Enhanced antineoplastic/therapeutic efficacy using 5-fluorouracil-loaded calcium phosphate nanoparticles

• Shanid Mohiyuddin,
• Saba Naqvi and
• Gopinath Packirisamy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2499–2515, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.233

• problems in medical prognoses such as nonspecific cytotoxicity, insignificant survival rate, re-initialization of cancer, in vitro evolution of multidrug resistance, and unwanted side effects [2]. The failure of conventional therapeutic strategies indicates that additional efforts should be focused

• prior to arriving at the targeted site resulted in serious nonspecific cytotoxicity [4]. Alternative drug delivery strategies using inorganic nanoparticles have also been applied. A magneto-electric nanoparticle (MEN) system was reported as a controlled drug delivery platform for the drug paclitaxel in

• CaP NPs in HCT-15 cell lines (Figure 4C). The same was found in 22.3% and 18.68% of inhibition in A549 and NIH 3T3 cell lines as demonstrated in Figure 4B and Figure 4A, respectively. The comparative low cytotoxicity of CaP NPs as a carrier (even at a higher concentration of 100 µg/mL) reveals the

Fabrication of photothermally active poly(vinyl alcohol) films with gold nanostars for antibacterial applications

• Mykola Borzenkov,
• Maria Moros,
• Claudia Tortiglione,
• Serena Bertoldi,
• Nicola Contessi,
• Silvia Faré,
• Angelo Taglietti,
• Agnese D’Agostino,
• Piersandro Pallavicini,
• Maddalena Collini and
• Giuseppe Chirico

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2040–2048, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.193

• photothermal effect [6][24]. Moreover, the LSPR peak located in the second biotransparent window (1000–1400 nm) is more attractive for in vivo applications due to the deeper penetration of NIR light [26]. Since GNSs are weakly stable if coated only with surfactant, and also considering the cytotoxicity of

Biomimetic and biodegradable cellulose acetate scaffolds loaded with dexamethasone for bone implants

• Aikaterini-Rafailia Tsiapla,
• Varvara Karagkiozaki,
• Veroniki Bakola,
• Foteini Pappa,
• Panagiota Gkertsiou,
• Eleni Pavlidou and
• Stergios Logothetidis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1986–1994, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.189

• . Cytotoxicity studies were performed by using MTT assay, methylene-blue staining and SEM fixation and showed very good cell adhesion and proliferation, indicating the cytocompatibility of these fibrous scaffolds. Drug-release kinetics was measured for the evaluation of a controllable and sustained release of

• was measured at the absorption wavelength of the drug, using a 96-well plate reader (Luminometer Promega Glomax multi detection system). After that, the remaining samples were placed back in the incubator until the next measurement. In vitro cytotoxicity assays MTT assay direct test and methylene blue

• staining: L929 mouse fibroblasts were used to examine the cytotoxicity levels due to their properties and biological characteristics (biological responses and reproducible growth rates). The samples were placed inside a well-plate and 1 mL of medium was added and the whole system was left in the incubator

Preparation of micro/nanopatterned gelatins crosslinked with genipin for biocompatible dental implants

• Reika Makita,
• Tsukasa Akasaka,
• Seiichi Tamagawa,
• Yasuhiro Yoshida,
• Saori Miyata,
• Hirofumi Miyaji and
• Tsutomu Sugaya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1735–1754, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.165

• surface patterning material or crosslinking agent used can also subsequently influence cytotoxicity and cell behavior [32][33]. Rizwan et al. have reported that micro/nanopillars comprised of gelatin could be fabricated through a combination of molding and polymerization of the gelatin with methacrylate

• attachment. Moreover, the live/dead cell viability assay demonstrated that gelatin crosslinked with genipin showed low cytotoxicity (Figure 4). The low cytotoxicity for Saos-2 cells on our gelatin patterns was in agreement with the low cytotoxicity for fibroblasts on genipin-crosslinked gelatin [66

Atomic-level characterization and cilostazol affinity of poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles conjugated with differentially charged hydrophilic molecules

• María Francisca Matus,
• Martín Ludueña,
• Cristian Vilos,
• Iván Palomo and
• Marcelo M. Mariscal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1328–1338, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.126

• have shown that PEGylation of NPs allows improved blood circulation, clearance, biocompatibility and less cytotoxicity [15][16][17][18][19]. Hydrophilic polymer chains at the surface of NPs act as a steric barrier, reducing the opsonization and the subsequent phagocytosis [20][21][22]. This amphiphilic

Review on nanoparticles and nanostructured materials: history, sources, toxicity and regulations

• Jaison Jeevanandam,
• Ahmed Barhoum,
• Yen S. Chan,
• Alain Dufresne and
• Michael K. Danquah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1050–1074, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.98

• extensive studies reported that Ag NPs demonstrated a size, morphology, and dosage-dependent higher cytotoxicity to humans and animals cells than asbestos [91][116][117][118][119][120]. The hazardous effects of other NPs present in consumer products are unknown and are still under research. Naturally

Green synthesis of fluorescent carbon dots from spices for in vitro imaging and tumour cell growth inhibition

• Nagamalai Vasimalai,
• Vânia Vilas-Boas,
• Juan Gallo,
• María de Fátima Cerqueira,
• Mario Menéndez-Miranda,
• José Manuel Costa-Fernández,
• Lorena Diéguez,
• Begoña Espiña and
• María Teresa Fernández-Argüelles

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 530–544, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.51

• characterized by means of UV–vis, fluorescence, Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. The optical performance showed an outstanding ability for imaging purposes, with quantum yields up to 43.6%. Thus, the cytotoxicity of the above

• surface of the C-dots might be responsible for the selective cytotoxicity, as suggested by the presence of piperine in the surface of black pepper C-dots analysed by ESI-QTOF-MS. Keywords: bioimaging; carbon quantum dots; fluorescence; spices; Introduction Recent developments in nanotechnology have led

• pepper C-dots) were tested in vitro for cytotoxicity in epithelial human kidney cells (HK-2) and in glioblastoma LN-229 cells (results obtained for each type of C-dots are displayed in detail in Figures S5–S9, Supporting Information File 1). Please, notice that the range of carbon dot concentrations used

Nanoparticle delivery to metastatic breast cancer cells by nanoengineered mesenchymal stem cells

• Liga Saulite,
• Karlis Pleiko,
• Ineta Popena,
• Dominyka Dapkute,
• Ricardas Rotomskis and
• Una Riekstina

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 321–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.32

• drug efflux transporter P-glycoprotein, which ensures rapid excretion of toxic substances from MSCs. Thus, MSCs are an excellent vector for low cytotoxicity anticancer drugs [4]. Sadhukha et al. demonstrated that nanoengineered MSCs home to A549 lung cancer in vivo and remain there for at least 3 h

• , which could be sufficient time to release drugs into the tumour. The encapsulation of NP-linked anticancer drugs could ensure metered drug release in tumours [2]. QD linkage to photosensitisers, such as chlorin e6, causes damage to MiaPaCa2 cancer cells via light-induced cytotoxicity, demonstrating a

Co-reductive fabrication of carbon nanodots with high quantum yield for bioimaging of bacteria

• Jiajun Wang,
• Xia Liu,
• Gesmi Milcovich,
• Tzu-Yu Chen,
• Edel Durack,
• Sarah Mallen,
• Yongming Ruan,
• Xuexiang Weng and
• Sarah P. Hudson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 137–145, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.16

• in bioimaging thanks to their low cytotoxicity. Keywords: bioimaging; carbon nanodots; collaborative reduction; hydrothermal; Introduction Over recent years, carbon nanomaterials have remarkably influenced the growth of a wide range of fields, including electronics, photonics, energy, catalysis and

• water, low photobleaching and low cytotoxicity. They show great potential for bioimaging, photocatalysis, energy conversion, fluorescent ink and sensing applications [1][2][3]. In a bioimaging application perspective, the detection of bacteria by microscopic visualization is an essential benchmark

• (Figure 5B). After confirming the bright feature behavior, Sb was further used to evaluate its bioimaging properties and bacteria viability range. First of all, a cytotoxicity quantification related to the applicable C-dot concentration range was assessed. Xag viability was evaluated following incubation

Hyperthermic intracavitary nanoaerosol therapy (HINAT) as an improved approach for pressurised intraperitoneal aerosol chemotherapy (PIPAC): Technical description, experimental validation and first proof of concept

• Daniel Göhler,
• Stephan Große,
• Alexander Bellendorf,
• Thomas Albert Falkenstein,
• Mehdi Ouaissi,
• Jürgen Zieren,
• Michael Stintz and
• Urs Giger-Pabst

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2729–2740, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.272

• benefits of hyperthermia (e.g., thermal cytotoxicity, increased drug penetration due to reduced intratumoral pressure, increased drug deposition due to improved thermophoretic conditions), both the liquid reservoir of the LAU as well as the aerosol that exits the LAU can be heated in a controlled manner to

Involvement of two uptake mechanisms of gold and iron oxide nanoparticles in a co-exposure scenario using mouse macrophages

• Dimitri Vanhecke,
• Dagmar A. Kuhn,
• Dorleta Jimenez de Aberasturi,
• Sandor Balog,
• Ana Milosevic,
• Dominic Urban,
• Diana Peckys,
• Niels de Jonge,
• Wolfgang J. Parak,
• Alke Petri-Fink and
• Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2396–2409, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.239

• Morada 11 megapixel camera (Münster, Germany). Lactate dehydrogenase assay (LDH) One millilitre of the supernatant of each experiment was collected and stored at 4 °C to determine cytotoxicity. Triton X (0.2% in unsupplemented RPMI) was used for cell lysis as a positive control. The supernatant of

• untreated cells was used as negative control. The LDH assay was performed with the Cytotoxicity Detection Kit (Roche Applied Science, Mannheim, Germany) according to the supplier's manual. Trypan blue exclusion assay The assay was carried out according to the manufacturer’s manual (Sigma Aldrich, Steinheim

Evaluating the toxicity of TiO₂-based nanoparticles to Chinese hamster ovary cells and Escherichia coli: a complementary experimental and computational approach

• Alicja Mikolajczyk,
• Natalia Sizochenko,
• Ewa Mulkiewicz,
• Anna Malankowska,
• Michal Nischk,
• Przemyslaw Jurczak,
• Seishiro Hirano,
• Grzegorz Nowaczyk,
• Adriana Zaleska-Medynska,
• Jerzy Leszczynski,
• Agnieszka Gajewicz and
• Tomasz Puzyn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2171–2180, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.216

• obtained cytotoxicity data were analyzed by means of computational methods (quantitative structure–activity relationships, QSAR approach). Based on a combined experimental and computational approach, predictive models were developed, and relationships between cytotoxicity, size, and specific surface area

• bactericidal activity (towards Gram-positive B. subtilis and Gram-negative P. putida) than NPs activated by UV [4]. At the same time, no significant cytotoxicity has been detected for TiO2 doped with nitrogen (N), gold (Au) or selenium (Sn) [20][21]. Whereas, copper oxide-doped TiO2 and iron/nitrogen co-doped

• approach is based on defining mathematical dependencies between the variance in molecular structures, encoded by so-called molecular descriptors, and the variance in a given physicochemical property or biological (e.g., cytotoxicity) property in a set of compounds (“endpoints”) [5][25][26][27][28][29][30

Carbon nano-onions as fluorescent on/off modulated nanoprobes for diagnostics

• Stefania Lettieri,
• Marta d’Amora,
• Adalberto Camisasca,
• Alberto Diaspro and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1878–1888, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.188

• recent reports have shown that CNOs exhibit weak inflammatory potential and low cytotoxicity [16], and they are readily internalized by cancer cells and localize in the lysosomes [18][19]. Moreover, our in vivo studies performed on zebrafish (Danio Rerio) during the development stage demonstrated their

• dye molecules (Table 2). Cytotoxicity studies The possible adverse effects of fluo-CNOs on HeLa cells were tested by using a colorimetric assay (WST1). Cells were exposed to different concentrations of fluo-CNOs (1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 μg mL−1) for different time periods (12, 24, 48 and 72 h). Cells

• objective. In order to switch the fluorescence on and off, the cells were incubated respectively with an acidic PBS solution (pH 4.5) and a basic PBS solution (pH 8.5) for 1 h before imaging. Viability assay For the cytotoxicity assays, the cells were seeded at 5 × 104 cells in in 96-well plates and

Synthesis and functionalization of NaGdF₄:Yb,Er@NaGdF₄ core–shell nanoparticles for possible application as multimodal contrast agents

• Dovile Baziulyte-Paulaviciene,
• Vitalijus Karabanovas,
• Marius Stasys,
• Greta Jarockyte,
• Vilius Poderys,
• Simas Sakirzanovas and
• Ricardas Rotomskis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1815–1824, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.183

• , Tween 80-coated core–shell nanoparticles presented enhanced optical and MR signal intensity, good colloidal stability, low cytotoxicity and nonspecific internalization into two different breast cancer cell lines, which indicates that these nanoparticles could be applied as an efficient, dual-modal

• . Our results showed that Tween 80-coated UCNPs exhibited low cytotoxicity even at a high-dose concentration. Results and Discussion The SEM images of the NaGdF4:Yb,Er core and NaGdF4:Yb,Er@NaGdF4 core–shell nanoparticles are shown in Figure 1. Core nanoparticles are monodisperse, and have a spherical

• to 100 μg/mL, the viability of human breast cancer MCF-7 cells remained over 92–100% and the viability of MDA-MB-231 cells remained 85–93%. These results clearly express that core–shell gadolinium-based UCNPs have low cytotoxicity and are in good agreement with previous studies [35][36]. Conclusion

Uptake and intracellular accumulation of diamond nanoparticles – a metabolic and cytotoxic study

• Antonín Brož,
• Lucie Bačáková,
• Pavla Štenclová,
• Alexander Kromka and
• Štěpán Potocký

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1649–1657, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.165

• ][27], particle size reduction [22] and surface oxidation (i.e., the surface is covered by defined starting functional groups). The cytotoxicity of NDs depends on their origin (i.e., DNDs or HPHT NDs), their size (distribution), their tendency to form aggregates (surface charge), the presence of

• impurities, and surface functionalization groups. Adverse effects on cell viability have been reported when using DNDs [24][28][29][30][31][32], while HPHT NDs often appear to be nontoxic [33][34]. Factors influencing the cytotoxicity of nanoparticles are their size [24][35][36] and surface functionalization

• [37]. In this work, we focus on cytotoxicity studies of NDs as a function of their synthesis route (DNDs versus HPHT NDs), their concentration in the medium (from 10 to 1000 mg/mL, 3 to 300 µg/cm2), their size (5 nm DND, 18–210 nm HPHT NDs) and their surface potential/termination (as-received and

Luminescent supramolecular hydrogels from a tripeptide and nitrogen-doped carbon nanodots

• Maria C. Cringoli,
• Slavko Kralj,
• Marina Kurbasic,
• Massimo Urban and
• Silvia Marchesan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1553–1562, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.157

• by rheometry, fluorescence, circular dichroism (CD), FTIR spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Given that this tripeptide is capable of forming a hydrogel with mild antimicrobial activity and a lack of cytotoxicity in vitro [26], this new

A nanocomplex of C₆₀ fullerene with cisplatin: design, characterization and toxicity

• Svitlana Prylutska,
• Svitlana Politenkova,
• Kateryna Afanasieva,
• Volodymyr Korolovych,
• Kateryna Bogutska,
• Andriy Sivolob,
• Larysa Skivka,
• Maxim Evstigneev,
• Viktor Kostjukov,
• Yuriy Prylutskyy and
• Uwe Ritter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1494–1501, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.149

• compounds. The genotoxicity of С60 fullerene, Cis and their complex was evaluated in vitro with the comet assay using human resting lymphocytes and lymphocytes after blast transformation. The cytotoxicity of the mentioned compounds was estimated by Annexin V/PI double staining followed by flow cytometry

Calcium fluoride based multifunctional nanoparticles for multimodal imaging

• Marion Straßer,
• Joachim H. X. Schrauth,
• Sofia Dembski,
• Daniel Haddad,
• Bernd Ahrens,
• Stefan Schweizer,
• Bastian Christ,
• Alevtina Cubukova,
• Marco Metzger,
• Heike Walles,
• Peter M. Jakob and
• Gerhard Sextl

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1484–1493, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.148

• synthesis and determine the long-term stability of the CAs. No cytotoxicity of NP concentrations between 0.5 and 1 mg·mL−1 was observed after exposure to human dermal fibroblasts over 24 h. Overall this study shows, that the CaF2:(Tb3+,Gd3+) NPs are suitable for medical imaging. Keywords: calcium fluoride

• cytotoxicity of the NPs was tested by a cell culture based viability assay. Results and Discussion Synthesis and characterization of the multifunctional nanoparticles The synthesis of the CaF2:(Tb3+,Gd3+) NPs was carried out in analogy to the reported wet-chemical procedure that is based on a co-precipitation

• cells with the NP dispersions (cf. Figure 7b). NP concentrations of 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0 mg·mL−1 yield cell viabilities of more than 80% with respect to the positive control. Thus in this concentration range no cytotoxicity of CaF2:(Tb3+,Gd3+) NPs is observed on hdF. Conclusion In summary, we have

Development of polycationic amphiphilic cyclodextrin nanoparticles for anticancer drug delivery

• Gamze Varan,
• Juan M. Benito,
• Carmen Ortiz Mellet and
• Erem Bilensoy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1457–1468, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.145

• capacity, in vitro release profiles and cytotoxicity studies. Results: Paclitaxel-loaded cyclodextrin nanoparticles were obtained in the diameter range of 80−125 nm (depending on the nature of the cyclodextrin derivative) where the smallest diameter nanoparticles were obtained with polycationic (PC) βCDC6

• presence of PF68 in CD nanoparticle formulations on cytotoxicity on L929, a healthy mouse fibroblast cell line. According to these results, it was suggested that PF68 has no significant effect on size and drug loading capacity of nanoparticles but dose-dependent toxicity could occur on L929 fibroblast

• and MCF-7 human breast cancer cell lines were used, respectively. Both cell lines were grown and incubated in appropriate conditions (see Experimental section for full experimental details). The cytotoxicity of blank amphiphilic CD nanoparticles was determined on L929 mouse fibroblast cells with MTT

Cationic PEGylated polycaprolactone nanoparticles carrying post-operation docetaxel for glioma treatment

• Cem Varan and
• Erem Bilensoy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1446–1456, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.144

• particles, and the drug release rate from the nanoparticles was slowed down to 48 h by dispersing the nanoparticles in a hydroxypropyl cellulose film. Cell culture studies revealed that docetaxel-loaded nanoparticles cause higher cytotoxicity compared to the free docetaxel solution in DMSO. Conclusion

• recurrence during the first 2 days. Cell culture studies Cytotoxicity assay for blank nanoparticles Mouse fibroblast cell lines L929 (recommended by the USP for the cytotoxicity evaluation of polymeric systems) were used to determine the cytotoxicity of blank nanoparticles with MTT assay. According to MTT

• after surgical operation of glioma treatment. All formulations were characterized in terms of mean particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, drug loading capacity, drug release profile and cytotoxicity. When nanoparticle formulations are compared with each other, mePEG-PCL nanoparticles have

Nano-engineered skin mesenchymal stem cells: potential vehicles for tumour-targeted quantum-dot delivery

• Liga Saulite,
• Dominyka Dapkute,
• Karlis Pleiko,
• Ineta Popena,
• Simona Steponkiene,
• Ricardas Rotomskis and
• Una Riekstina

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1218–1230, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.123

• MSCs to assess their potential use as vectors for the targeting of SC or other tumours. Results Optimal QD labelling conditions for MSCs The concentration-dependent cytotoxicity of QDs was analysed in MSC cultures after 24 and 48 h using a colorimetric CCK-8 assay, which measures intracellular

Silicon microgrooves for contact guidance of human aortic endothelial cells

• Sara Fernández-Castillejo,
• Pilar Formentín,
• Úrsula Catalán,
• Josep Pallarès,
• Lluís F. Marsal and
• Rosa Solà

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 675–681, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.72

• cell adhesion and surface stability following the 3-amimoptopyl triethoxylane (APTES)–glutaraldehyde (GTA)–collagen sequence as described in Experimental section. Cytotoxicity of silicon substrates Cytotoxicity was assessed by measuring LDH activity 24 h, 2 days, 3 days, 6 days and 7 days (D1–D7) after

• incubating the silicon substrates with human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs). Blank control values (cells seeded in the absence of any silicon substrates) were set at 100% and the other conditions were calculated in relation to this reference value. As shown in Figure 3, no cytotoxicity was observed as no

• , Spain) with an atmosphere containing 5% CO2. Cell viability and cytotoxicity Cell viability was assessed by morphology using phase-contrast microscopy and by trypan blue dye exclusion test (Merck). Viability 97% was required for the thawed HAECs in order to guarantee the viability of the cells before

Dispersion of single-wall carbon nanotubes with supramolecular Congo red – properties of the complexes and mechanism of the interaction

• Anna Jagusiak,
• Barbara Piekarska,
• Tomasz Pańczyk,
• Małgorzata Jemioła-Rzemińska,
• Elżbieta Bielańska,
• Barbara Stopa,
• Grzegorz Zemanek,
• Janina Rybarska,
• Irena Roterman and
• Leszek Konieczny

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 636–648, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.68

• amphiphilic molecules that cover the hydrophobic CNT surface with hydrophilic groups [15]. Functionalization leads not only to the increased water dispersibility of CNTs but also improves their biocompatibility due to enhanced penetration through biological membranes and reduced cytotoxicity [16][17

Facile fabrication of luminescent organic dots by thermolysis of citric acid in urea melt, and their use for cell staining and polyelectrolyte microcapsule labelling

• Nadezhda M. Zholobak,
• Anton L. Popov,
• Alexander B. Shcherbakov,
• Nelly R. Popova,
• Mykhailo M. Guzyk,
• Valeriy P. Antonovich,
• Alla V. Yegorova,
• Yuliya V. Scrypynets,
• Inna I. Leonenko,
• Alexander Ye. Baranchikov and
• Vladimir K. Ivanov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1905–1917, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.182

• details, see Supporting Information File 1, Table S1 and Table S2). It is demonstrated that a mixture of citric acid and urea, without heating (“0 min” sample), possessed some cytotoxicity. At concentrations greater than ca. 300 μg/mL, this sample decreased the number of living ST-cells. The enzymatic

• 100 μg/mL [50]. “Green” carbon dots from coriander leaves extract became toxic for normal lung cells (L-132) or cancer cell line (A549) at concentrations higher than 500 μg/mL [51], the cancer cells being somewhat more sensitive. Microcapsules decorated by O-dots had a very low cytotoxicity

• gentamicin (Arterium, Ukraine), at a concentration of 40 μg/mL. Cultures formed a uniform monolayer of cells. Oxidative stress was induced by introducing into the cellular medium 3% hydrogen peroxide solution, at a final concentration of 8 μg/mL, in a well. The cytotoxicity of microcapsules was studied using

Low temperature co-fired ceramic packaging of CMOS capacitive sensor chip towards cell viability monitoring

• Niina Halonen,
• Joni Kilpijärvi,
• Maciej Sobocinski,
• Timir Datta-Chaudhuri,
• Antti Hassinen,
• Someshekar B. Prakash,
• Peter Möller,
• Pamela Abshire,
• Sakari Kellokumpu and
• Anita Lloyd Spetz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1871–1877, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.179

• effective methods for evaluating cytotoxicity, both short and long term. Traditional in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation methods include cell cultivation and label-based assay kits, which are often expensive and time-consuming end-point measurements. Furthermore, the labelling techniques used for cell

• spectroscopy [1], electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance measurements [2], optical sensing [3], impedimetric sensing [4][5][6], and capacitive sensing [7][8][9][10][11]. The lab-on-a-chip (LoC) concept is an excellent way to implement label-free, noninvasive, cost-effective cytotoxicity assessment. LoCs

• capacitance sensing and the intention is to develop a method for nanoparticle exposure of cells to establish cytotoxicity assessment of nanomaterials. Capacitance measurements reflect the surface attachment of adherent cells. While healthy cells attach to the cultivation surface and spread out, dying cells