Brome mosaic virus-like particles as siRNA nanocarriers for biomedical purposes

• Alfredo Nuñez-Rivera,
• Pierrick G. J. Fournier,
• Danna L. Arellano,
• Ana G. Rodriguez-Hernandez,
• Rafael Vazquez-Duhalt and
• Ruben D. Cadena-Nava

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 372–382, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.28

• by flow cytometry (Figure 1B). The differences in the extent of cell internalization could be explained by the surface charge as revealed by zeta potential measurements. The flow cytometry analysis of cell internalization was also performed after trypsin treatment, which promotes detachment of the

• . Surprisingly, a remarkable difference was found. CCMV showed a high activation of macrophages, while BMV showed almost no immunogenic response (Figure 3C,D). There is 80% homology in the amino acids sequences of CCMV and BMV [21], however, they differ in their surface charge. The zeta potential at pH 7 was

• determined. Under these conditions, the zeta potential of CCMV is −9.27 ± 0.47 mV, more negative than that of BMV (−5.16 ± 0.40 mV). The surface charge of the capsid could be the reason why CCMV activates macrophage cells to a greater extent, because it is well known that at a higher anionic charge the

Interactions at the cell membrane and pathways of internalization of nano-sized materials for nanomedicine

• Valentina Francia,
• Daphne Montizaan and
• Anna Salvati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 338–353, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.25

• side effects [6]. Additionally, nanomedicines can encapsulate different types of hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs, and they can be designed to control their release profile [7]. Several other characteristics of nanomaterials such as size, material, shape, surface charge, hydrophobicity, roughness, and

Understanding nanoparticle flow with a new in vitro experimental and computational approach using hydrogel channels

• Armel Boutchuen,
• Dell Zimmerman,
• Abdollah Arabshahi,
• John Melnyczuk and
• Soubantika Palchoudhury

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 296–309, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.22

• obtain varying size and surface charge of the iron oxide NPs and to render the NPs biocompatible. Figure 5a shows a representative schematic of the iron oxide NPs synthesized. The hydrodynamic sizes and zeta potential values of the different iron oxide NPs were investigated in detail using a Litesizer

• . Characterization of iron oxide nanoparticles A Litesizer 500 (Anton Paar) particle analyzer equipped with zeta potential capability was used to measure the hydrodynamic size, stability, and surface charge of aqueous dispersions of iron oxide NPs at pH 7 at room temperature (Figure S4, Supporting Information File 1

Facile biogenic fabrication of hydroxyapatite nanorods using cuttlefish bone and their bactericidal and biocompatibility study

• Satheeshkumar Balu,
• Manisha Vidyavathy Sundaradoss,
• Swetha Andra and
• Jaison Jeevanandam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 285–295, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.21

• blood cells and inhibiting them [52]. Further, the length of the nanorods and their aggregation inside the blood vessels also may be the reason for its concentration dependent hemolytic activity [53]. Furthermore, Han et al. (2012) showed that the size and surface charge of Hap nanoparticles are

• responsible for hemolysis by aggregating red blood cells (RBCs) via bridging force mediated electrostatic interaction [54]. Thus, the hemolytic effect of CB-Hap NRs at high concentration can be reduced by optimizing their surface charge in the future. Antibacterial activity Generally, bacterial colonies can

Phase inversion-based nanoemulsions of medium chain triglyceride as potential drug delivery system for parenteral applications

• Eike Folker Busmann,
• Dailén García Martínez,
• Henrike Lucas and
• Karsten Mäder

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 213–224, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.16

• and −4.6 mV, measured in 0.1× PBS at physiological pH 7.4. Thus, the composition of the nanoemulsion had no clear influence on the surface charge. Furthermore, isotonicity was nearly achieved for the formulations in the blue zone of Figure 4d. Formulations shown in the green, yellow and red zones

The different ways to chitosan/hyaluronic acid nanoparticles: templated vs direct complexation. Influence of particle preparation on morphology, cell uptake and silencing efficiency

• Arianna Gennari,
• Julio M. Rios de la Rosa,
• Erwin Hohn,
• Maria Pelliccia,
• Enrique Lallana,
• Roberto Donno,
• Annalisa Tirella and
• Nicola Tirelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2594–2608, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.250

• macromolecules). In the light of the TPP–HA exchange, this interpretation must be revised: the same factor (better packing of Chit35) increases the chitosan concentration in the bulk of the templating particles, potentially leading to a tighter HA complexation in the bulk, but also to a reduced surface charge

Long-term stability and scale-up of noncovalently bound gold nanoparticle-siRNA suspensions

• Anna V. Epanchintseva,
• Julia E. Poletaeva,
• Dmitrii V. Pyshnyi,
• Elena I. Ryabchikova and
• Inna A. Pyshnaya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2568–2578, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.248

•  1C,D). The seed AuNP-siRNA (citrate) AuNPs had a zeta potential value of −33.6 ± 2.0 mV, indicating that attachment of siRNA influenced this value. The analysis of the zeta potential values of samples ×1 and ×10 revealed changes in the ratio between particles with different surface charge; this is

Gold-coated plant virus as computed tomography imaging contrast agent

• Alaa A. A. Aljabali,
• Mazhar S. Al Zoubi,
• Khalid M. Al-Batanyeh,
• Ali Al-Radaideh,
• Mohammad A. Obeid,
• Abeer Al Sharabi,
• Walhan Alshaer,
• Bayan AbuFares,
• Tasnim Al-Zanati,
• Murtaza M. Tambuwala,
• Naveed Akbar and
• David J. Evans

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1983–1993, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.195

• −43.7 ± 2.1 mV and −48.2 ± 1.8 mV [36]. The zeta potential of VCAM1-PEG5000Au-CPMV is −20.5 ± 1.2 mV, that of PEG 5000Au-CPMV is −30.2 ± 2.1 mV. One of the advantages of zeta potential measurements is the possibility to classify NP stability based on the surface charge values. NPs with values in the

• 28 nm and a surface charge of ca. 13 mV [38]. Surface functionalization and UV–visible studies One of the objectives of the present work was the development of a smart cell-specific contrast agent based on the surface modification of Au-CPMV with specific antibodies to target desired cells

Porous silver-coated pNIPAM-co-AAc hydrogel nanocapsules

• William W. Bryan,
• Riddhiman Medhi,
• Maria D. Marquez,
• Supparesk Rittikulsittichai,
• Michael Tran and
• T. Randall Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1973–1982, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.194

• increase in size to 866 ± 97 nm, as judged by the SEM images in Figure 1. Notably, the slight distortions in the images of the bare hydrogel composites (i.e., blurring and stretching apparent in Figure 1a and 1b) arise from surface charge build up from the SEM beam. Conversely, the conductive surfaces of

• degradation, as indicated by visible aggregation and loss of the extinction peak intensity. At elevated temperatures, the hydrogel cores are in a desolvated state as indicated by the swollen and collapsed architectures shown in Figure 3. Furthermore, a reduction in the overall surface charge distribution is

Nanoarchitectonics meets cell surface engineering: shape recognition of human cells by halloysite-doped silica cell imprints

• Elvira Rozhina,
• Ilnur Ishmukhametov,
• Svetlana Batasheva,
• Farida Akhatova and
• Rawil Fakhrullin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1818–1825, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.176

• media supplemented with yeast cells. HeLa cells (having originally a negative zeta potential of ca. −10 mV) were first coated with a single layer of poly(acrylamide-co-diallyldimethylammonium chloride (P(AAm-co-DADMAC)) to reverse the surface charge of HeLa cells (the zeta potential after P(AAm-co

Toxicity and safety study of silver and gold nanoparticles functionalized with cysteine and glutathione

• Barbara Pem,
• Igor M. Pongrac,
• Lea Ulm,
• Ivan Pavičić,
• Valerije Vrček,
• Darija Domazet Jurašin,
• Marija Ljubojević,
• Adela Krivohlavek and
• Ivana Vinković Vrček

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1802–1817, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.175

• biothiols (GSH and CYS) bind to the NP surfaces in their oxidized form, which supports some earlier reports [51][69]. A detailed characterization of the prepared NPs dispersed in ultrapure water (UPW) revealed a negative surface charge. The observed zeta-potential values (Table 1) were indicative of a high

• . The obtained NPs were carefully characterized by means of size distribution and surface charge employing dynamic light scattering (DLS) and electrophoretic light scattering (ELS) methods. The visualization of the NPs was performed using TEM. The most stable AuNPs and AgNPs with similar physico

• (Malvern Instruments, Malvern, UK) with a green laser (532 nm), set at an angle of 173°. The size distribution of the NPs is expressed as the hydrodynamic diameter (dH) obtained from the size-volume distribution function and given as an average of 10 measurements. The surface charge was determined by

Doxorubicin-loaded human serum albumin nanoparticles overcome transporter-mediated drug resistance in drug-adapted cancer cells

• Hannah Onafuye,
• Sebastian Pieper,
• Dennis Mulac,
• Jindrich Cinatl Jr.,
• Mark N. Wass,
• Klaus Langer and
• Martin Michaelis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1707–1715, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.166

• suspensions were diluted 1:100 with purified water and measured at a temperature of 22 °C using a backscattering angle of 173°. The zeta potential was measured in the same instrument by laser Doppler microelectrophoresis to provide information about the surface charge of the nanoparticles. Thus, the

Effects of surface charge and boundary slip on time-periodic pressure-driven flow and electrokinetic energy conversion in a nanotube

• Mandula Buren,
• Yongjun Jian,
• Yingchun Zhao,
• Long Chang and
• Quansheng Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1628–1635, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.158

• Economics, Hohhot, China 10.3762/bjnano.10.158 Abstract Time-periodic pressure-driven slip flow and electrokinetic energy conversion efficiency in a nanotube are studied analytically. The slip length depends on the surface charge density. Electric potential, velocity and streaming electric field are

• obtained analytically under the Debye–Hückel approximation. The electrokinetic energy conversion efficiency is computed using these results. The effects of surface charge-dependent slip and electroviscous effect on velocity and electrokinetic energy conversion efficiency are discussed. The main results

• show that the velocity amplitude and the electrokinetic energy conversion efficiency of the surface charge-dependent slip flow are reduced compared with those of the surface charge-independent slip flow. Keywords: electroviscous effect; energy conversion; nanofluidics; streaming potential; surface

Janus-micromotor-based on–off luminescence sensor for active TNT detection

• Ye Yuan,
• Changyong Gao,
• Daolin Wang,
• Chang Zhou,
• Baohua Zhu and
• Qiang He

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1324–1331, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.131

• surface charge of the UCNPs before and after modification was measured. As shown in Figure 1d, the zeta potential changed from −22.08 to 17.3 mV, indicating the successful surface amine group functionalization. Moreover, the fluorescence emission spectrum shows that the surface functionalization did not

A biomimetic nanofluidic diode based on surface-modified polymeric carbon nitride nanotubes

• Kai Xiao,
• Baris Kumru,
• Lu Chen,
• Lei Jiang,
• Bernhard V. K. J. Schmidt and
• Markus Antonietti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1316–1323, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.130

• . Here, a nanofluidic ion diode was realized by modifying carbon nitride nanotubes with different molecules yielding an asymmetric surface charge that allows for ion rectification. With the advantages of low-cost, thermal and mechanical robustness, and simple fabrication process, carbon nitride nanotubes

• nanochannels preferentially transport anions instead of cations, while the negatively charged nanochannels selectively transport cations [19][20][21]. This is the origin of ion selectivity. To realize ion rectification, asymmetric nanochannels and/or asymmetric surface-charge distributions are needed. In this

• ] indicating the formation of carbon nitride nanotubes. Ion transport in carbon nitride nanotube membrane As reported before [34][35], the graphitic carbon nitride fabricated by thermal polymerization has a negative surface charge in the initial state because of the incomplete polymerization or condensation

Imaging the surface potential at the steps on the rutile TiO₂(110) surface by Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Masato Miyazaki,
• Huan Fei Wen,
• Quanzhen Zhang,
• Yuuki Adachi,
• Jan Brndiar,
• Ivan Štich,
• Yan Jun Li and
• Yasuhiro Sugawara

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1228–1236, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.122

• in CPD and propose a simple model for interpreting the local surface potential at the steps with the help of surface charge redistribution, in analogy to the Smoluchowski effect, and the local dipole moment of surface atoms supported by the DFT simulation. Experimental The experiments were carried

Pure and mixed ordered monolayers of tetracyano-2,6-naphthoquinodimethane and hexathiapentacene on the Ag(100) surface

• Robert Harbers,
• Timo Heepenstrick,
• Dmitrii F. Perepichka and
• Moritz Sokolowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1188–1199, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.118

• repulsion between the equally oriented dipoles related to the molecule/surface charge transfer may also play a role but is supposed to be less important here. Notably, in the three-dimensional bulk structure of HTPEN, attractive electrostatic bonds between the central sulfur atoms and the outer sulfur atoms

Tailoring the stability/aggregation of one-dimensional TiO₂(B)/titanate nanowires using surfactants

• Atiđa Selmani,
• Johannes Lützenkirchen,
• Kristina Kučanda,
• Dario Dabić,
• Engelbert Redel,
• Ida Delač Marion,
• Damir Kralj,
• Darija Domazet Jurašin and
• Maja Dutour Sikirić

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1024–1037, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.103

• stability, aggregation behavior and fate in aquatic environments [23]. As far as the stability of 1D TNWs is concerned, Szabó et al. [24] and Horváth et al. [25] investigated the surface charge and aggregation behavior of TNWs in the presence of polyelectrolytes (i.e., poly(styrene sulfonate) and poly

• depending on the pH values, which gives rise to a surface charge compensated by counter-ion. As a consequence an electrical double layer (EDL) is formed [52]. According to classical Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek (DLVO) theory, the stability of the NMs is determined by two major contributions: the

• concentrations more DTAB is needed to affect the surface charge and consequently the zeta potential. The presence of NaBr promoted the aggregation of dispersions with higher TNW mass concentration. A decrease in the absolute value of the zeta potential was observed and less stable TNW dispersions were obtained

Serum type and concentration both affect the protein-corona composition of PLGA nanoparticles

• Katrin Partikel,
• Robin Korte,
• Dennis Mulac,
• Hans-Ulrich Humpf and
• Klaus Langer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1002–1015, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.101

• study was to compare the protein corona of PLGA NPs that were exposed to 1000 µL of either FBS or human serum in order to explore the effect of the origin of the protein source on the amount, surface charge, and identity of the adsorbed protein layer. As already discussed above, 1000 µL serum in the

• the same instrument by laser Doppler microelectrophoresis to provide information about the surface charge of the NPs. The NP dilutions described above were transferred into a folded capillary cell and the determination was conducted at 22 °C. Morphological analysis of nanoparticles by SEM A quantity

• for reference and positive controls (+) derived from pure serum diluted with purified water. Abbreviations: fetal bovine serum (FBS), human serum (HS). Surface charge evolution of PLGA NPs after exposure to different amounts of serum in the incubation solution. The differences in the mean values (mean

Effects of gold and PCL- or PLLA-coated silica nanoparticles on brain endothelial cells and the blood–brain barrier

• Aniela Bittner,
• Angélique D. Ducray,
• Hans Rudolf Widmer,
• Michael H. Stoffel and
• Meike Mevissen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 941–954, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.95

• neurons [11]. Kamikobu et al. reported that the effect of Si-NPs on cell viability of embryonic kidney cells and primary hippocampal cultures depended on concentration, size and surface charge of the particles. Notably, neuronal cells were shown to be more sensitive to NP exposure compared to embryonic

Tungsten disulfide-based nanocomposites for photothermal therapy

• Tzuriel Levin,
• Hagit Sade,
• Rina Ben-Shabbat Binyamini,
• Maayan Pour,
• Iftach Nachman and
• Jean-Paul Lellouche

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 811–822, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.81

• accumulation effect, but parameters such as nanostructure shape and surface charge are extremely important [33]. A wide range of nanomaterials has been studied for cancer PTT to now, from organic conjugated polymers [34][35], through carbon-based nanomaterials [36][37], to inorganic nanostructures. Within the

• in TEM, and bright in SEM. A possible reason for this is that CAN-mag composite has a strong positive surface charge (see zeta potential results below in Figure 7), causing electrostatic repulsion forces that prevent a denser coverage. Another point that the electron microscope images show (see

The effect of translation on the binding energy for transition-metal porphyrines adsorbed on Ag(111) surface

• Luiza Buimaga-Iarinca and
• Cristian Morari

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 706–717, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.70

• molecule–surface charge transfer, analyzed for different geometric configurations allows us to propose qualitative models, relevant for the understanding of the self-assembly processes and related phenomena. Keywords: Ag(111) surface; DFT+U; metal porphyrine; van der Waals; Introduction Metalloporphyrins

• positions while the largest ones are obtained for the bridge positions. Most probably this is the result of decreasing the distance between molecule and surface. Since the molecule is closer to the surface, the molecule–surface charge transfer becomes more important, leading to higher dipolar moments. The

• ) interaction is a complex mechanism that involves a weak chemical bond between metal and surface, a relatively important charge transfer and an important van der Waals interaction. Molecule–surface charge transfer is reflected in the varying electronic population of the central TM atom, which in turn is

Ceria/polymer nanocontainers for high-performance encapsulation of fluorophores

• Kartheek Katta,
• Dmitry Busko,
• Yuri Avlasevich,
• Katharina Landfester,
• Stanislav Baluschev and
• Rafael Muñoz-Espí

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 522–530, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.53

• crystallization experiments with specific concentration. The surface charge density was determined at pH 10 to ensure the complete deprotonation of the carboxylic groups. Synthesis of CeO2/polymer hybrid nanocapsules The synthesized polymeric nanocapsules, NC and NC(Ar), were used in the crystallization

•  1 reports the different samples reported in this work with the corresponding particle sizes measured by DLS. The surface charge density of the negatively charged latex nanocapsules was determined by direct polyelectrolyte titration with a roughly 0.001 N solution of poly(diallyldimethyl ammonium

• chloride), detecting the end point with an automatic streaming current detector with a particle-charge detector Mütek PCD-03 in combination with a Metrohm Titrino automatic titrator. The samples were diluted to a solid content of 0.1 wt % for titration and the surface charge density of 1.6 carboxylic

Removal of toxic heavy metals from river water samples using a porous silica surface modified with a new β-ketoenolic host

• Said Tighadouini,
• Smaail Radi,
• Abderrahman Elidrissi,
• Khadija Haboubi,
• Maryse Bacquet,
• Stéphanie Degoutin,
• Mustapha Zaghrioui and
• Yann Garcia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 262–273, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.25

• . The speciation of metal ions in solution and the surface charge of the adsorbents can be influenced by the pH of a solution [56]. Donor groups attached to the adsorbents may be easily protonated or deprotonated to form different surface charges in solution at different pH values [40]. The effect of

Mechanism of silica–lysozyme composite formation unravelled by in situ fast SAXS

• Tomasz M. Stawski,
• Daniela B. van den Heuvel,
• Rogier Besselink,
• Dominique J. Tobler and
• Liane G. Benning

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 182–197, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.17

• physicochemical conditions [24]: U(2RHS < x < 2RHS + Δ) = −2.5 kBT; Δ = 0.1·(2RHS) under the restriction that Δmin ≥ 0.15 nm (i.e., the average H-bond length). The value of U in our study may slightly differ from literature values, because for constant pH value and salinity, the surface charge of NPs increases

• interaction between the protein LZM and amorphous silica NPs (Figure 5). Immediately upon mixing, aggregation is induced due to the opposing surface charge of the silica NPs and the protein. An infinitely extensive and open (D = 1.8–2.2) aggregate network, from the point of view of the SAXS measurement, forms

• respect to silica constitutes the configuration of the highest attraction. This together with the relatively low dipole moment and the positive surface charge of the protein surface, potentially accounts for the bridging of the NPs by the LZM molecules, as the protein does not show a favoured orientation