A comprehensive review on electrospun nanohybrid membranes for wastewater treatment

• Senuri Kumarage,
• Imalka Munaweera and
• Nilwala Kottegoda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 137–159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.10

A photonic crystal material for the online detection of nonpolar hydrocarbon vapors

• Evgenii S. Bolshakov,
• Aleksander V. Ivanov,
• Andrei A. Kozlov,
• Anton S. Aksenov,
• Elena V. Isanbaeva,
• Sergei E. Kushnir,
• Aleksei D. Yapryntsev,
• Aleksander E. Baranchikov and
• Yury A. Zolotov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 127–136, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.9

• qualitative detection of saturated vapors of volatile organic compounds due to configuration changes of the photonic bandgap, recorded by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The exposure of the sensor to aromatic (benzene, toluene and p-xylene) and aliphatic (n-pentane, n-heptane, n-octane and n-decane

• ) hydrocarbons has been analyzed. The reconstitution of spectral parameters of the sensor during the periodic detection of saturated vapors of toluene has been evaluated. Keywords: diffuse reflectance spectroscopy; photonic crystal sensor; stimuli-responsive materials; Introduction Photonic crystals (PhCs

• detection of volatile organic compounds [30][31][32]. In most cases, the response of such sensors is a change in mass recorded using a quartz microbalance. A simpler design and research method made it possible to investigate in more detail the processes occurring during the absorption of solvents. The

Theranostic potential of self-luminescent branched polyethyleneimine-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles

• Rouhollah Khodadust,
• Ozlem Unal and
• Havva Yagci Acar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 82–95, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.6

• theranostic nanomaterials, PAMAM and PEI were frequently coupled with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) for drug/gene delivery combined with magnetic resonance imaging [31][32]. Usually, these systems were conjugated with other fluorescent tags for optical detection of nanoparticles in cells

• growing demand for a combination of different imaging modalities to improve the detection limit and to provide image-guided therapies [41][42]. Both MRI and optical imaging are noninvasive imaging modalities. Magnetic resonance imaging provides high spatial resolution but lacks sensitivity. Optical

• are SPIONs conjugated with luminescent quantum dots (QD) [44][45][46][47] or tagged with luminescent dyes such as indocyanine green (ICG) [48]. Here, we demonstrate the utility of intensely blue-luminescent, small, and cationic SPION@bPEI in dye-free optical detection and therapeutic gene transfection

Design aspects of Bi₂Sr₂CaCu₂O_8+δ THz sources: optimization of thermal and radiative properties

• Mikhail M. Krasnov,
• Natalia D. Novikova,
• Roger Cattaneo,
• Alexey A. Kalenyuk and
• Vladimir M. Krasnov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1392–1403, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.103

• results of in situ THz generation-detection experiment on a whisker-based device. We follow the procedure developed in [14], where details of the technique can be found. We use one mesa with the I–V like in Figure 2a as a generator, and another mesa on the same device as a switching current detector. The

• , leading to more than an order of magnitude enhancement of Rdet. The emission occurs in a specific bias range, corresponding to the step in the I–V marked in Figure 2a. To avoid repetitions we address the reader to [40] for more details. In Figure 2d we show similar generation–detection data for the

• of both devices. Current–voltage characteristics of mesa structures on (a) whisker- and (b) crystal-based devices. (c, d) On-chip generation–detection experiment for (c) whisker- and (d) crystal-based devices. Here, the ac resistance of the detector mesa is shown as function of the total dc

Biocompatibility and cytotoxicity in vitro of surface-functionalized drug-loaded spinel ferrite nanoparticles

• Sadaf Mushtaq,
• Khuram Shahzad,
• Tariq Saeed,
• Anwar Ul-Hamid,
• Bilal Haider Abbasi,
• Nafees Ahmad,
• Waqas Khalid,
• Muhammad Atif,
• Zulqurnain Ali and
• Rashda Abbasi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1339–1364, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.99

Identifying diverse metal oxide nanomaterials with lethal effects on embryonic zebrafish using machine learning

• Richard Liam Marchese Robinson,
• Haralambos Sarimveis,
• Philip Doganis,
• Xiaodong Jia,
• Marianna Kotzabasaki,
• Christiana Gousiadou,
• Stacey Lynn Harper and
• Terry Wilkins

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1297–1325, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.97

Cantilever signature of tip detachment during contact resonance AFM

• Devin Kalafut,
• Ryan Wagner,
• Maria Jose Cadena,
• Anil Bajaj and
• Arvind Raman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1286–1296, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.96

• position was recorded with an optical lever system consisting of a detection laser and a quadrant photodiode. The photodiode signal was converted into amplitude and phase at the drive frequency using a lock-in amplifier. The OLS resulting from the above calibration procedure is only valid for quasistatic

• change of the cantilever which significantly dominates the detection. (b) AFM cantilever side view with total length L and location of the probe tip labeled L1. Parameter identification from AFM measurements. Supporting Information Additional AFM measurements identifying the tip–sample detachment

Nonmonotonous temperature dependence of Shapiro steps in YBCO grain boundary junctions

• Leonid S. Revin,
• Dmitriy V. Masterov,
• Alexey E. Parafin,
• Sergey A. Pavlov and
• Andrey L. Pankratov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1279–1285, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.95

• analysis of the transport properties, the best structure was selected and located at the center of a Si lens for efficient detection. The sample was mounted into a dry cryostat allowing for measurements in a wide temperature range from helium temperatures to ≈80 K. An external gigahertz signal was fed

• detection regime is optimal for the junction. This issue is discussed in more details below. The third important parameter is the thermal noise magnitude, kBT, which affects the smearing of the Shapiro steps, and, accordingly, the decrease in the step size in the region of low radiation power. It is not

• ), the optimal signal detection regime is shifted. That is, for temperatures of 80 K and 70 K and the frequency of 72 GHz, the condition ωmw ≈ ωc is satisfied, and the step heights reach ≈Ic and ≈0.9 Ic, respectively. At 50 K, maxΔI1 ≈ Icωmw/ωc = IcFmw/Fc = 3 mA × 72 GHz/330 GHz = 0.65 mA, and at 20 K

Morphology-driven gas sensing by fabricated fractals: A review

• Vishal Kamathe and
• Rupali Nagar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1187–1208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.88

• metal oxide (SMO) sensors are most popular due to their low cost, simplicity, easy fabrication, and wide range of gas detection capabilities [9]. Thin films and nanostructures exhibit better sensing characteristics. Various researchers have reported structures with morphologies such as nanowires (NWs

• to aid a non-specialist reader in the field of either fractals or gas sensing to comprehend the discussion. The article finally discusses the role of fractal geometry and identifies key parameters thereof in improving gas detection. Review What are fractals? B. Mandelbrot, in 1975, coined the term

• the sensor, while Figure 12d shows individual EDS maps of Si, Pt, O, and Ti. The fabricated sensor displayed good sensitivity towards acetone under exposure to UV light with a detection limit greater than 97% at 10 ppb. The exceptional sensitivity achieved was attributed to high porosity, network

Open-loop amplitude-modulation Kelvin probe force microscopy operated in single-pass PeakForce tapping mode

• Gheorghe Stan and
• Pradeep Namboodiri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1115–1126, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.83

• capacitive coupling is highly mitigated in CL FM-KPFM variants, which operate on nullifying the electrostatic force gradient between tip and sample. In KPFM gradient detection methods, the almost linear distance-dependent force between cantilever and sample is mostly removed from the measured CPD [47][50][64

• time scale of the order of microseconds or less [29][30][31][32][33]. The most direct and easy implementations of OL-KPFM are in terms of amplitude modulation due to the intrinsic force detection that the AFM operates on. The OL-KPFM developed in this work is an AM method that performs CPD measurements

A new method for obtaining model-free viscoelastic material properties from atomic force microscopy experiments using discrete integral transform techniques

• Berkin Uluutku,
• Enrique A. López-Guerra and
• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1063–1077, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.79

• indentation are calculated with respect to time with the aid of the probe position detection system (e.g., a laser beam detector). The most important assumptions in our linear viscoelastic analysis, which is described in subsequent sections, are that the sample is homogeneous and isotropic, and that the

An overview of microneedle applications, materials, and fabrication methods

• Zahra Faraji Rad,
• Philip D. Prewett and
• Graham J. Davies

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1034–1046, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.77

• simultaneous injection of particles into cells [47]. Microneedles have also been used for diagnosing allergy [48], for cosmetic applications [49], dissolvable delivery of drugs into neural tissue [50], and as microelectrode arrays for neural probes [51]. They have also been used for the detection of different

Revealing the formation mechanism and band gap tuning of Sb₂S₃ nanoparticles

• Maximilian Joschko,
• Franck Yvan Fotue Wafo,
• Christina Malsi,
• Danilo Kisić,
• Ivana Validžić and
• Christina Graf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1021–1033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.76

• aluminum holder, explaining the detection of these elements. Oxygen may have been detected due to contamination of the sample, the grid, or the holder. Measurement results of the white product obtained by the direct injection of the Sb precursor into oleylamine at 150 °C without the addition of sulfur: (a

Uniform arrays of gold nanoelectrodes with tuneable recess depth

• Elena O. Gordeeva,
• Ilya V. Roslyakov,
• Alexey P. Leontiev,
• Alexey A. Klimenko and
• Kirill S. Napolskii

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 957–964, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.72

• anodizing stage, the remaining Al was selectively dissolved in 10 vol % Br2 solution in CH3OH. Then, the barrier layer of the AAO template was removed by chemical etching in 3.5 M H3PO4 with electrochemical detection of the pore opening moment as described elsewhere [40]. The prepared AAO templates were

Self-assembly of Eucalyptus gunnii wax tubules and pure ß-diketone on HOPG and glass

• Miriam Anna Huth,
• Axel Huth and
• Kerstin Koch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 939–949, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.70

• extracted from approximately 50 leaves taken from 6–7 month old plants cultivated in a greenhouse for previous experiments. For the extraction, the wax leaves were dipped in chloroform at room temperature for 60 s. The wax composition was analyzed by gas chromatography–flame ionization detection (GC–FID

Modification of a SERS-active Ag surface to promote adsorption of charged analytes: effect of Cu²⁺ ions

• Bahdan V. Ranishenka,
• Andrei Yu. Panarin,
• Irina A. Chelnokova,
• Sergei N. Terekhov,
• Peter Mojzes and
• Vadim V. Shmanai

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 902–912, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.67

• detection of chemicals in different samples [1]. It became popular in the scientific community during the last decades due to great prospects for practical solutions of, particularly, analytical problems [2]. However, despite the promising potential, it turned out that a lot of practical, theoretical, and

• detection is to localize the molecules of interest at the plasmonic surface but at a proper distance (2–4 nm) [2][4]. It is a common practice to demonstrate the SERS effectivity of a SERS-active substrate by using analytes that are strongly adsorbed at the plasmonic metal surfaces and located at the “hot

• spots”. The detection of analytes that are not interacting with (or adsorbing to) plasmonic surfaces remains an important practical task. This problem significantly hampers a wider practical application of SERS because even optimally fabricated SERS substrates lose their effectiveness when the analyte

The role of convolutional neural networks in scanning probe microscopy: a review

• Ido Azuri,
• Irit Rosenhek-Goldian,
• Neta Regev-Rudzki,
• Georg Fantner and
• Sidney R. Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 878–901, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.66

• , regression (prediction of quantitative data values), translation (for instance of languages), anomaly detection, de-noising, clustering (grouping similar objects together), and data generation. In this review our major concern is with images, which are most relevant to certain aspects of machine learning as

• set: Red blood cells in wide-field images can be classified into ten different classes based on morphological differences [8]. More advanced tasks in computer vision are object localization and detection. “Detection” of objects in an image is usually performed by defining bounding boxes around the

• objects of interest, outputting the spatial coordinates defining locations and sizes of bounding boxes, while “localization” is a specific case of detection of a single object in an image [9]. An even finer distinction is “segmentation”. This involves dividing an image into several parts, sets of pixels

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

• myocardial infarction or coronary artery stenosis [158][159]. It has also been used to assess stroke patients [160], fallopian tube patency [161], and in the detection of ureteric reflux [162]. MB-mediated US effects have also been used as a means of nucleating cavitation in the target tissue to increase the

Silver nanoparticles induce the cardiomyogenic differentiation of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells via telomere length extension

• Khosro Adibkia,
• Ali Ehsani,
• Asma Jodaei,
• Ezzatollah Fathi,
• Raheleh Farahzadi and
• Mohammad Barzegar-Jalali

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 786–797, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.62

• possible combination of stem cells and nanotechnology in the treatment of diseases. This study aims to investigate the in vitro effect of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) on the cardiomyogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) through detection of cardiac markers. For

• ), Wnt-3 (sc-74537), and β-catenin (sc-7963), and were incubated with secondary antibody (1:5000). In the following, the protein bands were detected using ECL detection Kit. The intensity of protein bands was measured using the ImageJ 1.6 software [50][51][52]. Statistical analysis The results were

Recent progress in magnetic applications for micro- and nanorobots

• Ke Xu,
• Shuang Xu and
• Fanan Wei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 744–755, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.58

• , with which cancer cells and non-cancerous cells can be distinguished. Furthermore, a cell sensor that uses MaBiDz for rapid detection and imaging of target mRNA biomarkers of metastatic breast cancer has been realized. Its function shows that it is likely to be used as a biomimetic organelle MNR in the

• were negligible. Yang’s team has provided a rapid and low-cost detection technique for medical testing in future clinical applications. Magnetic drive structures used in MNRs MNRs could move in the human body with little restrictions to reach confined and delicate parts. This offers the potential of

Nanogenerator-based self-powered sensors for data collection

• Yicheng Shao,
• Maoliang Shen,
• Yuankai Zhou,
• Xin Cui,
• Lijie Li and
• Yan Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 680–693, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.54

• energy supplies. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) were used as electronic skin for pressure detection and material identification [50][51]. Pressure sensors based on piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) were used to detect tiny pressure deviations from water droplets [52][53], wind flow [53][54][55

• rehabilitation, sports training, human motion recognition, respiratory monitoring, and human 3D motion modeling [78][79][80]. These data can be used for real-time detection of human health or human–computer interaction [81][82]. Wen et al. [22] manufactured a transparent and stretchable wrinkled (maximum strain

• , and vocal cords [85][86]. Without external power supply, the back-end data processing technology can realize real-time detection and early warning of human health [87]. For example, voice can be recognized by vocal cord vibration, which can be recorded with a biosensor attached to the skin of the

A review of defect engineering, ion implantation, and nanofabrication using the helium ion microscope

• Frances I. Allen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 633–664, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.52

• papers enabled by the HIM have been published. True to its classification as a microscope, and indeed its originally intended purpose, the HIM is widely used for microscopy. The microscopy functionality is primarily based on the detection of the secondary electrons that are generated by the finely

• of patches of a silicon nitride membrane that were subsequently perforated by helium ion beam milling to create solid-state nanopores for biomolecule detection. Following this approach, a low fluorescence background was achieved, facilitating the translocation detection of fluorescently labeled

Impact of GaAs(100) surface preparation on EQE of AZO/Al₂O₃/p-GaAs photovoltaic structures

• Piotr Caban,
• Rafał Pietruszka,
• Jarosław Kaszewski,
• Monika Ożga,
• Bartłomiej S. Witkowski,
• Krzysztof Kopalko,
• Piotr Kuźmiuk,
• Katarzyna Gwóźdź,
• Ewa Płaczek-Popko,
• Krystyna Lawniczak-Jablonska and
• Marek Godlewski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 578–592, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.48

• increase of Al content was found together with the detection of Ga and As, probably related to the deposition of Al2O3 as a passivation layer on the substrate in the first few ALD cycles. Therefore, processing of the substrate surface expands (spreads) the interface. To get acquainted with the chemistry of

On the stability of microwave-fabricated SERS substrates – chemical and morphological considerations

• Limin Wang,
• Aisha Adebola Womiloju,
• Christiane Höppener,
• Ulrich S. Schubert and
• Stephanie Hoeppener

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 541–551, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.44

• glass capillaries or on scanning force microscopy tips) in a very economic and fast (less than five minutes) coating process. The formed substrates, which are coated with a monolayer of silver nanoparticles, have been demonstrated to be highly reproducible and to perform very well in the detection of

• analytes, as demonstrated by the detection of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) down to a concentration of 0.25 nM by utilizing microwave-coated glass capillaries [25]. While this approach relies on ethanol as reducing agent and applies no protecting agents, other protocols employ suitable surfactants and

The preparation temperature influences the physicochemical nature and activity of nanoceria

• Robert A. Yokel,
• Wendel Wohlleben,
• Johannes Georg Keller,
• Matthew L. Hancock,
• Jason M. Unrine,
• D. Allan Butterfield and
• Eric A. Grulke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 525–540, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.43

• inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS; Agilent 7500cx or 7900, Agilent Technologies, Inc., Santa Clarita, CA) [41]. Spiked samples (cerium average recovery was 106%) and blank samples (that were below the detection limit) were included. At BASF, the eluate was diluted 10- to 100-fold and

• quantified by ICP-MS (Perkin Elmer Nexion 2000b, Perkin Elmer Inc., Waltham, USA) with a limit of detection of 0.01 ppb. Measurements were conducted in triplicate and averaged. Determination of dissolution half-life and dissolution rate The dissolution half-life was calculated as described [37][42] as a

• % sodium dodecyl sulfate for 20 min at room temperature, neutralized, and blotted onto a nitrocellulose membrane for slot-blot analysis with an anti-DNPH rabbit antibody and secondary anti-rabbit IgG alkaline phosphatase antibody, using reagents from the OxyBlot Protein Oxidation Detection Kit (Millipore