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Search for "flow" in Full Text gives 931 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology. Showing first 200.
Comparing the performance of single and multifrequency Kelvin probe force microscopy techniques in air and water
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 922–943, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.82
- minimizing the required low VAC needed for operation in order to avoid the associated problems, for example, current flow, electrodeposition, or Faradaic reactions [9]. For this assessment, a number of simplifying assumptions have been made: (1) We use a simple spherical model of tip–sample capacitance [2
DNA aptamer selection and construction of an aptasensor based on graphene FETs for Zika virus NS1 protein detection
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 873–881, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.78
- solution dispersed in 1 mM PBS (phosphate-buffered saline: 0.0001 M phosphate buffer, 0.000027 M potassium chloride, and 0.00137 M sodium chloride), pH 7.4. After incubation, the graphene devices were rinsed with 1 mM PBS, followed by sequential rinsing with deionized water and drying in a nitrogen flow
Micro-structures, nanomechanical properties and flight performance of three beetles with different folding ratios
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 845–856, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.75
- brevitarsis) were captured during wind tunnel tests and, based on the results, bioinspired wings and a linkage-mechanism flapping system were designed [26]. The flow behavior of live rhinoceros beetle flapping hind wings was studied by using a smoke wind tunnel and a high-speed camera [30]. Combining wind
- , three beetle species from different living environments were selected to explore the influence of different folding ratios on their flight performance through wind tunnel tests. The aspect ratios and flapping frequencies and the influence of the flow velocity on their lift-to-drag ratio are discussed in
- time remained constant at 10 μN/s and 10 s, respectively. Wind tunnel The wind tunnel test was performed in a low-speed straight-flow wind tunnel at the Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Jilin University, China. The main parameters of the wind tunnel are shown in Table 2. The abdomen of the beetle
Ultrafast signatures of magnetic inhomogeneity in Pd1−xFex (x ≤ 0.08) epitaxial thin films
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 836–844, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.74
- measurements at temperatures from 4.2 to 300 K, the films under study were mounted to the cold finger of the Janis ST-500 helium-flow cryostat. Permanent NdFeB magnets were fixed there, creating a magnetic field directed along the easy axis of the thin film in its plane with a magnitude of 470 Oe at room
Temperature and chemical effects on the interfacial energy between a Ga–In–Sn eutectic liquid alloy and nanoscopic asperities
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 817–827, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.72
- between two elastic solids is not provided in our experiments, and liquid flow will likely alter the calculated work of adhesion values. These values should thus be taken as rough estimates. With the manufacturer’s data for the tip radius (RSiOx = 7 nm and RPtSi = RAu = 25 nm), we calculate the following
- the meniscus flow of the eutectic Ga–In–Sn melt upon retraction, the adsorption of a thin water layer is likely to modify the surface energy of the liquid neck upon pulling and affect the above results. The analysis of the interfacial energy from AFM adhesion measurements is thus complicated by the
- interface and may involve a flow of the liquid sample, the tip–liquid interface geometry is better defined upon penetration of the tip in the liquid. Figure 5 shows the temperature and velocity dependences of the interfacial energy between eutectic Ga–In–Sn melt and three AFM tips of SiOx, PtSi, and Au. For
Hierachical epicuticular wax coverage on leaves of Deschampsia antarctica as a possible adaptation to severe environmental conditions
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 807–816, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.71
- thawing, water drops flow off the surface and therefore cannot be potentially re-frozen. The study demonstrated the following effects caused by the wax coverage: (i) Air pockets between wax projections prevent direct contact between the plant cuticle and ice crystals, and (ii) after thawing, the fluid
- projections. This, in turn, helps to keep an air layer between the wax particles under conditions of reduced water vapor. Moreover, superhydrophobic surfaces in combination with strong air flow can lead to newly formed ice particles being blown off, since the real contact area and, consequently, the adhesion
Gelatin nanoparticles with tunable mechanical properties: effect of crosslinking time and loading
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 778–787, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.68
- , Germany). Fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran 70 kDa (FITC-dextran) was purchased from TdB (Upsala Sweden). Pall Minimate™ tangential flow filtration capsules 300 kDa were obtained from VWR International GmbH (Darmstadt, Germany). Silicon wafers used as substrates in AFM experiments were derived from Plano
- ] with sodium metabisulfite, which forms a complex with glutaraldehyde, thus, terminating the crosslinking process [23]. The complex, unreacted material, and excess poloxamer 188 were removed by purification via tangential flow filtration (Minimate TFF capsule, 300 kDa, Pall Corporation, Port Washington
- , Singen, Germany) at a frequency of 37 kHz in pure ethanol for 5 min. Subsequently, wafers were dried under a flow of nitrogen and covered with an 1% aqueous solution of branched polyethyleneimine (PEI), 25 kDa, for 15 min. To remove unbound PEI, the wafers were rinsed with deionized water. Coated wafers
Recent advances in nanoarchitectures of monocrystalline coordination polymers through confined assembly
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 763–777, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.67
- eventually leads to nanoarchitectures [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46]. For instance, faster growth can be realized in polyelectrolyte solution with the help of shear flow [28]. The crystal fronts move very fast. Thus, the networks hindering movement of the crystal
- alignments. For instance, monodispersed colloidal particles can assemble through the evaporation of droplets [56][57]. The local flow and equilibrium interactions among the particles force the obtained assemblies to have periodic structures. The ordered colloidal crystals can regulate the transmission
- are less periodic than those of isotropic crystals, because the movement of 1D or 2D crystals during evaporation of the droplets is often hindered due to steric effects. Confined assembly helps to optimize the alignment of 1D or 2D crystals by introducing additional flow, that is, shear flow or
Modeling a multiple-chain emeraldine gas sensor for NH3 and NO2 detection
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 721–729, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.64
- molecular properties of polyaniline have been studied by quantum mechanical means in [4][8]. The band structure was calculated by Reis et al. [9], together with transmittance, electrical current flow, and charge density. For these calculations, density functional theory (DFT, [10]) based on the generalized
Nanoarchitectonics of the cathode to improve the reversibility of Li–O2 batteries
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 689–698, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.61
- cathode side to enable uniform distribution of O2 gas as well as efficient current collection. The cell was assembled in a glove box filled with purified Ar gas. Then, it was placed in a gas-tight chamber with a controlled gas flow rate and pressure, and high-purity O2 gas (99.99%) was supplied to the
Reliable fabrication of transparent conducting films by cascade centrifugation and Langmuir–Blodgett deposition of electrochemically exfoliated graphene
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 666–674, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.58
- electrochemical exfoliation, whereby graphene is exfoliated in an electrolyte from an electrode made of graphite [19]. In electrochemical exfoliation, ions from the electrolyte flow towards the graphite electrode and intercalate between the graphene layers. The electrochemical reaction provides a driving force to
A superconducting adiabatic neuron in a quantum regime
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 653–665, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.57
- is an important parameter that determines the possibility of the ANN dynamic adaptation. Such tunability is required when working with rapidly changing content. The corresponding information flow naturally arises, for example, within the framework of novel telecommunication paradigms, such as
Antibacterial activity of a berberine nanoformulation
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 641–652, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.56
- nanoparticles produced by EPN and ASP techniques have notably increased solubility and dissolution rate due to their semicrystalline form. The small size of the nanoparticles can be obtained by adjusting the drug concentration, flow rate, stirring rate, and antisolvent volume in EPN and ASP methods [28]. Many
Comparative molecular dynamics simulations of thermal conductivities of aqueous and hydrocarbon nanofluids
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 620–628, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.54
- /CuO–water and Cu/CuO–kerosene oil ionized nanofluid flow over a stretched three-dimensional linear sheet. The dominant thermal conductivity increment was observed in Cu/water nanofluids in contrast to other partially ionized nanofluids. For parabolic stretched surfaces [32], a similar theoretical
Effects of substrate stiffness on the viscoelasticity and migration of prostate cancer cells examined by atomic force microscopy
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 560–569, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.47
- elasticity compared to PCa cells. The reverse is true for viscosity. It is shown that normal cells respond to stiff substrates by increasing elasticity without affecting viscosity in order to prevent shape changes (or flow) which leads to cell movement. And cancer cells, despite stiffening to a certain
Influence of thickness and morphology of MoS2 on the performance of counter electrodes in dye-sensitized solar cells
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 528–537, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.44
- substrates were first cleaned in a 1% Hellmanex solution at 70 °C for 30 min in an ultrasonic bath, then washed three times in distilled water, dried by nitrogen flow, and finally treated in a UV ozone chamber for 5 min to obtain the cleaned FTO electrode. Precursor solutions were prepared by dissolving (NH4
Ciprofloxacin-loaded dissolving polymeric microneedles as a potential therapeutic for the treatment of S. aureus skin infections
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 517–527, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.43
- isocratic composition of 0.025 M phosphoric acid (pH 3.0 ± 0.1) previously adjusted with triethylamine/acetonitrile (80:20 v/v), eluted at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min. The injection volume was 20 µL. The drug concentration was then determined according to a calibration curve. The calibration curve was plotted
Design and characterization of polymeric microneedles containing extracts of Brazilian green propolis
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 503–516, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.42
- with the depth of the master mold. This is related to solvent evaporation as described in the literature for other biopolymeric MNs prepared by solvent casting [37][38]. The above sizes allow the MNs to rupture the stratum corneum but not reach the blood vessels, creating ducts that facilitate the flow
Ethosomal (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate as a novel approach to enhance antioxidant, anti-collagenase and anti-elastase effects
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 491–502, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.41
- amount of EGCG permeated in the receptor compartment during in vitro release and cell permeation experiments) of EGCG was carried out by HPLC assay on an Agilent 1200 Series system using acetic acid 1%. An acetonitrile (1.5:8.5 v/v) mixture was used as the mobile phase delivered at a flow rate of 1 mL
Tubular glassy carbon microneedles with fullerene-like tips for biomedical applications
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 455–461, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.38
- article, we have followed the nanoarchitectonics [10] concept to fabricate our glassy carbon material by using methane as building unit and carbon source rather than polymers. There are earlier works on methane pyrolysis in a flow reactor by F. G. Billaud et al. [11] and Z. Bai and co-workers [12]. Bai et
- pyrolysis of methane on a curved alumina surface. The surface provides the catalyst as well as the “strain” required to direct nucleation and growth. Figure 1a is a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) overview image showing a number of glassy carbon microneedles, which grow in the direction of the gas flow
- interlayer spacing in glassy carbon corresponds to the nature of the intercalating species [26]. Here the “stress” arises from the constraints of the growing glassy carbon layers from the curved alumina gas-flow tube and the intercalating species, which are gaseous species, generated when methane undergoes
Tunable superconducting neurons for networks based on radial basis functions
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 444–454, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.37
- resistivity ρN ≪ ρS, which ensures its lower kinetic inductance relative to the rest of the structure. This leads to a flow of the current mostly through this layer in the case of the open valve. Figure 6a shows the spatial distributions of the pairing amplitude F(x) in the cross section of this structure for
A chemiresistive sensor array based on polyaniline nanocomposites and machine learning classification
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 411–423, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.34
- (Figure 5). The characterization system consists of mass flow controllers (Bronkhorst High-Tech) for setting the required gas concentration, a source-meter (Keithley, Model 2400) for resistance measurement of active layers, an air-tight chamber with electrical feedthroughs for the sensor array, a relay
- displayed in Figure 6. The experiment consisted of 5 min of sensor exposure to a certain gas concentration and 5 min of purging at a flow rate of 100 mL·s−1. It is evident that all active layers have the highest sensitivity and clear response to NH3. All active composite layers except PANI+ZnO exhibit a
Interfacial nanoarchitectonics for ZIF-8 membranes with enhanced gas separation
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 313–324, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.26
- other side of the membrane was connected to a soap-film flow meter downstream to measure the gas permeation volume of the target gas. The pressure drop between feed side and permeation side was measured by a pressure meter (Bronkhorst EL-PRESS) and was kept at 20 psi. The temperature of the system was
- kept at room temperature (25 °C). The permeance Pi (mol·m−2·s−1·Pa−1) of the permeation gas was determined using the following equation: where Ni (mol·s−1) is the permeation molar flow rate of component gas i, ΔPi (Pa) is the trans-membrane pressure drop of gas i, and A (m2) is the effective membrane
- area. The ideal separation factor α of gas species i with respect to gas species j was defined by the following equation: where Pi and Pj are the permeances of gas component i and j, respectively. The permeation flow volume of the target gas was recorded every 30 min during the measurement until the
The effect of metal surface nanomorphology on the output performance of a TENG
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 298–312, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.25
- barrier of electron transfer, thus, enabling electron flow from insulator to metal (vice versa) or from an insulator to another insulator. TENGs are miniaturized and portable. They generate current by collecting tiny amounts of energy and supply power for microelectronic devices and sensors. Wind energy
- , such as template forming, plasma treatment, and chemical approaches. Previous studies mostly focused on the preparation process of the nanoscale morphology on the polymer surface [47][48][49]. The electrons on the polymer surface cannot be transferred to the conduction band and the charge cannot flow
- . Hence, electric charges can move from one electrode to the other through an electrostatic field. When the materials are brought in contact again, the electrostatic field will disappear. Finally, the electrons flow in the opposite direction. An alternating current will be generated through the repetition
Investigation of a memory effect in a Au/(Ti–Cu)Ox-gradient thin film/TiAlV structure
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 265–273, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.21
- very thin (ca. 10 nm) region with different structural properties and chemical composition. From the performed TEM analysis (Figure 8) it can be interpreted as an amorphous area. During the deposition process, the flow of oxygen supplied to the working chamber was constant. Decreasing the power
- resulted in a relatively high series resistance. In the discussed case, switching from the high- to the low-resistance state could be connected with the formation of filament-type conduction paths that allow electrical charge carriers to flow between two opposite contacts. Conductive filaments are often
- thin film structure as a function of the forcing current for both directions of the current flow. Retention characteristics for the Au/(Ti–Cu)Ox/TiAlV thin film structure. Transmission and reflection characteristics for gradient (Ti–Cu)Ox thin film. XPS spectra of the surface of (Ti0.48Cu0.52)Ox thin
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