Identification of physicochemical properties that modulate nanoparticle aggregation in blood

• Ludovica Soddu,
• Duong N. Trinh,
• Eimear Dunne,
• Dermot Kenny,
• Giorgia Bernardini,
• Ida Kokalari,
• Arianna Marucco,
• Marco P. Monopoli and
• Ivana Fenoglio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 550–567, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.44

• ) for the medium and small carbon nanoparticles (CNP-M and CNP-S, respectively). Synthesis of silica nanoparticles Silica nanoparticles (SNPs) were prepared by hydrolysis and condensation of TEOS in the presence of ammonia as a catalyst following the Stöber process [25]. Briefly, a defined amount of

Multilayer capsules made of weak polyelectrolytes: a review on the preparation, functionalization and applications in drug delivery

• Varsha Sharma and
• Anandhakumar Sundaramurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 508–532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.41

• ), is a reversible reaction between different types of diene and dienophile resulting in thermo-responsive products. A fourth type, the thiol-ene reaction, is a reaction between thiol and alkene groups in the presence of a radical source as catalyst. The radicals can be generated through light, thermal

• . Other click chemistries like thiol-ene have also been reported because of their light-initiated and metal-catalyst-free approach. PVP along with PMA functionalized by thiol (PMAThiol) and ene (PMAEne) groups were used to fabricate hydrogen bonded hollow capsules via UV crosslinking [100]. It was further

Electrochemically derived functionalized graphene for bulk production of hydrogen peroxide

• Munaiah Yeddala,
• Pallavi Thakur,
• Anugraha A and
• Tharangattu N. Narayanan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 432–442, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.34

• produced through the complex and energy-intensive anthraquinone method [4], and although it is popular, it has drawbacks such as side reactions, which consume the catalyst leading to the regeneration and hydrogenation of the catalyst [4]. Alternative routes for peroxide generation include direct

• presence of a catalyst [15] is one of the possible routes having high yield, while the direct mixing of H2 and O2 can be explosive in nature [16], and hence requires a large quantity of another gas such as N2 and CO2 to dilute the reactant gases [17]. Electrochemical synthesis methods such as the PEM fuel

• (Se) edge functionalized graphene (reduced graphene oxide (rGO)) was found to undergo a direct four-electron path ORR process in alkaline medium, where rGO undergoes a two-electron path peroxide route ORR [35]. In this process, Se acts as a single atom site catalyst. In a nutshell, depending on the

Using gold nanoparticles to detect single-nucleotide polymorphisms: toward liquid biopsy

• María Sanromán Iglesias and
• Marek Grzelczak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 263–284, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.20

• formation of DNA circuits and include hybridization chain reaction (HCR), catalytic hairpin assembly (CHA) and entropy-driven catalysis [64]. These mechanisms have shown a great potential for developing biosensors of high sensitivity and high selectivity since the target DNA itself is used as a catalyst to

• reaction was initialized by a catalyst (X) binding to the γ domain of S. Thus, releasing a by-product, an intermediate species was produced, which had a single-stranded region complementary to the DNA sequence of the fuel. In the next step, the fuel displaced the catalyst X, resulting in the cross-linking

• aggregation of the two DNA–AuNP complexes. The catalyst was released back into the solution. The authors observed that the aggregation of nanoparticles was slower by a factor of 10 when the sequence of the catalyst contained single-base mismatches (spurious catalyst). This colorimetric bioassay could detect

Fabrication of Ag-modified hollow titania spheres via controlled silver diffusion in Ag–TiO₂ core–shell nanostructures

• Bartosz Bartosewicz,
• Malwina Liszewska,
• Bogusław Budner,
• Marta Michalska-Domańska,
• Krzysztof Kopczyński and
• Bartłomiej J. Jankiewicz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 141–146, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.12

• obtained composite catalyst exhibits a synergistic effect between the anatase crystalline shell and the AuNPs as well as superb thermal and mechanical stability of the highly dispersed AuNPs. TiO2 HSs decorated with ultrasmall Ag nanocrystallites and exhibiting excellent photocatalytic properties were

Simple synthesis of nanosheets of rGO and nitrogenated rGO

• Pallellappa Chithaiah,
• Madhan Mohan Raju,
• Giridhar U. Kulkarni and
• C. N. R. Rao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 68–75, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.7

• °C·min−1 using a Mettler-Toledo-TG-850 apparatus. AFM measurements were performed using a CP2 atomic force microscope. Electrode preparation and electrochemical characterization The catalyst inks of as-synthesized rGO and reduced graphene oxide H-rGO were prepared by ultrasonication separately. A mixture

• of 4.0 mg rGO and 0.025 wt % (5 μL) of Nafion in 0.4 mL of dimethylformamide (DMF) was sonicated until a homogeneous dispersion was obtained. 3 μL catalyst ink was taken and drop-cast onto a glassy carbon electrode, which was allowed to dry at room temperature. A similar procedure was followed to

Synthesis of amorphous and graphitized porous nitrogen-doped carbon spheres as oxygen reduction reaction catalysts

• Maximilian Wassner,
• Markus Eckardt,
• Andreas Reyer,
• Thomas Diemant,
• Michael S. Elsaesser,
• R. Jürgen Behm and
• Nicola Hüsing

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1–15, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.1

• correlations between structural properties and electrochemical performance. In the following we will first give a detailed structural and chemical analysis of the resulting materials (section 1 in “Results and Discussion”), followed by a discussion of their performance as ORR catalyst in electrocatalytic

• 150 °C). The as-synthesized carbon particles show a well-defined spherical shape with diameters of 330 ± 50 nm and a smooth surface (see also the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image in Figure 2a). Fe2O3 particles, as graphitization catalyst, are loaded successfully on pre-carbonized carbon

• spheres; yet there are domains of higher or lower loadings. After nitriding with ammonia, g-NCS-550, g-NCS-700 and all samples of the NCS series still show a spherical shape with a smooth surface (Figure 2b and Figure 2c show, respectively, NCS-550 and NCS-1000 as examples). No remaining catalyst

Evaluation of click chemistry microarrays for immunosensing of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)

• Seyed Mohammad Mahdi Dadfar,
• Sylwia Sekula-Neuner,
• Vanessa Trouillet,
• Hui-Yu Liu,
• Ravi Kumar,
• Annie K. Powell and
• Michael Hirtz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2505–2515, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.241

• of biotin–amine (Mw = 595 g/mol, 1190 μg/mL) and biotin–thiol (Mw = 2000 g/mol, 4000 μg/mL), respectively. For the reaction between epoxy and amine, 1 mol % Bi(OTf)3 to biotin–amine was added as a catalyst to the biotin–amine solution. The reaction between epoxy and thiol was catalyzed by 10 mol

Air oxidation of sulfur mustard gas simulants using a pyrene-based metal–organic framework photocatalyst

• Ghada Ayoub,
• Mihails Arhangelskis,
• Xuan Zhang,
• Florencia Son,
• Timur Islamoglu,
• Tomislav Friščić and
• Omar K. Farha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2422–2427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.232

• quantum yields and whose absorption wavelengths span the ultraviolet–visible spectrum. Moreover, singlet oxygen could be generated from homogenous [23] or heterogeneous catalysts, the latter of which will allow for the ease of separation at the end of the reaction, recyclability of the catalyst, wide

• of producing singlet oxygen upon exposure to UV light [44][45], we anticipated that a MOF with isolated pyrene linkers would be a good candidate catalyst for the photocatalytic oxidation of sulfur mustard. The NU-400 material (Figure 1) was synthesized from the pyrene-2,7-dicarboxylic acid (Py-DCA

• (Figure 2). Achieving complete oxidation of CEES without the O2 saturation represents a milestone for the potential deployment of MOFs as an active detoxification catalyst and, consequently, we focused on detailed exploration of the activity of NU-400 in air, without oxygen purging. Given that NU-400 is

Coating of upconversion nanoparticles with silica nanoshells of 5–250 nm thickness

• Cynthia Kembuan,
• Maysoon Saleh,
• Bastian Rühle,
• Ute Resch-Genger and
• Christina Graf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2410–2421, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.231

• name Igepal® CO-520) and distributed in the continuous nonpolar phase [44]. The ratio between the aqueous components and the surfactant determines the size of these droplets [30], which act as nanoreactors. For the polycondensation of precursors such as TEOS, ammonia usually acts as a catalyst [43

• growth of a silica layer in a single step without producing UCNP-free silica particles as side products, a thin silica layer was grown first onto the particles via a reverse microemulsion process in cyclohexane with Igepal CO-520 as surfactant and ammonia as a catalyst. In such a reverse microemulsion

Design and facile synthesis of defect-rich C-MoS₂/rGO nanosheets for enhanced lithium–sulfur battery performance

• Chengxiang Tian,
• Juwei Wu,
• Zheng Ma,
• Bo Li,
• Pengcheng Li,
• Xiaotao Zu and
• Xia Xiang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2251–2260, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.217

• subsequently disperses. Consequently, the reutilization of Li2Sn will become very hard due to the repulsion between the nonpolar conductive surface and the polar reactants [17]. Two-dimensional layered transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), strong candidates in the search for energy storage and catalyst

Mannosylated brush copolymers based on poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(ε-caprolactone) as multivalent lectin-binding nanomaterials

• Stefania Ordanini,
• Wanda Celentano,
• Anna Bernardi and
• Francesco Cellesi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2192–2206, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.212

• -hexamethyltriethylenetetramine (HMTETA) catalyst [27]. Ethyl α-bromoisobutyrate (1) and pentaerythritol tetrakis(2-bromoisobutyrate) (2) were chosen as the initiators for linear and four-arm polymers, respectively (Scheme 1, step c). A DP value of 10 (for the linear polymers and for each branch of the four-arm ones) was

• alumina pad to remove the copper catalyst, followed by precipitation in diethyl ether. Synthesis of the mannosylated polymers The sugar functionalization of the polymeric backbone was performed through CuAAC click reaction (Scheme 1, step d), by combining the triple bonds with 2-azidoethyl α-ᴅ

• the synthesis of PEGx-PCLy. THF (inhibitor-free) was degassed under nitrogen for 10 min. Pg-PCL-MA (y equiv) and poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (Mn = 500 Da, x equiv) were added in a Schlenk tube and three cycles of vacuum–nitrogen were performed. The catalyst solution was prepared as

Improved adsorption and degradation performance by S-doping of (001)-TiO₂

• Xiao-Yu Sun,
• Xian Zhang,
• Xiao Sun,
• Ni-Xian Qian,
• Min Wang and
• Yong-Qing Ma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2116–2127, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.206

• photocatalytic activity was tested by the degradation of methylene blue (MB). For this, the samples were placed 20 cm away from a xenon lamp (300 W, 16 A). The experimental process was as follows: 50 mg of catalyst was added into a 100 mL MB solution with a concentration of 10 mg/L, and the samples were kept in

Synthesis of highly active ETS-10-based titanosilicate for heterogeneously catalyzed transesterification of triglycerides

• Muhammad A. Zaheer,
• David Poppitz,
• Khavar Feyzullayeva,
• Marianne Wenzel,
• Jörg Matysik,
• Radomir Ljupkovic,
• Aleksandra Zarubica,
• Alexander A. Karavaev,
• Andreas Pöppl,
• Roger Gläser and
• Muslim Dvoyashkin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2039–2061, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.200

• accessible for triolein and enhancing the rate of transesterification. The resulting catalyst exhibits a comparable triolein conversion (≈73%) after 4 h of reaction to CaO (≈76%), which is reportedly known to be highly active in the transesterification of triglycerides. In addition, while CaO showed a

• maximum conversion of 83% after 24 h, the ETS-10-based catalyst reached 100% after 8 h, revealing its higher stability compared to CaO. The following characteristics of the catalysts were experimentally addressed – crystal structure (X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy), crystal shape and

• efficient catalyst for initiation of the transesterification process that converts triglycerides into FAMEs. Other methods that do not require a catalyst, such as pyrolysis and utilization of supercritical fluid technology, are considered to be highly energy-intensive, inhibiting their practical

Review of advanced sensor devices employing nanoarchitectonics concepts

• Katsuhiko Ariga,
• Tatsuyuki Makita,
• Masato Ito,
• Taizo Mori,
• Shun Watanabe and
• Jun Takeya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2014–2030, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.198

• processes, such as catalytic reactions and fluorescence quenching, often improves sensor capabilities through component nanoarchitectonics. Imanaka and co-workers used a combustion process induced by a precious-metal-free CeO2–ZrO2–ZnO catalyst for CO gas detection [87]. The semiconducting (p-type) La2CuO4

• -loaded CeO2–ZrO2–ZnO catalyst has a small heat capacity and dramatically increases the temperature of the Pt coil, resulting in a highly sensitive sensor signal. On the other hand, the n-type Sm2CuO4-loaded CeO2–ZrO2–ZnO catalyst is advantageous when rapid response and low temperature operation are

Pulsed laser synthesis of highly active Ag–Rh and Ag–Pt antenna–reactor-type plasmonic catalysts

• Kenneth A. Kane and
• Massimo F. Bertino

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1958–1963, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.192

• plasmonic metal (antenna) and Pd NPs as catalyst (reactor), where Al2O3 prevented the contact between Ag and Pd [19]. After observing an enhanced reduction of acetylene and dissociation of H2 via photocatalysis, it was concluded that a plasmonic antenna can focus light onto the catalytic reactor and induce

• (TEM) operating at 120 kV. High-resolution bright-field imaging was carried out with a FEI Titan TEM operating at 300 kV. Catalytic activity was obtained in the following manner: To 1.0 mL distilled water, 5 μL of fresh 10−2 M 4-nitrophenol solution and 0.5 mL of 50 μg/mL catalyst suspension was added

• , over the course of thirty cycles at a loading ratio of 1:1. The determined rate constant is normalized for the diminishing concentration of catalyst. The activity of Ag–Rh did not diminish over the course of thirty cycles. However, the activity of Ag–Pt did. Both systems exhibited a sharp increase in

The influence of porosity on nanoparticle formation in hierarchical aluminophosphates

• Matthew E. Potter,
• Lauren N. Riley,
• Alice E. Oakley,
• Panashe M. Mhembere,
• June Callison and
• Robert Raja

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1952–1957, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.191

• aggregation, leading to increased catalyst lifetime and performance [5]. Yet, immobilisation further complicates nanoparticle design by introducing surface–nanoparticle interactions, which have been shown to have a significant influence on the catalytic efficacy [6]. Commonly, the supports used are porous

Facile synthesis of carbon nanotube-supported NiO//Fe₂O₃ for all-solid-state supercapacitors

• Shengming Zhang,
• Xuhui Wang,
• Yan Li,
• Xuemei Mu,
• Yaxiong Zhang,
• Jingwei Du,
• Guo Liu,
• Xiaohui Hua,
• Yingzhuo Sheng,
• Erqing Xie and
• Zhenxing Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1923–1932, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.188

• CVD with a pretreatment of the CC. Typically, the CC (1 × 1 cm2, 11 mg) was treated with a mixture of H2SO4/HNO3 (3:1 volume ratio) at 70 °C for 2 h and then cleaned by sonication in deionized water and finally kept in a drying oven for 12 h. Afterward, the CC was immersed in catalyst, which consists

• oxygen plasma to make it hydrophilic and then immersed in diluted hydrochloric acid to remove residual catalyst and finally rinsed by deionized water and dried in an oven. Fabrication of CC-CNT@Fe2O3 and CC-CNT@NiO CC-CNT@Fe2O3: Fe2O3 was coated on the CC-CNT by a simple aqueous reduction method. Firstly

Long-term entrapment and temperature-controlled-release of SF₆ gas in metal–organic frameworks (MOFs)

• Hana Bunzen,
• Andreas Kalytta-Mewes,
• Leo van Wüllen and
• Dirk Volkmer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1851–1859, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.180

• was followed by a BelCat-B catalyst analyzer (Bel Japan, Inc.) coupled with a mass spectrometer (OmniStar GSD 320, Pfeiffer Vacuum). The sample was placed between two plugs of quartz wool in a quartz glass reactor and heated up to 500 °C (10 K·min−1) under a flow of helium (30 mL·min−1). The

• composition of the exhaust gas was analyzed by a mass spectrometer. The acid-induced gas release was carried out in a round-bottom flask purged with a flow of argon (100 mL·min−1) and connected to a BelCat-B catalyst analyzer (Bel Japan, Inc.) attached to a mass spectrometer (OmniStar GSD 320, Pfeiffer Vacuum

Processing nanoporous organic polymers in liquid amines

• Jeehye Byun,
• Damien Thirion and
• Cafer T. Yavuz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1844–1850, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.179

• no drastic change in the nitrile region (2200 cm−1). Moreover, the addition of an amine on a nitrile group cannot be achieved in a few seconds without catalyst despite the high temperature. The existence of carbonyl units at around 1700 cm−1 in COP-100 drew our attention. The carbonyl groups could

• likely when an acid catalyst is present [24]. Alternatively, carboxylic acid could react with amines to form amide linkages at high temperatures [25], which corresponds to new peaks shown on the FTIR spectra of both COP-100-Film and COP-100-Precip. at 3300 cm−1, 1660 cm−1, and 1560 cm−1 for amide N–H, C

Synthesis of nickel/gallium nanoalloys using a dual-source approach in 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazole ionic liquids

• Ilka Simon,
• Julius Hornung,
• Juri Barthel,
• Jörg Thomas,
• Maik Finze,
• Roland A. Fischer and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1754–1767, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.171

• , Germany Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB), Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.10.171 Abstract NiGa is a catalyst for the semihydrogenation of alkynes. Here we show the influence of

• methanol were found for Ni5Ga3 and NiGa [37]. At 165 °C Ni5Ga3 (δ) yielded 100% selectivity towards methanol [38]. Above 220 °C Ni5Ga3 is even more active than a conventional Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst with less CO formation in the reverse water-gas shift reaction (rWGS). In Ni5Ga3 the Ga-rich step sites

• facilitate the methanol synthesis, the Ni-rich sites get self-poisoned by methanation and CO formation through rWGS [37]. In conclusion, Ni5Ga3(δ) was found to be the most active catalyst for CO2 hydrogenation [39][40][41]. Semihydrogenation of phenylacetylene to styrene using NiGa, Ni3Ga and Ni5Ga3 as

Novel hollow titanium dioxide nanospheres with antimicrobial activity against resistant bacteria

• Carol López de Dicastillo,
• Cristian Patiño,
• María José Galotto,
• Yesseny Vásquez-Martínez,
• Claudia Torrent,
• Daniela Alburquenque,
• Alejandro Pereira and
• Juan Escrig

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1716–1725, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.167

• their high stability, low cost, reusability, and high photocatalytic activity [6][7][8]. These excellent properties have been applied in many products such as foods, catalyst support, air purification, water disinfection, antibacterial, cosmetics and solar cells [9][10]. Photocatalytic TiO2 favors the

Materials nanoarchitectonics at two-dimensional liquid interfaces

• Katsuhiko Ariga,
• Michio Matsumoto,
• Taizo Mori and
• Lok Kumar Shrestha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1559–1587, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.153

• amine monomer when deposited on an air–water interface together with a dialdehyde monomer. The monomers compressed with an LB trough were polymerized with acetic acid as catalyst in the water phase. Liquid–liquid interfaces are another class of interfaces used for the interfacial polymerization of 2DCPs

• thickness. The prepared materials were capable of selective permeation. In contrast to the two previous reports in which one of the COF monomers was dissolved into the aqueous phase, Matsumoto et al. confined the polymerization to the interface by segregating the catalyst from the COF monomers (Figure 13

Synthesis of P- and N-doped carbon catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction via controlled phosphoric acid treatment of folic acid

• Rieko Kobayashi,
• Takafumi Ishii,
• Yasuo Imashiro and
• Jun-ichi Ozaki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1497–1510, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.148

• materials [11]) and further improved their ORR activity and durability to afford a commercial CAC [12][13] and thus realized the world’s first portable PEFC cell containing a non-precious-metal cathode catalyst [14][15]. Much effort has been directed at the development of transition-metal-free carbon

• catalysts for the ORR, with the best practical performance so far observed for N-doped carbon materials [16]. For example, a recently reported metal-free catalyst based on N-doped carbon nanotubes showed high ORR activity even under acidic conditions and allowed for facile electricity generation when

• ]. Strelko et al. used theoretical methods to establish an interesting relationship between the bandgap energy of a given catalyst and its ability to promote reactions involving electron transfer [21]. Moreover, P-doping of graphitic layers was revealed to have an effect similar to that of N-doping and hence

Flexible freestanding MoS₂-based composite paper for energy conversion and storage

• Florian Zoller,
• Jan Luxa,
• Thomas Bein,
• Dina Fattakhova-Rohlfing,
• Daniel Bouša and
• Zdeněk Sofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1488–1496, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.147

• high flexibility and combines the high conductivity of SWCNTs and electrochemical potential of MoS2. We also show that the material finds use as an anode in LIBs, supercapacitor electrodes and HER catalyst. The application for LIBs seems particularly promising as this composite material requires no

• identified (Supporting Information File 1, Table S1) that there was about 2.1 wt % of iron in the sample. This contamination originates from the carbon nanotubes, where iron usually serves as a catalyst for their growth [36]. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to track the degree of degradation

• composite paper as a catalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The results are shown in Figure 6. Apart from the pristine material, we also treated the paper with n-butyllithium (BuLi) solution to introduce new active sites in the form of edge sites as well as defects. The pristine as-prepared