Kelvin probe force microscopy work function characterization of transition metal oxide crystals under ongoing reduction and oxidation

• Dominik Wrana,
• Karol Cieślik,
• Wojciech Belza,
• Christian Rodenbücher,
• Krzysztof Szot and
• Franciszek Krok

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1596–1607, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.155

• STO materials enabled a low sample bias of +1 mV for the LC-AFM measurements to be used. Real work function values were calculated from recorded CPD maps after calibration against a material of known work function, here highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG), which was annealed in situ up to 300 °C

Development of a new hybrid approach combining AFM and SEM for the nanoparticle dimensional metrology

• Loïc Crouzier,
• Alexandra Delvallée,
• Sébastien Ducourtieux,
• Laurent Devoille,
• Guillaume Noircler,
• Christian Ulysse,
• Olivier Taché,
• Elodie Barruet,
• Christophe Tromas and
• Nicolas Feltin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1523–1536, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.150

• populations. Moreover, additional tools such as calibration standard and repositioning system have been developed in this study to easily find the area of interest. However, the proof of concept of this method requires three steps. Firstly, the development of a specific reference structure (standard) suitable

• for investigating NPs is required. Actually, the calibration certificates associated with reference structures commercially available do not give values within 1 nm along the XYZ-axes. Our new standard will make it possible to establish a “traceability route” between both instruments. The calibration

• grating is used for the comparison of the measurements performed by AFM and SEM and these measurements are traceable to SI units with the calibration of this standard through the implementation of the metrological AFM (mAFM) of LNE [12]. Secondly, we have to be capable of measuring exactly the same set of

Growth of lithium hydride thin films from solutions: Towards solution atomic layer deposition of lithiated films

• Ivan Kundrata,
• Karol Fröhlich,
• Lubomír Vančo,
• Matej Mičušík and
• Julien Bachmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1443–1451, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.142

• collected using the pass energy of 50 eV. Charge compensation was achieved with the system dual beam flood gun. The Thermo Scientific Avantage software, version 5.9904 (Thermo Fisher Scientific), was used for digital acquisition and data processing. Spectral calibration was determined by using the automated

• calibration routine and the internal Au, Ag and Cu standards supplied with the K-Alpha system. Argon etching was done with ion gun (1.4 µA of 2 keV Ar+ ions over 8 mm2). The samples indented to be used in XPS and Auger were coated with an additional layer of SiO2 inside of the deposition chamber. This

Gas sensing properties of individual SnO₂ nanowires and SnO₂ sol–gel nanocomposites

• Alexey V. Shaposhnik,
• Dmitry A. Shaposhnik,
• Sergey Yu. Turishchev,
• Olga A. Chuvenkova,
• Stanislav V. Ryabtsev,
• Alexey A. Vasiliev,
• Xavier Vilanova,
• Francisco Hernandez-Ramirez and
• Joan R. Morante

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1380–1390, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.136

• case of XANES measurements, the analysis layer depth was ≈10 nm [49]. Calibration and normalization of the measured spectra was carried out using the signals from a pure gold film. Additionally, the positions of the core levels were controlled by the position of the C 1s level of the hydrocarbon

• of nanowire and nanopowder sensors towards different concentrations of ammonia. Calibration curves of the nanowire (NW) and sol–gel (nanopowder) sensors. Response of two sensors based on sol–gel technology and on an individual nanowire (NW) as a function of sensor temperature. parameters of power

• function approximation of calibration curves. Acknowledgements The reported study was funded by RFBR according to the research project No. 18-29-24128. S.R., O.C. and S.T. (synchrotron studies and results discussion) acknowledge the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia, State Task for Higher

Nanoscale spatial mapping of mechanical properties through dynamic atomic force microscopy

• Zahra Abooalizadeh,
• Leszek Josef Sudak and
• Philip Egberts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1332–1347, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.132

• response of the cantilever were simultaneously recorded with the topography and the lateral force signals using a digital lock-in amplifier supplied with the RHK R9 controller. The calibration of the detected variations in amplitude and phase into elastic and loss modulus with high accuracy requires a good

• against a material with known mechanical properties. The mechanical properties of the calibration sample are considered to be known, either through independent measurements with another technique or from literature values. To obtain the effective elastic modulus, we adopted the mechanical properties from

• literature. By employing the normalization equation as below, the mechanical properties of the sample were determined. In this equation, the exponent m = 3/2 denotes a Hertzian contact, α is the normalized contact stiffness of either the test surface or calibration sample, is the effective elastic modulus

Janus-micromotor-based on–off luminescence sensor for active TNT detection

• Ye Yuan,
• Changyong Gao,
• Daolin Wang,
• Chang Zhou,
• Baohua Zhu and
• Qiang He

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1324–1331, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.131

• = (3SD)/k, where the SD is the standard deviation of the luminescence intensity of the Janus UCNP capsule motors and the k is the slope of the calibration curve (k = 18.95). Compared with the LOD of passive UCNPs (8.4 ng mL−1), the TNT detection efficiency is enhanced by 3.5 times. Conclusion We have

Fabrication of phase masks from amorphous carbon thin films for electron-beam shaping

• Lukas Grünewald,
• Dagmar Gerthsen and
• Simon Hettler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1290–1302, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.128

• distance due to faulty calibration. A larger number of concentric rings was observed for larger kρ values as expected from theory. Another aspect is, that the overall intensity decreases more rapidly than expected for larger kρ. This effect could result from an insufficient amplitude thickness of the

Imaging the surface potential at the steps on the rutile TiO₂(110) surface by Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Masato Miyazaki,
• Huan Fei Wen,
• Quanzhen Zhang,
• Yuuki Adachi,
• Jan Brndiar,
• Ivan Štich,
• Yan Jun Li and
• Yasuhiro Sugawara

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1228–1236, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.122

• Waals force is dominant and the contribution of the force from the tip apex becomes weak and the force from the rest of the cantilever becomes significant. Therefore, the observed height of step was smaller than that of the real one. Before the experiments, we verified that the distance calibration of

Tailoring the magnetic properties of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles using the polyol process

• Malek Bibani,
• Romain Breitwieser,
• Alex Aubert,
• Vincent Loyau,
• Silvana Mercone,
• Souad Ammar and
• Fayna Mammeri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1166–1176, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.116

• chemical analysis of the particles was checked by XRF, using a Panalytical MINIPAL4 X-ray fluorescence spectrometer, equipped with a rhodium X-ray tube operating at 30 kV and 87 μA current emission. Quantification was determined from pre-plotted calibration curves using standard Co and Fe solutions

CuInSe₂ quantum dots grown by molecular beam epitaxy on amorphous SiO₂ surfaces

• Henrique Limborço,
• Pedro M.P. Salomé,
• Rodrigo Ribeiro-Andrade,
• Jennifer P. Teixeira,
• Nicoleta Nicoara,
• Kamal Abderrafi,
• Joaquim P. Leitão,
• Juan C. Gonzalez and
• Sascha Sadewasser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1103–1111, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.110

• /min was determined by measuring the thickness of thick CIS calibration samples. To avoid Se loss, the samples were cooled down from the maximum growth temperature to 300 °C at 10 °C/min under Se flux. Below 300 °C, the cooling rate was reduced to approximately 5 °C/min and the Se flux was ceased. In

Glucose-derived carbon materials with tailored properties as electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction

• Rafael Gomes Morais,
• Natalia Rey-Raap,
• José Luís Figueiredo and
• Manuel Fernando Ribeiro Pereira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1089–1102, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.109

• analysis, a calibration of the CO and CO2 content was carried out, allowing the quantification of the TPD profiles. Electrochemical characterization The electrochemical measurements were performed on a PGSTAT 302N potentiostat/galvanostat by using a three-electrode cell configuration. Ag/AgCl (KCl 3 M) and

Scavenging of reactive oxygen species by phenolic compound-modified maghemite nanoparticles

• Małgorzata Świętek,
• Yi-Chin Lu,
• Rafał Konefał,
• Liliana P. Ferreira,
• M. Margarida Cruz,
• Yunn-Hwa Ma and
• Daniel Horák

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1073–1088, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.108

• spectrometer (Analytik Jena AG; Jena, Germany) at a wavelength of 765 nm against a control solution (without chitosan). A series of gallic acid solutions of different concentrations (0.0–0.5 mg/mL) was used to obtain the calibration curve. The results were expressed as the gallic acid equivalent (GAE). Each

• calibration curve was prepared under identical conditions. Cytotoxicity was determined by a CCK-8 assay (Sigma-Aldrich) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Briefly, cells were cultured in a 24-well plate to 80–90% confluence and incubated with nanoparticles (100 μg/mL) for 3 h in the absence or

Tailoring the stability/aggregation of one-dimensional TiO₂(B)/titanate nanowires using surfactants

• Atiđa Selmani,
• Johannes Lützenkirchen,
• Kristina Kučanda,
• Dario Dabić,
• Engelbert Redel,
• Ida Delač Marion,
• Damir Kralj,
• Darija Domazet Jurašin and
• Maja Dutour Sikirić

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1024–1037, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.103

• Riedel-de Haën and used for pH-electrode calibration. All other chemicals used in this investigation were purchased from Fluka and dissolved in Milli-Q water. Sample preparation Preparation of neat surfactant solutions Stock solutions of DTAB, c(DTAB) = 1 × 10−1 mol dm−3 and 12-2-12, c(12-2-12) = 1 × 10

Serum type and concentration both affect the protein-corona composition of PLGA nanoparticles

• Katrin Partikel,
• Robin Korte,
• Dennis Mulac,
• Hans-Ulrich Humpf and
• Klaus Langer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1002–1015, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.101

• calibration curve ranging from 0.1–10 µg/mL. Serum protein adsorption on nanoparticles Serum protein adsorption on NPs was carried out according to a modified method described by Gossmann and co-workers [18]. Therefore, increasing amounts of either FBS (50–1600 µL) or human serum (1–1000 µL) were added to an

• to a stable protein–dye complex that was read at 595 nm. The amount of proteins bound to the NPs was quantified using a BSA calibration curve (0.05–0.5 mg/mL) with addition of 1 M NaOH. In addition, the total protein amount in serum (FBS and human serum) was determined. Consequently, the free

Nanoscale optical and structural characterisation of silk

• Meguya Ryu,
• Reo Honda,
• Adrian Cernescu,
• Arturas Vailionis,
• Armandas Balčytis,
• Jitraporn Vongsvivut,
• Jing-Liang Li,
• Denver P. Linklater,
• Elena P. Ivanova,
• Vygantas Mizeikis,
• Mark J. Tobin,
• Junko Morikawa and
• Saulius Juodkazis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 922–929, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.93

• estimate of the order of magnitude since the calibration of the LC retarder is carried out at a single wavelength, while the imaging is done under white-light illumination. The birefringence originates from the alignment of the structures, which is determined by the fiber orientation down to molecular

• = 0.25. (a) A series of optical images taken at different voltages of a liquid crystal (LC) retarder (schematically shown in the inset of (b)) and a Nikon Optiphot-pol microscope with LMPlanFL 20× objective lens, NA = 0.4. (b) Calibration curve of retardance as a function of voltage collected at 635 nm

The systemic effect of PEG-nGO-induced oxidative stress in vivo in a rodent model

• Qura Tul Ain,
• Samina Hyder Haq,
• Abeer Alshammari,
• Moudhi Abdullah Al-Mutlaq and
• Muhammad Naeem Anjum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 901–911, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.91

• mixed with a 0.04% DNTB buffer in a ratio of 1:9. Then, the absorbance was measured at 412 nm using a UV–vis spectrometer. The GSH level was determined using a calibration curve and was expressed in μM/mg. Glutathione S-transferase Glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity was calculated by a method

Polydopamine-coated Au nanorods for targeted fluorescent cell imaging and photothermal therapy

• Boris N. Khlebtsov,
• Andrey M. Burov,
• Timofey E. Pylaev and
• Nikolai G. Khlebtsov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 794–803, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.79

• . First, from the differential peak adsorption 0.035 and the calibration curve (Figure S2 in Supporting Information File 1), the molar concentration of bound dye molecules is 1.5 µM. Taking into account the estimated number concentration 1012 mL−1 of AuNRs (Section S1 in Supporting Information File 1), we

• -folate nanocomposites. Supporting Information S1. Calculation of the AuNR concentration; S2. Calibration curve for determination of rhodamine 123 concentration; S3. Dynamic light scattering study of nanocomposites at different pH values. Supporting Information File 168: Additional experimental data

Review of time-resolved non-contact electrostatic force microscopy techniques with applications to ionic transport measurements

• Aaron Mascaro,
• Yoichi Miyahara,
• Tyler Enright,
• Omur E. Dagdeviren and
• Peter Grütter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 617–633, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.62

• is off by approximately a factor of 5, while the tip radii are significantly smaller than the true tip radius (ca. 30 nm). These results are not surprising as there are many potential sources of error that can affect the absolute value of the force including the calibration of the cantilever spring

• time constant τ to generate a calibration curve (Figure 7a). They observed statistically significant differences in the measured signal in differences in τ down to 10 ns, which they designated as the minium attainable time resolution. The authors then utilized tFP to study differences in local charging

• time constants, τ, and stretching factors, β. “(a) Calibration curve for a range of characteristic times of exponential decay (τ) (inset shows a zoom-in for shorter times). (b) Topography

Biomimetic synthesis of Ag-coated glasswing butterfly arrays as ultra-sensitive SERS substrates for efficient trace detection of pesticides

• Guochao Shi,
• Mingli Wang,
• Yanying Zhu,
• Yuhong Wang,
• Xiaoya Yan,
• Xin Sun,
• Haijun Xu and
• Wanli Ma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 578–588, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.59

• ) Raman spectra of CV at different concentrations from 10−6 M to 10−11 M on Ag-G.b.-20 substrate. (d) Linear calibration plot between the Raman intensities and CV concentrations in the log–log scale at the 1172 cm−1 and 1370 cm−1 peaks (the error bars were calculated based on five independent measurements

• intensities of the main peaks at 1078, 1185 and 1576 cm−1 in different concentrations. (c) Linear calibration plot between the Raman intensities and acephate concentrations. (d) Raman spectra of 10−8 mg/mL acephate collected by using the Ag-G.b.-20 substrate. Linear relationships between CV concentrations (10

Hydrophilicity and carbon chain length effects on the gas sensing properties of chemoresistive, self-assembled monolayer carbon nanotube sensors

• Juan Casanova-Cháfer,
• Carla Bittencourt and
• Eduard Llobet

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 565–577, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.58

• concentrations of nitrogen dioxide, in a real application these effects could be compensated for via the use of a humidity sensor and an appropriate calibration. The presence of an adsorbed water layer on hydrophilic thiol sensors and the reported water-mediated adsorption of nitrogen dioxide could explain the

• approach was employed to study the response towards ethanol vapors. These results are summarized in Figure 8, where it can be observed that the highest sensitivity towards ethanol (i.e., slope of the calibration curves shown in Figure 8b) is obtained for the hydrophilic SAM having a short length carbon

• to nitrogen dioxide exposure and recovery cycles in air, and b) calibration curves for the different nitrogen dioxide concentrations tested. Electrostatic interactions pathways between –COOH functional groups and nitrogen dioxide (a, b), water (c, d) and ethanol (e, f). Calibration curves for

Mechanical and thermodynamic properties of Aβ₄₂, Aβ₄₀, and α-synuclein fibrils: a coarse-grained method to complement experimental studies

• Adolfo B. Poma,
• Horacio V. Guzman,
• Mai Suan Li and
• Panagiotis E. Theodorakis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 500–513, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.51

• ], AFM base-force spectroscopy [51], or by the design of sophisticated microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) [52]. These techniques have been successfully used to predict the elastic properties of several biomolecules. However, OT are limited to applied loads below 0.1 nN and AFM has delicate calibration

• stable at higher temperatures (thermophilic character) among the other two-fold and three-fold β-amyloids. The calibration of our room temperature is 0.35ε/kB. In particular, the folding temperature (Tf) defined in our CG model at P0 equal to 0.5 gives Tf equal to 0.38, 0.42, 0.44, 0.46, and 0.48 in

• units of ε/kB for the amyloids with the PDB entries 2LMO, 2MJ4, 2NAO, 5OQV, and 2MVX, respectively. With our calibration of ε, the difference between the most (PDB ID: 2MVX) and least (PDB ID: 2LMO) thermophilic fibrils is of the order of 85 °C. Our results indicate that the α-syn fibril is thermally

Polymorphic self-assembly of pyrazine-based tectons at the solution–solid interface

• Achintya Jana,
• Puneet Mishra and
• Neeladri Das

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 494–499, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.50

• means of split-image technique [21] in which both the adsorbate layer and the substrate are recorded with molecular and atomic resolution, respectively, in a single frame. The details of calibration and correction of STM images is given in the section 5 of Supporting Information File 1. A 5 μL droplet

Reduced graphene oxide supported C₃N₄ nanoflakes and quantum dots as metal-free catalysts for visible light assisted CO₂ reduction

• Md Rakibuddin and
• Haekyoung Kim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 448–458, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.44

• -1,4-dihydro-2,6-lutidine (DDL) complex between HCHO and the Nash reagent. The optical intensity of this complex is then measured at λmax = 412 nm using a UV–vis spectrophotometer, and the final concentration of the produced HCHO was measured using a standard calibration curve (Supporting Information

• a standard calibration curve. The photoactivity usually depends on the quantity of catalyst and light intensity, therefore the CO2 photoreduction efficiency can also be measured by the apparent quantum yield (AQY), where AQY can be calculated according to Equation 1. The number of electrons required

Thermal control of the defunctionalization of supported Au₂₅(glutathione)₁₈ catalysts for benzyl alcohol oxidation

• Zahraa Shahin,
• Hyewon Ji,
• Rodica Chiriac,
• Nadine Essayem,
• Franck Rataboul and
• Aude Demessence

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 228–237, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.21

• programmed from 30 °C to 180 °C, injector and FID detector set at 220 °C, and using N2 as carrier gas. External calibration was carried out by injecting distinct standard solutions of benzyl alcohol and benzaldehyde with dodecane. UV–visible spectroscopy was performed with Agilent UV 8453 UV–visible

Wet chemistry route for the decoration of carbon nanotubes with iron oxide nanoparticles for gas sensing

• Hussam M. Elnabawy,
• Juan Casanova-Chafer,
• Badawi Anis,
• Mostafa Fedawy,
• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Carla Bittencourt,
• Ahmed S. G. Khalil,
• Eduard Llobet and
• Xavier Vilanova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 105–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.10

• concentration and the value of RG was fixed as the value of resistance at a fixed time after an NO2 exposure of 10 minutes. Figure 8 shows the calibration curves for different concentrations of NO2. Response (%) is defined as 100 × (RG – R0)/R0. As derived from Figure 8, Sample B with a 1:1 decoration ratio