroutil,
• Alexandr Laposa,
• Ali Ahmad,
• Jan Voves,
• Vojtech Povolny,
• Ladislav Klimsa,
• Marina Davydova and
• Miroslav Husak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 411–423, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.34

• layers. Figure 11 presents two-dimensional LDA and PCA projections of the extracted features. Regarding the LDA results, LDA1 describes approximately 72% and LDA2 describes 20.6% of data variation. By using the LDA method, a good classification with clearly separated clusters is obtained for NO2, CO2

• with PCA1. Therefore, by analyzing the data projection on PCA1 to evaluate the behavior of the sensors, a high classification in clearly separated clusters is obtained for all gases via PCA. However, PCA and LDA results should be evaluated by machine learning algorithms for high accuracy. The generated

Micro- and nanotechnology in biomedical engineering for cartilage tissue regeneration in osteoarthritis

• Zahra Nabizadeh,
• Mahmoud Nasrollahzadeh,
• Hamed Daemi,
• Mohamadreza Baghaban Eslaminejad,
• Ali Akbar Shabani,
• Mehdi Dadashpour,
• Majid Mirmohammadkhani and
• Davood Nasrabadi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 363–389, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.31

• relatively greater amounts of the proteoglycans [14]. The deep zone consists of the lowest cell density, highest aggrecan content, largest diameter collagen fibrils, and least amount of collagen [12]. In this layer, the chondrocytes are typically arranged in columnar clusters parallel to the collagen fibrils

Alcohol-perturbed self-assembly of the tobacco mosaic virus coat protein

• Ismael Abu-Baker and
• Amy Szuchmacher Blum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 355–362, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.30

• eventually, alcohol becomes the bulk phase with small water clusters [34][35]. These changes in solvent structure reduce the solvent permittivity and change solute pKa and hydration number [36][37]. Additionally, alcohol–protein interactions can replace protein–protein interactions, altering the protein

• were the dominant species. In 5.0 and 10.0 mol % ethanol, the pH 5.0 samples showed large raft-like clusters of stacked disks (Figure S6, Supporting Information File 1). These clusters could extend for over a micrometre in either the axial or lateral direction. These clusters may be caused by increased

• , Supporting Information File 1). Stacked disks at high isopropyl alcohol concentrations were longer than at high methanol concentrations and showed large clusters in TEM. Conclusion The use of dipolar cosolvents to perturb the assembly of TMV-cp has potential applications for nanomaterials. Low concentrations

Systematic studies into uniform synthetic protein nanoparticles

• Nahal Habibi,
• Ava Mauser,
• Jeffery E. Raymond and
• Joerg Lahann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 274–283, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.22

• , deconvolution is utilized (Supporting Information File 1) to extract relative subpopulation fractions (α1, α2) (Table S6). The HEM/HSA population with d1 = 97 nm comprises swollen individual SPNPs, while the second population with d2 = 455 nm may be attributed to transient or semi-transient clusters. When

• to individual particles (d1 = 80 nm) and larger SPNP clusters (d2 = 326 nm). Compared to the single-component SPNPs, the value of d1 (80 nm) falls between HSA SPNPs (d1 = 46 nm) and TF SPNPs (d1 = 125 nm) (Supporting Information File 1, Table S6). In the dry state, TF/HSA SPNPs display an average

Photothermal ablation of murine melanomas by Fe₃O₄ nanoparticle clusters

• Xue Wang,
• Lili Xuan and
• Ying Pan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 255–264, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.20

• development of resistance. Here, we fabricated Fe3O4 nanoparticle clusters (NPCs), which have drawn widespread attention, and investigated their role in the treatment of melanoma by photothermal therapy (PTT). Scanning electron microscopy imaging shows that our synthesized NPCs are spherical with an average

• the promise of Fe3O4 NPCs as a new PTT option to treat melanoma. Keywords: Fe3O4 nanoparticle clusters; heat shock protein 70; melanoma; near infrared; photothermal therapy; Introduction The global incidence of melanoma, one of the deadliest forms of cancer, has kept increasing annually over the

• show that clustered magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles induce a redshift in the light absorption spectra, which enhances light absorbance within the NIR region and improves their utilization as photosensitizers during PTT to ablate lung tumors [16]. However, the role of Fe3O4 nanoparticle clusters in the

Surfactant-free syntheses and pair distribution function analysis of osmium nanoparticles

• Mikkel Juelsholt,
• Jonathan Quinson,
• Emil T. S. Kjær,
• Baiyu Wang,
• Rebecca Pittkowski,
• Susan R. Cooper,
• Tiffany L. Kinnibrugh,
• Søren B. Simonsen,
• Luise Theil Kuhn,
• María Escudero-Escribano and
• Kirsten M. Ø. Jensen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 230–235, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.17

• or decahedral motifs are often observed for metals with normally close-packed structures [35]. By using the atomic simulation environment (ASE) module [36] and the cluster-mining approach developed by Banerjee et al. [35] we screened a large number of metal NP clusters, including hexagonal close

• . Figure S24: XRD characterization of the nanomaterials obtained. Figures S25–42: PDF characterization of the nanomaterials obtained. Figures S43–45: Crystal structures and models of the different clusters and complexes. Figure S46: PDF characterization of the nanomaterials obtained. Table S1: Overview of

Sputtering onto liquids: a critical review

• Anastasiya Sergievskaya,
• Adrien Chauvin and
• Stephanos Konstantinidis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 10–53, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.2

• his work stayed almost unnoticed. There had been no sufficient progress regarding the kinetics of NP formation during the 35 years after Takiyama’s work. Studies of pulse radiolysis reduction of silver (Ag) ions showed the presence of small ionic Agрz+ clusters (p = 2–9, z = 1–2) that grow and become

• nuclei of the final NPs [94][95]. Because silver clusters absorb light at different wavelengths than the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band of Ag NPs (which is used for monitoring of NP growth kinetics by UV–vis spectroscopy) one can spot the induction period on the sigmoidal kinetic curves. Noteworthy

Topographic signatures and manipulations of Fe atoms, CO molecules and NaCl islands on superconducting Pb(111)

• Carl Drechsel,
• Philipp D’Astolfo,
• Jung-Ching Liu,
• Thilo Glatzel,
• Rémy Pawlak and
• Ernst Meyer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1–9, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.1

• method, we transferred single atoms between different Fe clusters. In Figure 4d, two Fe single atoms (Fe1) and an assumed dimer (Fe2) are displayed. Figure 4g shows the corresponding apparent STM heights, which can be extracted from the solid, dotted and dashed lines of Figure 4d. Thus, we infer the

• trimer (Fe3). Compared to the heights of Fe1 and Fe2, the height of Fe3 is about h3 = 1.7 Å. This evolution of STM apparent heights as a function of number of atoms in small Fe clusters is in good agreement with a similar study of Fe clusters on Cu(111) [72]. Conclusion Our results report on the

• similar to literature data. Lastly, cold-temperature deposition (≤15 K) of Fe on Pb(111) leads to the adsorption of adatoms and small Fe clusters. Using tip-induced lateral manipulations, we demonstrate the exchange of Fe single atoms between these clusters and characterize the variation of apparent STM

Heating ability of elongated magnetic nanoparticles

• Elizaveta M. Gubanova,
• Nikolai A. Usov and
• Vladimir A. Oleinikov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1404–1412, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.104

• -dipole interaction on the SAR of a dilute assembly of oriented clusters of elongated magnetite nanoparticles has also been investigated depending on the volume fraction of nanoparticles in a cluster. It has been found that the SAR of the assembly of oriented clusters decreases by approximately an order

• unchanged. We also studied the effect of magneto-dipole (MD) interactions on the SAR of a dilute assembly of oriented clusters of elongated magnetite nanoparticles. In agreement with previous studies [23][25], the SAR of a dilute assembly of oriented clusters is shown to decrease by approximately 7–8 times

• interaction on the SAR of a dilute assembly of oriented clusters consisting of spheroidal magnetite nanoparticles. To calculate the energy of MD interaction between single-domain spheroidal particles of an oriented cluster we used the general formula [49]: where Bij are the elements of the MD interaction

Chemical vapor deposition of germanium-rich CrGe_x nanowires

• Vladislav Dřínek,
• Stanislav Tiagulskyi,
• Roman Yatskiv,
• Jan Grym,
• Radek Fajgar,
• Věra Jandová,
• Martin Koštejn and
• Jaroslav Kupčík

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1365–1371, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.100

• their magnetic defects and their interactions with charge carriers. Antiferromagnetic clusters in CrGe NWs were investigated using electron spin resonance. Spin–orbit interaction between charge carriers and magnetic defects were studied [9]. Cr/Ge nanotowers as a dilute magnetic semiconductor were

Enhancement of the piezoelectric coefficient in PVDF-TrFe/CoFe₂O₄ nanocomposites through DC magnetic poling

• Marco Fortunato,
• Alessio Tamburrano,
• Maria Paola Bracciale,
• Maria Laura Santarelli and
• Maria Sabrina Sarto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1262–1270, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.93

• signals, as reported in the chemical maps shown in Figure 7, indicating the presence of clusters of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles. Despite the presence of these agglomerates Fe and Co appear to be uniformly distributed in the nanocomposite film, confirming that the nanoparticles are well dispersed in the

Morphology-driven gas sensing by fabricated fractals: A review

• Vishal Kamathe and
• Rupali Nagar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1187–1208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.88

• , namely fractal dimension (D), lacunarity (L), and connectivity (Q), that describe geometric features. Figure 2a shows the examples of different fractal clusters with varying values of D and L [48]. While D measures the complexity of a system, L measures the morphological inhomogeneity of fractals. The

• final sites and come to rest. The formation of large clusters is thus explained by DLA [52][53][54]. Like nano/micromaterials, fabricated fractals too, show enhanced sensing abilities due to high porosity (size, number, and pore interconnectivity) and surface area, and high physical connectivity within

• starts drying, evaporation of the solvent causes voids and helps in generating clusters of the solute on the substrate. For smaller pockets of the fluid, which can be regarded as droplets, variation in surface tension or temperature at different interfaces predominantly causes either a surface tension

Irradiation-driven molecular dynamics simulation of the FEBID process for Pt(PF₃)₄

• Alexey Prosvetov,
• Alexey V. Verkhovtsev,
• Gennady Sushko and
• Andrey V. Solov’yov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1151–1172, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.86

• molecule, on a SiO2 surface. The simulations reveal the processes driving the initial phase of nanostructure formation during FEBID, including the nucleation of Pt atoms and the formation of small metal clusters on the surface, followed by their aggregation and the formation of dendritic platinum

• process, including nucleation of Pt atoms, formation of small metal clusters on the surface followed by their aggregation, and eventually, the formation of dendritic platinum nanostructures. The morphology of the nanostructures grown during the FEBID process has not yet been thoroughly investigated on the

• -method type, for example, Sutton–Chen [35] or Gupta [36] potentials. In this study, the interaction between Pt atoms in the formed clusters is described by means of the Gupta potential [36] with a cutoff distance of 7 Å. Atoms of both the precursor molecules and the substrate may carry non-zero partial

Criteria ruling particle agglomeration

• Dieter Vollath

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1093–1100, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.81

• surface-related enthalpy. In this case, the minimum of free enthalpy rules the agglomeration. The cases described above are essentially different to the one observed when an ensemble of particles stored in a vessel forms clusters [4]. Basic Considerations Generally, in the description of thermodynamic

Revealing the formation mechanism and band gap tuning of Sb₂S₃ nanoparticles

• Maximilian Joschko,
• Franck Yvan Fotue Wafo,
• Christina Malsi,
• Danilo Kisić,
• Ivana Validžić and
• Christina Graf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1021–1033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.76

• became more reddish. After 5 min (Figure 1b), larger clusters (type II) were found, consisting of approximately 20–30 smaller individual nanoparticles. The smaller nanoparticles had the same diameter as the type I nanoparticles, leading to the assumption that the former ones were aggregating. These

• precursor solution at 150 °C, the reaction mixture turned orange before it turned red about 30 s later but stayed clear. At this stage, type 0 seed particles of a size of 2–4 nm (diameter determined by AFM) were formed, which assembled into 20–40 nm-sized clusters. These particles were amorphous and did not

• have a stoichiometric ratio corresponding to Sb2S3. The more particles assembled into clusters, the more turbid and orange the mixture became. When 2 min had passed, the mixture was completely turbid and changed to an orange color. The clustered type 0 seeds merged into type I nanoparticles of about 35

Is the Ne operation of the helium ion microscope suitable for electron backscatter diffraction sample preparation?

• Annalena Wolff

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 965–983, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.73

• hcp structure. To further evaluate the satellite peaks, dark-field images were recorded for the main reflection peak and the satellite peak. The corresponding measurements are shown in Figure 8c and Figure 8d. The image shows that small clusters light up in the dark-field image of the satellite peak

• this could significantly alter the sample below the initially expected 3 nm alteration layer and would explain the position of defects/inclusions in the TEM images and bright clusters in the dark-field image. To assess this theory, EDS measurements were performed on the TEM lamella using 30 keV

Molecular assemblies on surfaces: towards physical and electronic decoupling of organic molecules

• Sabine Maier and
• Meike Stöhr

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 950–956, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.71

• . Due to lowered diffusion barrier and adsorption energy, the two-dimensional molecular layers can be affected by dewetting and may change into three-dimensional clusters [47]. In return, the reduced molecule–surface interaction on insulating films or bulk insulators can stabilize highly reactive

The role of convolutional neural networks in scanning probe microscopy: a review

• Ido Azuri,
• Irit Rosenhek-Goldian,
• Neta Regev-Rudzki,
• Georg Fantner and
• Sidney R. Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 878–901, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.66

• images. The advantage over the algorithms applied earlier was that nonlinear boundaries could be set between the different clusters of behavior. This network succeeded in identifying the ferroelectric behavior from the maps at different temperatures for temperature differences as small as 5 °C. A shallow

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

• fluid drift, form clusters, and attract or repel one another [90]. The acoustic radiation force can be traced back to the publication of Lord Rayleigh in 1902, which was called “the pressure of vibrations” [91]. The radiation force exerted by sound waves was first measured by Altberg [91][92] and the

Silver nanoparticles nucleated in NaOH-treated halloysite: a potential antimicrobial material

• Yuri B. Matos,
• Rodrigo S. Romanus,
• Mattheus Torquato,
• Edgar H. de Souza,
• Rodrigo L. Villanova,
• Marlene Soares and
• Emilson R. Viana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 798–807, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.63

• , displaying fewer particle clusters and far more nanoscaled dots, suggesting a better dispersion of particles in the LDPE matrix. The antimicrobial properties of Ag-NPs are associated with the release of Ag+ ions [39] and this release is correlated with the surface energy of nanoparticles. Thus, the higher

Recent progress in actuation technologies of micro/nanorobots

• Ke Xu and
• Bing Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 756–765, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.59

• cultured nerve cells to connect disconnected nerve clusters. It can guide the direction of axon growth and selectively reconstruct neural networks in vitro. The micro/nanorobot can be used as a basis for the targeted delivery of nerve cells and the formation of active neural networks in vitro, thereby

Recent progress in magnetic applications for micro- and nanorobots

• Ke Xu,
• Shuang Xu and
• Fanan Wei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 744–755, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.58

• of clusters in the microvasculature with high velocity, actuating forces, and accessing rates. In addition, the swarms can be broken up when necessary to enter the microvasculature and avoid thrombosis. Length and distribution of the fragmentation were controlled, and the process was reversible. At

Prediction of Co and Ru nanocluster morphology on 2D MoS₂ from interaction energies

• Cara-Lena Nies and
• Michael Nolan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 704–724, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.56

• stability of metal clusters on MoS2, and how these interactions change in the presence of a sulfur vacancy, to develop insight to allow for a prediction of thin film morphology. The strength of interaction between the metals and MoS2 is in the order Co > Ru. The competition between metal–substrate and metal

• on MoS2 showed how Cu can take different structures depending on the number of Cu atoms and whether the TMD is stoichiometric or defective. In the present study, we will expand the knowledge gained from our previous work on Cu on MoS2 and apply it to the adsorption of small Con and Run clusters on an

• clusters (n = 1–4) on a single ML of MoS2. Based on this understanding, alongside the magnitude of metal–substrate and metal–metal interactions we will be able to predict the morphology of Co and Ru thin films on 2D MoS2. We have previously studied 2D and 3D Cu clusters on TaN, where we determined that

Electromigration-induced formation of percolating adsorbate islands during condensation from the gaseous phase: a computational study

• Alina V. Dvornichenko,
• Vasyl O. Kharchenko and
• Dmitrii O. Kharchenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 694–703, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.55

• the formation of nanoscale clusters of point defects in solids exposed to irradiating sources [69][70][71][72][73]. Electromigration effects The main purpose of this work is to study the effect of electromigration on the dynamics of surface growth during deposition, its morphology, and statistical

• modulations will result in a stationary spatial configuration of the field x(r) with high- and low-density states, leading to pattern formation. For the system under consideration these conditions are responsible for the formation of separated adsorbate clusters (nanodots on the substrate) or separated holes

• obtained in the framework of numerical simulations for which percolating clusters of adsorbate are realized, by squares and the dashed line. Insets correspond to typical patterns in different domains of the stability diagram. Hence, an increase in an adsorption rate from the critical value αc(ε,β) leads to