The patterning toolbox FIB-o-mat: Exploiting the full potential of focused helium ions for nanofabrication

• Victor Deinhart,
• Lisa-Marie Kern,
• Jan N. Kirchhof,
• Sabrina Juergensen,
• Joris Sturm,
• Enno Krauss,
• Thorsten Feichtner,
• Sviatoslav Kovalchuk,
• Michael Schneider,
• Dieter Engel,
• Bastian Pfau,
• Bert Hecht,
• Kirill I. Bolotin,
• Stephanie Reich and
• Katja Höflich

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 304–318, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.25

• -mat are presented. Keywords: automated patterning; focused He ion beam; graphene; magnetic multilayers; mechanical resonator; pattern generation; plasmonic antennas; two-dimensional materials; Introduction Future breakthroughs in nanotechnology will rely on the ability to fabricate materials and

• combined in a straightforward manner, for example, by stacking. Applications of such materials may rely on (coupled) material excitations, such as plasmon polaritons in gold nanostructures [2], on physical properties, such as the exceptionally high mechanical stability of suspended graphene [3], or on

• features in the single-digit nanometer range where small sputter rates play a minor role. This holds true not only for monolayer 2D materials, such as graphene, but also for thin films forming quasi 2D geometries. The versatility of the corresponding materials opens a wide field of exciting applications

Extended iron phthalocyanine islands self-assembled on a Ge(001):H surface

• Rafal Zuzak,
• Marek Szymonski and
• Szymon Godlewski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 232–241, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.19

• molecular wetting layers [15] and two-dimensional materials, such as graphene [16][17], hBN [11][18], or even organic layers [19]. Recently, it has been proposed that a monolayer of transition metal dichalcogenides, for example, MoS2, may play a similar role [4][20][21]. Similarly, it has been reported that

• associated with the bandgap of the FePc island. The gap reaches approximately 2.7 eV, which correlates well with the recently reported data for FePc on graphene where the molecules were decoupled from the substrate [17]. Therefore, our results suggest that the FePc islands are well isolated electronically

• characteristic for metal phthalocyanines that are isolated from the influence of the substrate, as already shown for FePc on Si(111):H [24] or on graphene [17]. We note here that the image corresponds well to previously reported images acquired at voltages below the values at which resonances on a central atom

Scanning transmission helium ion microscopy on carbon nanomembranes

• Daniel Emmrich,
• Annalena Wolff,
• Nikolaus Meyerbröker,
• Jörg K. N. Lindner,
• André Beyer and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 222–231, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.18

• nanocrystalline graphene upon heating [25]. It was observed that this comes with a loss of atoms, which is also apparent in this experiment by the decreasing membrane thickness (see Figure 7a). The results from both methods, XPS and EFTEM, confirm the thickness measurement by STIM. While XPS and STIM are close

A review on the biological effects of nanomaterials on silkworm (Bombyx mori)

• Sandra Senyo Fometu,
• Guohua Wu,
• Lin Ma and
• Joan Shine Davids

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 190–202, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.15

• ), graphene oxide, silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) [24][25][26], quantum dots, and superparamagnetic particles [27] have been reported to have antibacterial properties against Streptococcus mutans [28] and Xanthomonas perforans, antifungal properties against Fusarium oxysporum [27] and Fusarium graminearum [29

• graphene quantum dots on its motor nervous system. The locomotion of the nematodes deteriorated following the exposure to these nanomaterials with damages in the dopaminergic and glutamatergic neurons [46]. Fast embryonic development outside the parent zebrafish is an attractive feature that allows for the

• zebrafish hatching enzyme 1 (ZHE1), which caused a delay in the hatching of zebrafish embryos by 50% following its exposure to copper oxide (CuO). The group of d’Amora [51] compared the toxicity of oxidized carbon nano-onions, oxidized carbon nano-horns, and graphene oxide on the development of zebrafish

Toward graphene textiles in wearable eye tracking systems for human–machine interaction

• Ata Jedari Golparvar and
• Murat Kaya Yapici

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 180–189, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.14

• reports the development of a graphene textile-based personal assistive device for the first time. This self-contained wearable prototype comprises a headband with soft graphene textile electrodes that overcome the limitations of conventional “wet” electrodes, along with miniaturized, portable readout

• electronics with real-time signal processing capability that can stream data to a remote device over Bluetooth. The potential of graphene textiles in wearable eye tracking and eye-operated remote object interaction is demonstrated by controlling a mouse cursor on screen for typing with a virtual keyboard and

• with perfect pattern detection accuracies of 100% and 98%, respectively. Keywords: electrooculography (EOG); flexible electronics; graphene; human–computer interaction (HCI); human–machine interface (HMI); personal assistive device (PAD); wearable smart textile; Introduction Eye tracking technologies

Paper-based triboelectric nanogenerators and their applications: a review

• Jing Han,
• Nuo Xu,
• Yuchen Liang,
• Mei Ding,
• Junyi Zhai,
• Qijun Sun and
• Zhong Lin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 151–171, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.12

• ., metal nanowires, conducting polymers, carbon nanotube (CNT) inks, multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) inks, and reduced graphene oxide) [69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82], can be easily absorbed or used as a coating layer on the surface of the paper due to its wettability and

• paper-based 3D foldable device submitted to a direct laser patterning method, which can convert ink-soaked paper substrates to multifunctional carbide/graphene (MCG) composites [92]. The composites have shown good conductivity even after repeated mechanical bending and folding tests. Moreover, the laser

• changing the concentration of the conductive precursors (e.g., AgNWs, carbon nanotubes, and reduced graphene oxide). A special nanoscale paper composed of nanocellulose, which is easy to be synthesized/chemically modified/doped, has attracted great attention in recent years. Generally, cellulose-based

ZnO and MXenes as electrode materials for supercapacitor devices

• Ameen Uddin Ammar,
• Ipek Deniz Yildirim,
• Feray Bakan and
• Emre Erdem

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 49–57, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.4

• supercapacitors [15]. Until now, carbon (high surface area), metal oxides (high specific capacitance and low resistance), and conducting polymers are used as electrode materials. The issues of cost, stability, and lifetime are not resolved yet [15]. Graphene seems like one of the possible main electrode materials

• batteries [15][20][21][23]. Gogotsi et al. [24][25][26], who are the pioneers of MXene materials, have defined the relation to MAX phases in a very clear way: MXenes can be produced by etching the A layer from MAX phases. The suffix “ene” is added to emphasize the similarity to graphene. MAX phases are a

• used, for example, in water purification, as electrochemical actuators, as transparent conductive electrodes, and as biosensors [21][22][28]. To enhance the performance of MXene supercapacitors, a variety of materials, such as graphene and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), tin(IV) oxide (SnO2), and iron(III

Bio-imaging with the helium-ion microscope: A review

• Matthias Schmidt,
• James M. Byrne and
• Ilari J. Maasilta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1–23, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.1

Free and partially encapsulated manganese ferrite nanoparticles in multiwall carbon nanotubes

• Saja Al-Khabouri,
• Salim Al-Harthi,
• Toru Maekawa,
• Mohamed E. Elzain,
• Ashraf Al-Hinai,
• Ahmed D. Al-Rawas,
• Abbsher M. Gismelseed,
• Ali A. Yousif and
• Myo Tay Zar Myint

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1891–1904, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.170

• perpendicular to the graphene plane positioned at 3.1 eV (sp2-hybridized carbon network) [34]. These features can be clearly seen in Figure 6. A work function identification of MnFe2O4/MWCNTs is needed to better understand the electronic structure and the interaction between MWCNTs and MnFe2O4 at the interface

• graphite and it is explained by the destabilization of π electrons due to the curvature of the graphene sheets [35]. As observed from Figure 1e and Figure 6, there are large spectral differences between free MnFe2O4, MnFe2O4/MWCNTs, and pristine MWCNTs. Considering that the probing depth of UPS is only at

Kondo effects in small-bandgap carbon nanotube quantum dots

• Patryk Florków,
• Damian Krychowski and
• Stanisław Lipiński

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1873–1890, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.169

• single-walled carbon nanotube is a hollow cylinder formed of graphene. A CNT can be either metallic or semiconducting, depending on the way graphene is rolled up [37][38]. In the simple “zone folding” picture [39][40], the band structure of CNTs is obtained from the band structure of graphene by imposing

• ]. The nanotubes are characterized by the chiral vector C(n,m), where the integers n and m denote the number of unit vectors along two directions in the honeycomb crystal lattice of graphene. Zone folding theory predicts nanotubes to be metallic if n − m is a multiple of three. According to this

• ” carbon nanotubes [42][43]. The reason for incorrect predictions of the zone folding theory for small-diameter tubes is the neglect of the curvature-induced breaking of the three-fold (C3) rotational symmetry. When graphene is deformed into a nanotube, the curvature causes the overlap matrix elements to

Nanomechanics of few-layer materials: do individual layers slide upon folding?

• Ronaldo J. C. Batista,
• Rafael F. Dias,
• Ana P. M. Barboza,
• Alan B. de Oliveira,
• Taise M. Manhabosco,
• Thiago R. Gomes-Silva,
• Matheus J. S. Matos,
• Andreij C. Gadelha,
• Cassiano Rabelo,
• Luiz G. L. Cançado,
• Ado Jorio,
• Hélio Chacham and
• Bernardo R. A. Neves

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1801–1808, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.162

• thickness range. In contrast, tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy measurements on edges in folded graphene flakes, 14 layers thick, show no significant strain. This indicates that layers in graphene flakes, up to 5 nm thick, can still slip to relieve stress, showing the richness of the effect in 2D systems. The

• obtained interlayer adhesion energy for graphene (0.25 N/m) and talc (0.62 N/m) is in good agreement with recent experimental results and theoretical predictions. The obtained value for the adhesion energy of graphene on a silicon substrate is also in agreement with previous results. Keywords: analytical

• interlayer interactions, have been the primary source of 2D materials [1]. These 2D materials exhibit unusual behavior associated regarding their flexural and adhesive properties [2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. For instance, self-assembled folded flaps and nanoribbons of graphene form by spontaneous folding, sliding

Imaging and milling resolution of light ion beams from helium ion microscopy and FIBs driven by liquid metal alloy ion sources

• Nico Klingner,
• Gregor Hlawacek,
• Paul Mazarov,
• Wolfgang Pilz,
• Fabian Meyer and
• Lothar Bischoff

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1742–1749, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.156

• ], the fabrication of graphene nanomeshes [8], the formation of single Si nanocrystals embedded in SiO2 for single-electron transistors [9], the spatially resolved engineering of the thermal conductivity in individual Si nanowires [10], as well as the creation of nano-Josephson superconducting tunnel

Piezoelectric sensor based on graphene-doped PVDF nanofibers for sign language translation

• Shuai Yang,
• Xiaojing Cui,
• Rui Guo,
• Zhiyi Zhang,
• Shengbo Sang and
• Hulin Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1655–1662, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.148

• /bjnano.11.148 Abstract The tracking of body motion, such as bending or twisting, plays an important role in modern sign language translation. Here, a subtle flexible self-powered piezoelectric sensor (PES) made of graphene (GR)-doped polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanofibers is reported. The PES exhibits

• ][45][46][47][48]. In the era of smart sensing, there is an increasing need for self-powered pressure and bending sensing systems [49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64]. In this study, we propose a flexible self-powered piezoelectric sensor (PES) based on graphene (GR)-doped

• Pharmaceutical Group. Graphene powder was purchased from Suzhou Carbon Fung Graphene Technology Company. Ag NWs (60 nm in diameter) were purchased from Lit Nanotech. Ti3C2 MXene was purchased from Beijing Beike New Material Technology Company. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and curing agent were purchased from

High-responsivity hybrid α-Ag₂S/Si photodetector prepared by pulsed laser ablation in liquid

• Raid A. Ismail,
• Hanan A. Rawdhan and
• Duha S. Ahmed

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1596–1607, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.142

• . synthesized monodisperse Ag2S NPs by using a sonochemical method and fabricated photodetector devices by integrating Ag2S NPs on a graphene sheet [17]. Tretyakov et al. [18] reported the characterization of a Ag2SQD (quantum dots)/Si heterojunction photodetector used for short-wave infrared radiation

Fabrication of nano/microstructures for SERS substrates using an electrochemical method

• Jingran Zhang,
• Tianqi Jia,
• Xiaoping Li,
• Junjie Yang,
• Zhengkai Li,
• Guangfeng Shi,
• Xinming Zhang and
• Zuobin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1568–1576, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.139

• ] manufactured graphene/Au nanodot array structures, which were used as SERS substrates. The diameter and gap distribution ranged from 30 to 42 nm and from 20 to 30 nm, respectively. In addition, a detection level of 10−9 mol·L−1 for R6G molecules was obtained using the aforementioned SERS substrates. Choi et al

Cu₂O nanoparticles for the degradation of methyl parathion

• Juan Rizo,
• David Díaz,
• Benito Reyes-Trejo and
• M. Josefina Arellano-Jiménez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1546–1555, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.137

• form on its surface. Consequently, both 16 nm and 29 nm NPs have a similar active surface size and the degradation percentage of MP is similar between 16 nm Cu2O (87%) and 29 nm Cu2O (83%). In order to avoid oxidation of Cu2O NPs, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) can be used as a support [54]. Finally, XPS

Self-assembly and spectroscopic fingerprints of photoactive pyrenyl tectons on hBN/Cu(111)

• Domenik M. Zimmermann,
• Knud Seufert,
• Luka Ðorđević,
• Tobias Hoh,
• Sushobhan Joshi,
• Tomas Marangoni,
• Davide Bonifazi and
• Willi Auwärter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1470–1483, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.130

• networks [38], wires of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [39], and graphene patches [40][41] were also performed on hBN/Cu(111). However, advanced supramolecular architectures, such as organic porous networks, have not been reported on either hBN/Cu(111) or other metal-supported hBN monolayers so far, in

• contrast to graphene [42][43][44] or bulk hBN [14][45][46]. Pyrene derivatives are excellent candidates to study the interplay of functionalization and supramolecular organization as the planar polycyclic aromatic core provides an extended π-system that can be readily substituted at distinct positions [47

• anchor for noncovalent functionalization, e.g., to develop graphene platforms to be used in sensing applications [65][66][67] and to employ hBN monolayers for capturing aromatic organic pollutants [68]. On bulk insulators, it was, for instance, demonstrated how the optical properties of an adsorbed

Antimicrobial metal-based nanoparticles: a review on their synthesis, types and antimicrobial action

• Matías Guerrero Correa,
• Fernanda B. Martínez,
• Cristian Patiño Vidal,
• Camilo Streitt,
• Juan Escrig and
• Carol Lopez de Dicastillo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1450–1469, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.129

• et al. produced coated sheets of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) which formed a composite compound containing ZnO [24][25]. One method that facilitates the large-scale production of nanoparticles is the MCP technique. This method is based on a chemical exchange reaction that occurs due to the heat and

• nm were synthesized [42]. The chemical vapor deposition method is a technique in which the substrate is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, which react to and/or decompose on the substrate surface to produce the desired thin film deposit. For example, Zhao et al. [44] obtained graphene

One-step synthesis of carbon-supported electrocatalysts

• Sebastian Tigges,
• Nicolas Wöhrl,
• Ivan Radev,
• Ulrich Hagemann,
• Markus Heidelmann,
• Thai Binh Nguyen,
• Stanislav Gorelkov,
• Stephan Schulz and
• Axel Lorke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1419–1431, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.126

• the C-matrix and the Pt-NPs during the process. The carbon support consists of carbon nanowalls (CNWs), which are vertically aligned, multilayer graphene nanosheets [18][19]. The morphology of the CNWs, the amount of platinum loading as well as the size of the platinum NPs can be precisely adjusted

Triboelectric nanogenerator based on Teflon/vitamin B1 powder for self-powered humidity sensing

• Liangyi Zhang,
• Huan Li,
• Yiyuan Xie,
• Jing Guo and
• Zhiyuan Zhu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1394–1401, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.123

• -free humidity sensors by using biocompatible collagen nanofibrils [43]. More recently, Zhang et al. developed a TENG-driven self-powered flexible humidity sensor based on a tin disulfide nanoflower/reduced graphene oxide (SnS2/rGO) hybrid nanomaterial [44]. However, the large-scale application of TENGs

Effect of localized helium ion irradiation on the performance of synthetic monolayer MoS₂ field-effect transistors

• Jakub Jadwiszczak,
• Pierce Maguire,
• Conor P. Cullen,
• Georg S. Duesberg and
• Hongzhou Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1329–1335, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.117

• in MoS2 [11], as well as enhanced out-of-plane charge transfer in 2D graphene/WSe2 heterostructures [12]. Energetic light ions are known to preferentially sputter chalcogen atoms from TMDs while retaining an adequate micrometer-scale structural integrity for irradiation doses up to approx. 1016 ions

Structural and electronic properties of SnO₂ doped with non-metal elements

• Jianyuan Yu,
• Yingeng Wang,
• Yan Huang,
• Xiuwen Wang,
• Jing Guo,
• Jingkai Yang and
• Hongli Zhao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1321–1328, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.116

• Jianyuan Yu Yingeng Wang Yan Huang Xiuwen Wang Jing Guo Jingkai Yang Hongli Zhao College of Materials Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China Department of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Tangshan University, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, China Graphene Application

• length and charge of the crystal structure with a non-metal atom replacing an O atom. Binding energy of SnO2 with an O atom substituted by a non-metal element. Acknowledgements The numerical calculations in this paper have been carried out at the computing system of the Graphene Application Technology

Growth of a self-assembled monolayer decoupled from the substrate: nucleation on-command using buffer layers

• Robby Reynaerts,
• Kunal S. Mali and
• Steven De Feyter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1291–1302, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.113

• formed at the solution–solid interface, is a more of routine occurrence than an exception. Such structurally diverse monolayers are typically formed on solid substrates such as highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG), graphene, and metals such as Cu, Ag and Au and have been characterized using scanning

• . Alkane buffer layers have been employed as efficient electronic decoupling platforms for studying the intrinsic electronic properties of graphene and fullerenes [38]. Apart from alkane derivatives, inorganic systems such as chemisorbed iodine layers [34][35][36][37], and ultrathin layers of KCl [39

Structure and electrochemical performance of electrospun-ordered porous carbon/graphene composite nanofibers

• Yi Wang,
• Yanhua Song,
• Chengwei Ye and
• Lan Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1280–1290, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.112

• Yi Wang Yanhua Song Chengwei Ye Lan Xu National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Engineering, Soochow University, 199 Ren-ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China 10.3762/bjnano.11.112 Abstract Ordered carbon/graphene composite nanofibers (CGCNFs) with different porous

• configurations were used as a material to fabricate supercapacitor electrodes. These nanofibers were synthesized by applying a modified parallel electrode to the electrospinning method (MPEM) in order to generate electrospun polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers containing graphene. After synthesis, these fibers

• surface area of CGCNFs, thereby significantly increasing their specific capacitance. In addition, the ordering of CGCNFs within the electrode improved the electron transfer efficiency, resulting in a higher specific capacitance. Keywords: carbon/graphene composite nanofibers; carbonization

Ultrasensitive detection of cadmium ions using a microcantilever-based piezoresistive sensor for groundwater

• Dinesh Rotake,
• Anand Darji and
• Nitin Kale

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1242–1253, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.108

• graphene oxide (RGO)-based sensor and a microfluidic platform fabricated by [25][26][27] can be used with some surface modification for HMIs, but it is mostly capable of detecting in the micromolar range. A polymer-based microcantilever using an encapsulated piezoresistor has been proposed by Kale et al