Cyclodextrins as eminent constituents in nanoarchitectonics for drug delivery systems

• Makoto Komiyama

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 218–232, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.21

• , respectively. The inside of the cavity is apolar in nature, and thus apolar guests of suitable size are preferentially accommodated to form inclusion complexes. The CyD/guest ratio in inclusion complexes is usually 1:1. Very importantly for practical applications in DDSs, CyDs show no toxicity to the human

• ) light is more advantageous than UV and visible light, since it penetrates more efficiently into tissues, and the toxicity is marginal. However, most photoisomerizable dyes (azobenzenes and arylazopyrazoles) require UV or visible light and are incompatible with NIR. The most straightforward strategy is

Batch preparation of nanofibers containing nanoparticles by an electrospinning device with multiple air inlets

• Dong Wei,
• Chengwei Ye,
• Adnan Ahmed and
• Lan Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 141–150, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.15

• easily sink down, resulting in an uneven distribution of nanoparticles in the obtained fibers [17]. Due to their stable physical and chemical properties, good biocompatibility, excellent photoelectric properties, non-toxicity, strong antibacterial activity and low price, ZnO nanoparticles can be used in

Two-step single-reactor synthesis of oleic acid- or undecylenic acid-stabilized magnetic nanoparticles by thermal decomposition

• Mykhailo Nahorniak,
• Pamela Pasetto,
• Jean-Marc Greneche,
• Volodymyr Samaryk,
• Sandy Auguste,
• Anthony Rousseau,
• Nataliya Nosova and
• Serhii Varvarenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 11–22, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.2

• chemical and physical properties. One such area is biomedicine [1]. Especially iron oxide-based nanoparticles, due to their biodegradation, low toxicity, and enhanced oxidative resistance compared to metallic nanoparticles, show high potential in biomedical applications [2][3][4]. Up to now, iron oxide

Photoelectrochemical water oxidation over TiO₂ nanotubes modified with MoS₂ and g-C₃N₄

• Phuong Hoang Nguyen,
• Thi Minh Cao,
• Tho Truong Nguyen,
• Hien Duy Tong and
• Viet Van Pham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1541–1550, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.127

• semiconductors, TiO2 nanotube arrays (TNAs) of 2–100 nm in diameter and 1–2 μm in length, are often used for efficient PEC applications exploiting advantages such as chemical stability, less toxicity and suitable cost [18][19][20][21]. However, there are two disadvantages affecting directly their photocatalytic

Facile preparation of Au- and BODIPY-grafted lipid nanoparticles for synergized photothermal therapy

• Yuran Wang,
• Xudong Li,
• Haijun Chen and
• Yu Gao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1432–1444, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.118

• of strong NIR absorption [3]. However, particles with larger size are likely to have long resident times and slow elimination in tissues, which may lead to long-term toxicity. Commercially available AuNPs with particle sizes of 10–30 nm can be synthesized by the classical Turkevich method [4]. Rats

• characteristics could reduce the systemic toxicity of AB-LNPs on normal tissues. To check whether free BDP is stable during the release experiment, the content of BDP in PBS (pH 7.4 or 5.4) was measured using UV–vis spectroscopy. The content of free BDP showed little change over a period of 36 h (Figure 3d

• , similar to BDP, AB-LNPs demonstrated slight dose-dependent toxicity to 4T1 cells. No obvious toxicity was found in AB-LNPs when the concentrations of BDP and Au were 10 μM and below. Under laser irradiation, the viability of cells treated with AB-LNPs decreased significantly in comparison to BDP or Au

Orally administered docetaxel-loaded chitosan-decorated cationic PLGA nanoparticles for intestinal tumors: formulation, comprehensive in vitro characterization, and release kinetics

• Sedat Ünal,
• Osman Doğan and
• Yeşim Aktaş

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1393–1407, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.115

• . Pharmaceutically, clinical failure due to a drug’s wide biodistribution and non-selective toxicity is one of the major challenges of chemotherapy. In addition, parenteral drug administration in chronic diseases that require long-term drug use, such as intestinal tumors, is challenging in terms of patient

• considering the doubling time and the in vitro release profiles of the NPs [10]. PLGA NP formulations loaded with DCX have been found to show considerable toxicity on HT-29 colon cancer cells. As illustrated in Figure 6, the HT-29 cell line treated with DCX-PLGA NPs and CS/DCX-PLGA NP formulations show 71.1

Near-infrared photoactive Ag-Zn-Ga-S-Se quantum dots for high-performance quantum dot-sensitized solar cells

• Roopakala Kottayi,
• Ilangovan Veerappan and
• Ramadasse Sittaramane

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1337–1344, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.110

• lead and cadmium have been used as sensitizers in QDSCs. However, due to the high toxicity and low efficiency, research moved to group I-III-VI QDs such as Cu-In-Se, Cu-In-S, Ag-In-Se, Ag-In-S, Ag-Ga-S, and Ag-Ga-S. Even though their light-harvesting capability is still limited by a high number of

Studies of probe tip materials by atomic force microscopy: a review

• Ke Xu and
• Yuzhe Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1256–1267, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.104

• ]. In particular, metal nanoclusters exhibit excellent photostability, large Stokes shifts, and low toxicity compared to quantum dots and organic dyes. Researchers increasingly use them in analytical detection fields such as metal ions, small biological molecules, drug delivery, and bioimaging [22][23

Application of nanoarchitectonics in moist-electric generation

• Jia-Cheng Feng and
• Hong Xia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1185–1200, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.99

• ). There are also PVA@DA/PVDF NF composites that can efficiently generate instantaneous voltages up to 0.5 V from ambient moisture (Figure 10j). However, because of different issues regarding daily practical applications, such as sweat corrosion, biological toxicity on human skin, and the need for suitable

Microneedle-based ocular drug delivery systems – recent advances and challenges

• Piotr Gadziński,
• Anna Froelich,
• Monika Wojtyłko,
• Antoni Białek,
• Julia Krysztofiak and
• Tomasz Osmałek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1167–1184, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.98

• composition of the formulation. The most common side effects in this case include local toxicity, tissue damage, eyeball perforation, optic nerve injury, occlusion of central retinal artery or vein, direct retinal toxicity during accidental puncture of the muscles, just to mention the most important [89][90

• through adjusting the polymer crosslinking ratio [147]. Moreover, the polymers usually employed in this type of formulation are biocompatible, which decreases the toxicity risk [144]. 2.2 Microneedle manufacturing methods The selection of a manufacturing technique should take into account the intended use

Rapid fabrication of MgO@g-C₃N₄ heterojunctions for photocatalytic nitric oxide removal

• Minh-Thuan Pham,
• Duyen P. H. Tran,
• Xuan-Thanh Bui and
• Sheng-Jie You

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1141–1154, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.96

• oxide with wide bandgap (3.5–5 eV), high availability, non-toxicity, low cost, and native structural defects [18][19]. The large bandgap energy is the limitation of MgO, reducing the photocatalytic performance and applicability of MgO [20]. Various efforts have been made to enhance the absorption in the

Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles toward highly efficient photocatalysis and antibacterial application

• Vo Thi Thu Nhu,
• Nguyen Duy Dat,
• Le-Minh Tam and
• Nguyen Hoang Phuong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1108–1119, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.94

• , proteins, DNA, and amino acids [39][40][41]. The O2 causes biomembrane oxidation reactions, damaging tissues [42]. Furthermore, it is reasonable to explain that the additional toxicity that causes bacterial death is due to the fact that zinc solubilization releases Zn2+ ions which can infiltrate into

Recent advances in green carbon dots (2015–2022): synthesis, metal ion sensing, and biological applications

• Aisha Kanwal,
• Naheed Bibi,
• Sajjad Hyder,
• Arif Muhammad,
• Hao Ren,
• Jiangtao Liu and
• Zhongli Lei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1068–1107, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.93

• as a dual sensor for tetracycline and ʟ-lysine. The fluorescence of CDs is quenched by adding tetracycline and regained by introducing ʟ-lysine [18]. Palmyra leaves were utilized by Athinarayanan et al. for the production of CDs. The cellular toxicity of the CDs was analyzed, and the CDs were found

• eco-friendly and cost-effective method for creating highly luminous CDs from cotton by pyrolysis and microwave treatments. The CDs exhibit high fluorescence QY, great biocompatibility, low toxicity, and adequate stability. The CDs have found applications in various fields, including multicolor imaging

Spindle-like MIL101(Fe) decorated with Bi₂O₃ nanoparticles for enhanced degradation of chlortetracycline under visible-light irradiation

• Chen-chen Hao,
• Fang-yan Chen,
• Kun Bian,
• Yu-bin Tang and
• Wei-long Shi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1038–1050, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.91

• iron and bridged terephthalic acid molecules. It has high hydrothermal stability, low cost, good hydrophilicity, non-toxicity, and environmental friendliness [20][34]. Most importantly, MIL101(Fe) contains abundant iron-oxo (Fe-O) clusters, which makes it a photocatalyst with visible-light response [19

Bioselectivity of silk protein-based materials and their bio-inspired applications

• Hendrik Bargel,
• Vanessa T. Trossmann,
• Christoph Sommer and
• Thomas Scheibel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 902–921, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.81

• , slow biodegradation, low immunogenicity, and non-toxicity, making them ideally suited for tissue engineering and biomedical applications. Furthermore, recombinant production technologies allow for application-specific modification to develop adjustable, bioactive materials. The present review focusses

• by extraordinary properties including excellent biocompatibility, slow biodegradation, low immunogenicity, and non-toxicity, making them ideally suited for tissue engineering and biomedical applications [105][106][107]. This review focuses on achievements made with silk-based protein materials and

Temperature and chemical effects on the interfacial energy between a Ga–In–Sn eutectic liquid alloy and nanoscopic asperities

• Yujin Han,
• Pierre-Marie Thebault,
• Corentin Audes,
• Xuelin Wang,
• Haiwoong Park,
• Jian-Zhong Jiang and
• Arnaud Caron

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 817–827, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.72

• , on the one hand, and their non-toxicity and low vapor pressure, on the other hand. Room-temperature-liquid Ga-based alloys are considered for direct writing and printing stretchable and flexible electronic devices, such as antennas or wires [5][6][7]. Such applications and the related processing of

Recent advances in nanoarchitectures of monocrystalline coordination polymers through confined assembly

• Lingling Xia,
• Qinyue Wang and
• Ming Hu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 763–777, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.67

• acidic environment. Enhanced cell toxicity was found by encapsulating the doxorubicin drug into ZIF-8 crystals because intracellular uptake was facilitated. When multiple cargos were required, this strategy showed good feasibility. Multiple molecules could be simultaneously encapsulated during formation

A nonenzymatic reduced graphene oxide-based nanosensor for parathion

• Sarani Sen,
• Anurag Roy,
• Ambarish Sanyal and
• Parukuttyamma Sujatha Devi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 730–744, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.65

• ) alkylation or acetylcholinesterase (AChE) phosphorylation, involved in the initiation of the carcinogenic process and acute cholinergic toxicity, respectively [2]. Parathion (PT) is a highly toxic OP-based insecticide, potentially harmful to human health, and it may even cause death upon ingestion

• , inhalation, or dermal penetration [3][4]. Due to its extreme toxicity, it is necessary that easy-to-use, cost-effective diagnostic kits for routine screening of pesticides in fruits and vegetables are developed. The high-throughput analytical methods such as chromatographic (gas, liquid) and spectroscopic

Antibacterial activity of a berberine nanoformulation

• Hue Thi Nguyen,
• Tuyet Nhung Pham,
• Anh-Tuan Le,
• Nguyen Thanh Thuy,
• Tran Quang Huy and
• Thuy Thi Thu Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 641–652, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.56

• : (1) Almost all drug-carrying nanomaterials have high cost, (2) the drug concentration of the encapsulated form is usually low, and (3) the toxicity risk of nanomaterials must be strictly controlled [32][33][34]. Most nanoformulations have relatively low drug loading (typically a few weight percent

• batch-to-batch variations [33]. Also, non-biodegradability and long-term toxicity are limitations of inorganic nanocarriers [34]. The purpose of this study was to fabricate BBR nanoparticles (BBR NPs) without using any nanocarriers, thus reducing production cost, increasing the drug concentration, and

Fabrication and testing of polymer microneedles for transdermal drug delivery

• Vahid Ebrahiminejad,
• Zahra Faraji Rad,
• Philip D. Prewett and
• Graham J. Davies

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 629–640, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.55

• required depth [18]. There should be no MN-induced skin contamination, for example, due to breakage of the tips, and zero toxicity demands medical-grade materials. Evaluation of MN mechanical strength requires an investigation of MN insertion characteristics and possible failure scenarios. During the

Effects of substrate stiffness on the viscoelasticity and migration of prostate cancer cells examined by atomic force microscopy

• Xiaoqiong Tang,
• Yan Zhang,
• Jiangbing Mao,
• Yuhua Wang,
• Zhenghong Zhang,
• Zhengchao Wang and
• Hongqin Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 560–569, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.47

• prostate tissue and tumour tissue, respectively, and 19 kPa, an intermediate transition group. We first tested the toxicity of the hydrogel substrates to the cells and found that all three types of substrates were nontoxic to the cells and the cells were mostly active after 48 h of incubation (Supporting

Detection and imaging of Hg(II) in vivo using glutathione-functionalized gold nanoparticles

• Gufeng Li,
• Shaoqing Li,
• Rui Wang,
• Min Yang,
• Lizhu Zhang,
• Yanli Zhang,
• Wenrong Yang and
• Hongbin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 549–559, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.46

• biocompatibility, and low toxicity [4][5][6][7][8][9]. Another advantage of GNPs is that different shapes and sizes can be obtained during synthesis through changing reducing agents and reaction conditions [10]. The surface chemistry of GNPs is modified via ligands with functional groups such as thiol (–SH), amino

• tuned by specific molecules, has been reported. For example, Coelho et al. reported that pegylated gold nanoparticles were combined with doxorubicin and varlitinib [19]. The modified pegylated gold nanoparticles could not only reduce the toxicity to normal cells but also improve the inhibitory effect on

Design and characterization of polymeric microneedles containing extracts of Brazilian green propolis

• Camila Felix Vecchi,
• Rafaela Said dos Santos,
• Jéssica Bassi da Silva and
• Marcos Luciano Bruschi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 503–516, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.42

• and lower toxicity [26][27]. In our previous studies, polymeric systems composed of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and poloxamer 407 (P407) were obtained and characterized. P407 could improve structuring and rapid dispersion of polymeric matrices, which showed promising

Ethosomal (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate as a novel approach to enhance antioxidant, anti-collagenase and anti-elastase effects

• Çiğdem Yücel,
• Gökçe Şeker Karatoprak,
• Sena Yalçıntaş and
• Tuğba Eren Böncü

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 491–502, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.41

• formulation, and different concentrations of EGCG. These results are given in Figure 1. These obtained high viability rates demonstrate that all EGCG concentrations of 500 µg/mL and below, which is the initial concentration in the preparation of ETHs, did not cause any cellular toxicity. In addition, the

• human cancer cells without causing toxicity problems in normal cells. In general, it has been confirmed that they are relatively nontoxic in healthy L929 cells but toxic in cancer cell lines [29]. Preparation and characterization of formulations Like many phenolic compounds, EGCG is not sufficiently

• effective due to its unstable structure and low solubility. In addition, toxicity may occur with an increasing dose [10]. Therefore, overcoming these problems with nanocarrier systems provides significant advantages to researchers. ETHs protect a given compound against environmental factors and also enhance

Micro- and nanotechnology in biomedical engineering for cartilage tissue regeneration in osteoarthritis

• Zahra Nabizadeh,
• Mahmoud Nasrollahzadeh,
• Hamed Daemi,
• Mohamadreza Baghaban Eslaminejad,
• Ali Akbar Shabani,
• Mehdi Dadashpour,
• Majid Mirmohammadkhani and
• Davood Nasrabadi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 363–389, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.31

• need to be functionalized through either harsh acid treatment or bioconjugation to increase their biocompatibility. It has been reported that COOH-functionalized single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) dispersed in hMSC media have the least toxicity to cells without adverse effects on the adipogenic