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Search for "measurement" in Full Text gives 1135 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology. Showing first 200.

Impact of GaAs(100) surface preparation on EQE of AZO/Al2O3/p-GaAs photovoltaic structures

  • Piotr Caban,
  • Rafał Pietruszka,
  • Jarosław Kaszewski,
  • Monika Ożga,
  • Bartłomiej S. Witkowski,
  • Krzysztof Kopalko,
  • Piotr Kuźmiuk,
  • Katarzyna Gwóźdź,
  • Ewa Płaczek-Popko,
  • Krystyna Lawniczak-Jablonska and
  • Marek Godlewski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 578–592, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.48

Graphical Abstract
  • . Lesker PVD75). It should also be underscored that the utilized structure was quite simplified and not optimized for the best performance in terms of junction properties, absorber and window layers, doping/thickness, or metallization used. Measurement equipment The morphology of the structures was
  • results from the existence of a barrier for the photocurrent, which is effective for a high current density when the sample is illuminated by the solar spectrum. However, a small current density of the quantum efficiency measurement is able to pass the barrier [56]. Another possible reason for the above
  • spectrum that was examined (300–950 nm) and differences in the spectrum resolution step (5 nm used for EQE measurement as opposed to 0.5–1 nm utilized for the AM1.5 Global spectrum data) should be negligible. Furthermore, we observe that most of the sulfur-passivated devices have a relatively higher
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Published 28 Jun 2021

Properties of graphene deposited on GaN nanowires: influence of nanowire roughness, self-induced nanogating and defects

  • Jakub Kierdaszuk,
  • Piotr Kaźmierczak,
  • Justyna Grzonka,
  • Aleksandra Krajewska,
  • Aleksandra Przewłoka,
  • Wawrzyniec Kaszub,
  • Zbigniew R. Zytkiewicz,
  • Marta Sobanska,
  • Maria Kamińska,
  • Andrzej Wysmołek and
  • Aneta Drabińska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 566–577, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.47

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  • our system the lowest mapping step is comparable with the average distance between NWs and three times smaller than the diameter of the laser spot. Therefore, a single measurement is averaged over a few NWs and local interactions between graphene and small groups of NWs are traced rather than
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Published 22 Jun 2021

Local stiffness and work function variations of hexagonal boron nitride on Cu(111)

  • Abhishek Grewal,
  • Yuqi Wang,
  • Matthias Münks,
  • Klaus Kern and
  • Markus Ternes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 559–565, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.46

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  • , CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland II. Institute of Physics, RWTH Aachen University, D-52074 Aachen, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.12.46 Abstract Combined scanning tunnelling and atomic force microscopy using a qPlus sensor enables the measurement of electronic and mechanic properties of two-dimensional
  • . These distorted IPSs are referred as FER, which are revealed in dI/dV measurements as strong peaks at positive bias. [43]. Figure 3a shows such spectra in which we observe a series of peaks whose energies are strongly influenced by the measurement position. The non-trivial double peak structure at 3.5
  • , however, we find a significantly smaller average difference between valley and rim regions of only ΔΦ = 86 ± 16 meV when analysing the contact potential difference (CPD) data. This hints toward a lower lateral resolution of the KPFM measurement compared to the FER map. The Δf signal in KPFM originates
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Published 17 Jun 2021

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering of water in aqueous dispersions of silver nanoparticles

  • Paulina Filipczak,
  • Krzysztof Hałagan,
  • Jacek Ulański and
  • Marcin Kozanecki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 497–506, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.40

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  • before and after Raman measurements confirmed their stability under the measurement conditions (the photo- and thermal stability of the investigated samples was discussed in [37]). The observed enhancement effect could be explained by (i) differences in the selective light absorption in the visible part
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Published 25 May 2021

Boosting of photocatalytic hydrogen evolution via chlorine doping of polymeric carbon nitride

  • Malgorzata Aleksandrzak,
  • Michalina Kijaczko,
  • Wojciech Kukulka,
  • Daria Baranowska,
  • Martyna Baca,
  • Beata Zielinska and
  • Ewa Mijowska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 473–484, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.38

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  • measurement. Chlorine doping caused a slight redshift of the emission peak. Moreover, a reduction in the peak intensity was found, indicating a lower recombination rate of the electron–hole pairs, which is attractive in the photocatalytic process [44]. It shows that chlorine doping improves visible-light
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Published 19 May 2021

A stretchable triboelectric nanogenerator made of silver-coated glass microspheres for human motion energy harvesting and self-powered sensing applications

  • Hui Li,
  • Yaju Zhang,
  • Yonghui Wu,
  • Hui Zhao,
  • Weichao Wang,
  • Xu He and
  • Haiwu Zheng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 402–412, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.32

Graphical Abstract
  • layer of silicone rubber and the middle layer of SCGMs. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image (Figure 1b) and the energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) measurement (Figure 1c) show that the SCGMs are evenly dispersed across the silicone rubber. Figure 1d presents the flow chart for the
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Published 03 May 2021

Nickel nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide/WO3 nanocomposite – a promising candidate for gas sensing

  • Ilka Simon,
  • Alexandr Savitsky,
  • Rolf Mülhaupt,
  • Vladimir Pankov and
  • Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 343–353, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.28

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  • with a noncollinear spin configuration, which causes the formation of a surface spin canting due to thermal fluctuation of magnetic moments. Figure 7 shows the temperature dependence of the magnetization obtained in the course of the last measurement cycle at which, for nickel particles, ferromagnetic
  • Micrograph software from at least 50 individual particles. Gas sensing properties of the sensor elements were characterized using a custom-designed flow-type sensing measurement system inside a corundum chamber with precisely controlled temperature and atmosphere. Calibrated according to STB ISO 9001-2009, a
  • placed in a tube furnace with a temperature regulator. To enhance electrical conductivity and to improve contact Ag electrodes were deposited on parallel sides of the pellets. The measurement procedure was carried out for NO2 and acetone in a stationary regime in a precisely controlled atmosphere (10 ppm
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Published 15 Apr 2021

Intracranial recording in patients with aphasia using nanomaterial-based flexible electronics: promises and challenges

  • Qingchun Wang and
  • Wai Ting Siok

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 330–342, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.27

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  • sensors could be implanted for iEEG recording. Sensor group cortical surface (CS) are strips and grids of electrodes, and sensor groups trans-occipital (TO) and orthogonal-to-mesial (OM) represent in-depth electrodes. Figure 2b was reprinted from [45], Physiological Measurement, vol. 39, by A. Sanz-Garcia
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Published 08 Apr 2021

The patterning toolbox FIB-o-mat: Exploiting the full potential of focused helium ions for nanofabrication

  • Victor Deinhart,
  • Lisa-Marie Kern,
  • Jan N. Kirchhof,
  • Sabrina Juergensen,
  • Joris Sturm,
  • Enno Krauss,
  • Thorsten Feichtner,
  • Sviatoslav Kovalchuk,
  • Michael Schneider,
  • Dieter Engel,
  • Bastian Pfau,
  • Bert Hecht,
  • Kirill I. Bolotin,
  • Stephanie Reich and
  • Katja Höflich

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 304–318, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.25

Graphical Abstract
  • full applied-field sweep from saturation at positive field to saturation at negative field. During this measurement, images at particular applied fields were recorded (Figure 5). After saturating the magnetic film (at 390 mT, Figure 5a) and reducing the applied field, domains form (180 mT, Figure 5b
  • round. Each monomer acts as a small dipole in our measurement configuration and its response is not very sensitive to its actual shape as long as surface roughness does not increase the scattering losses. Finite-difference time-domain modeling taking into account the slightly varying geometries led to
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Published 06 Apr 2021

Characterization, bio-uptake and toxicity of polymer-coated silver nanoparticles and their interaction with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells

  • Sahar Pourhoseini,
  • Reilly T. Enos,
  • Angela E. Murphy,
  • Bo Cai and
  • Jamie R. Lead

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 282–294, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.23

Graphical Abstract
  • elsewhere [35]. Measurement of dissolved Ag using ICP-MS A solution of Ag in the culture medium (RPMI without added cells) was measured after addition of PVP-AgNPs at t = 0 (sample collection was performed immediately after addition of AgNP) and t = 24 h. For PVP-coated AgNPs, the concentration of Ag was
  • below the limit of detection of the ICP-MS measurement (Figure 3a). The total Ag concentrations, however, showed no significant change (Figure 3b). A similar experiment for AgNO3 is shown in Figure 3c and Figure 3d, which shows 0.4% of Ag in the dissolved fraction and 60% in the total Ag fraction for a
  • ). Results indicate a near total recovery of total Ag in UHPW at both concentrations and Ag losses in RPMI medium and in ultrafiltered samples. A representative figure for the measurement of dissolved and total Ag for AgNO3 in UHPW and RPMI is shown in Supporting Information File 1, Figure S2. Ag uptake to
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Published 24 Mar 2021

The nanomorphology of cell surfaces of adhered osteoblasts

  • Christian Voelkner,
  • Mirco Wendt,
  • Regina Lange,
  • Max Ulbrich,
  • Martina Gruening,
  • Susanne Staehlke,
  • Barbara Nebe,
  • Ingo Barke and
  • Sylvia Speller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 242–256, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.20

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  • f−m can be observed sometimes, that is, there are varying exponents at low frequencies for time periods longer than a couple of seconds. Those may originate from migration. However, extensive statistics that take into account the measurement location on the spreading cell are required. Nevertheless
  • room temperature. Measurement principle and data preparation Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed using a field-emission SEM (Gemini Supra 25, Zeiss) at 1 keV electron energy without Au coating. For SICM a commercial AFM/SICM setup (NX-bio, Park Systems, Korea) with a live-cell chamber (5
  • measurement of I–V characteristics [21]. The bias voltage applied between pipette and bath electrode was approximately 100 mV. Both electrodes were non-polarizable (Ag/AgCl). For SICM topography measurements the nanopipette approached the surface until the setpoint of 0.98 nA (corresponding to an ion current
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Published 12 Mar 2021

Scanning transmission helium ion microscopy on carbon nanomembranes

  • Daniel Emmrich,
  • Annalena Wolff,
  • Nikolaus Meyerbröker,
  • Jörg K. N. Lindner,
  • André Beyer and
  • Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 222–231, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.18

Graphical Abstract
  • lines) agrees well with the measurement at 30 keV energy for the thin membrane. This is reasonable as it is the same membrane as shown in Figure 6a. When evaluating the contrast at a nearby area at 15 keV ion energy, however, 2 nm is not the optimum thickness to reproduce the experimental contrast at 15
  • keV. At this lower incident ion energy, a thickness of 2.4 nm (dotted lines) matches best the measurement values. Still, the results suggest that the CNM thickness can be determined with sub-nanometer accuracy using dark-field STIM measurements. A mean CNM thickness value of 2.2 nm is a compromise
  • between the two cases, and the error of this particular measurement is 9%. To test the validity of the determined thickness and the approach described above, the results from the STIM dark-field imaging are compared to X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and energy-filtered transmission electron
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Published 26 Feb 2021

Determination of elastic moduli of elastic–plastic microspherical materials using nanoindentation simulation without mechanical polishing

  • Hongzhou Li and
  • Jialian Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 213–221, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.17

Graphical Abstract
  • –displacement data alone. This avoids the need to measure the area of indentation by imaging and facilitates the measurement of properties at the sub-micrometer scale. During nanoindentation, a diamond indenter with a geometry known to high precision is pressed into the surface of the specimen with increasing
  • area of the indenter at a specified depth. These effects can result in measurement errors of mechanical properties [9]. Without taking into account that the real contact area and the cross-sectional area of the indenter are different, the measured indentation modulus/hardness would be too high in the
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Published 19 Feb 2021

Toward graphene textiles in wearable eye tracking systems for human–machine interaction

  • Ata Jedari Golparvar and
  • Murat Kaya Yapici

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 180–189, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.14

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  • , USA 10.3762/bjnano.12.14 Abstract The study of eye movements and the measurement of the resulting biopotential, referred to as electrooculography (EOG), may find increasing use in applications within the domain of activity recognition, context awareness, mobile human–computer and human–machine
  • numbers, letters of the English alphabet, and Japanese Katakana symbols by eye movements to further help users to communicate complicated messages in a relatively short time [19]. However, despite the various demonstrators of wearable EOG devices in the literature, which prove that EOG is a measurement
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Published 11 Feb 2021

Mapping the local dielectric constant of a biological nanostructured system

  • Wescley Walison Valeriano,
  • Rodrigo Ribeiro Andrade,
  • Juan Pablo Vasco,
  • Angelo Malachias,
  • Bernardo Ruegger Almeida Neves,
  • Paulo Sergio Soares Guimarães and
  • Wagner Nunes Rodrigues

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 139–150, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.11

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  • , these are the same profiles as obtained from the measurement of the relative permittivity, shown in Figure 7, only with the vertical scale changed for values of the refractive indexes to fit the reflectance measurements. The right panels show the respective measured reflectance values and the fits
  • , different probes, with slightly different K values, were used for each region of the wing, in order to always have a new, clean probe in each measurement. We used the platinum-coated AC240TM-R3 probe model by Oxford Instruments Asylum Research in all measurements. The EFM mode used in this work is the
  • those on the right the respective measured and simulated reflectance. In (a) and (d) we see the red region, in (b) and (e) the blue region, and in (c) and (f) the yellow/green region. Thickness measurement of (a) the Al2O3 disk, (b) map of the α coefficient, and (c) dielectric constant map of the
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Published 28 Jan 2021

Numerical analysis of vibration modes of a qPlus sensor with a long tip

  • Kebei Chen,
  • Zhenghui Liu,
  • Yuchen Xie,
  • Chunyu Zhang,
  • Gengzhao Xu,
  • Wentao Song and
  • Ke Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 82–92, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.7

Graphical Abstract
  • the measurement. Therefore, we need to consider all physical parameters comprehensively. Firstly, it is necessary to reduce the influence of the long-range force, where Atip should be small enough. Secondly, fq should be high to minimize frequency noise [1]. However, there is a tradeoff between Atip
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Published 21 Jan 2021

Bulk chemical composition contrast from attractive forces in AFM force spectroscopy

  • Dorothee Silbernagl,
  • Media Ghasem Zadeh Khorasani,
  • Natalia Cano Murillo,
  • Anna Maria Elert and
  • Heinz Sturm

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 58–71, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.5

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  • of atomic force microscopy (AFM) is the measurement of physical properties at sub-micrometer resolution. Methods such as force–distance curves (FDCs) or dynamic variants (such as intermodulation AFM (ImAFM)) are able to measure mechanical properties (such as the local stiffness, kr) of nanoscopic
  • independent measurement for the local chemical composition and hence a complete structure–property correlation can be obtained. A proof of concept is provided by two model samples comprised of (1) epoxy/polycarbonate and (2) epoxy/boehmite. The preparation of the model samples allowed for the assignment of
  • analysis (mPCA) from a kr/Fattr diagram. A third sample comprised of (3) epoxy/polycarbonate/boehmite is measured by ImAFM. The measurement of a 2 × 2 µm cross section yields 128 × 128 force curves which are successfully evaluated by a kr/Fattr diagram and the nanoscopic heterogeneity of the sample is
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Published 18 Jan 2021

Effect of different silica coatings on the toxicity of upconversion nanoparticles on RAW 264.7 macrophage cells

  • Cynthia Kembuan,
  • Helena Oliveira and
  • Christina Graf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 35–48, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.3

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  • flow cytometry through the measurement of side-scattered light, which is proportional to changes in cell granularity or to the internal complexity. Results and Discussion Preparation and characterization of upconversion nanoparticles Oleate-functionalized NaYF4:Yb,Er nanocrystals were prepared by a
  • lanthanide chlorides in DMEM. However, only Er3+ could be detected, with a high measurement uncertainty, in the filtrate of lanthanide chloride solutions. Lanthanide ions are known to bind to phosphate in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and form stable lanthanide phosphates [20]. Since DMEM contains Na2HPO4
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Published 08 Jan 2021

Atomic layer deposited films of Al2O3 on fluorine-doped tin oxide electrodes: stability and barrier properties

  • Hana Krýsová,
  • Michael Neumann-Spallart,
  • Hana Tarábková,
  • Pavel Janda,
  • Ladislav Kavan and
  • Josef Krýsa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 24–34, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.2

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  • CVs. Aluminium oxide films of 10 and 17 nm (corresponding to 120 and 200 ALD cycles, respectively) were almost completely blocked (Figure 2). The evaluation of the blocking behaviour of FTO by the aluminium oxide layer is based on the measurement of the voltammetric peak current density, jp, which
  • image of the border between an unexposed (green, right side) and an exposed (grey/violet, left side) area of the Al2O3 film. The black square shows an area of 20 µm × 20 µm, where the AFM measurement shown in (b) was carried out. (b) AFM image and line analysis. CVs of 0.5 mM K3[Fe(CN)6] and 0.5 mM K4
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Published 05 Jan 2021

Bio-imaging with the helium-ion microscope: A review

  • Matthias Schmidt,
  • James M. Byrne and
  • Ilari J. Maasilta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1–23, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.1

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  • -magnification, which both affect the quality of focus and beam shape [40]. However, the lateral and depth resolution of the measurement also depends on the type of detector which is used for the analysis. This can be understood from the interactions of the impinging ions with matter in the sample (Figure 2
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Published 04 Jan 2021

Free and partially encapsulated manganese ferrite nanoparticles in multiwall carbon nanotubes

  • Saja Al-Khabouri,
  • Salim Al-Harthi,
  • Toru Maekawa,
  • Mohamed E. Elzain,
  • Ashraf Al-Hinai,
  • Ahmed D. Al-Rawas,
  • Abbsher M. Gismelseed,
  • Ali A. Yousif and
  • Myo Tay Zar Myint

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1891–1904, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.170

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  • analyzer transmission energy of 50 eV, while the individual elemental peaks were recorded at an analyzer pass energy of 20 eV. All XPS measurements were carried out at room temperature and no heating was performed prior to the XPS measurement. The obtained XPS spectra were deconvoluted using the CasaXPS
  • are in the inner part of the tubes. (m,n) HRTEM images at the location identified by a circle in (i). (a) Rietveld refinement of the XRD pattern of MnFe2O4/MWCNTs. (b) HRTEM image of the (111) plane showing the interfringe distance measurement. UPS spectrum of MnFe2O4/MWCNTs and pristine MWCNTs. Inset
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Published 29 Dec 2020

Nanocasting synthesis of BiFeO3 nanoparticles with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity

  • Thomas Cadenbach,
  • Maria J. Benitez,
  • A. Lucia Morales,
  • Cesar Costa Vera,
  • Luis Lascano,
  • Francisco Quiroz,
  • Alexis Debut and
  • Karla Vizuete

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1822–1833, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.164

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  • –vis spectra were recorded and then transformed with the Kubelka–Munk method to obtain the bandgap energy. The analysis of the optical measurement reveals that the sample can absorb visible light over a wide range. The bandgap energy of the nanoparticles was then calculated from the tangent line in the
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Published 07 Dec 2020

Self-standing heterostructured NiCx-NiFe-NC/biochar as a highly efficient cathode for lithium–oxygen batteries

  • Shengyu Jing,
  • Xu Gong,
  • Shan Ji,
  • Linhui Jia,
  • Bruno G. Pollet,
  • Sheng Yan and
  • Huagen Liang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1809–1821, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.163

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  • Kα radiation. Electrochemical measurement The electrochemical performance of the obtained products was evaluated in CR2025 coin cells with 17 holes, each with a diameter of 1.0 mm, on the cathode side. The obtained products were directly used as the binder-free air cathode, lithium foil was used as
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Published 02 Dec 2020

Nanomechanics of few-layer materials: do individual layers slide upon folding?

  • Ronaldo J. C. Batista,
  • Rafael F. Dias,
  • Ana P. M. Barboza,
  • Alan B. de Oliveira,
  • Taise M. Manhabosco,
  • Thiago R. Gomes-Silva,
  • Matheus J. S. Matos,
  • Andreij C. Gadelha,
  • Cassiano Rabelo,
  • Luiz G. L. Cançado,
  • Ado Jorio,
  • Hélio Chacham and
  • Bernardo R. A. Neves

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1801–1808, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.162

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  • experimental measurement of α for talc has been reported so far. We will show that it is possible to obtain the value of α from AFM force-curve measurements on folded edges. According to our model (see Supporting Information File 1, section “Compressed folded edges”), when a spherical probe compresses a folded
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Published 30 Nov 2020

Electron beam-induced deposition of platinum from Pt(CO)2Cl2 and Pt(CO)2Br2

  • Aya Mahgoub,
  • Hang Lu,
  • Rachel M. Thorman,
  • Konstantin Preradovic,
  • Titel Jurca,
  • Lisa McElwee-White,
  • Howard Fairbrother and
  • Cornelis W. Hagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1789–1800, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.161

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  • deposits [21]. In that study, after exposing a Pt(CO)2Cl2 deposit to a 3 keV, 300 nA, e-beam in the AES system for 7 h, EDX and AES measurements were performed to evaluate the composition in the bulk and at the surface, respectively. The EDX measurement showed no change in the Pt content while the AES
  • measurement showed an increase from 36 to 56 atom % Pt [21]. This proves that e-beam post deposition exposure removes the Cl from the surface only, and not from the bulk. Indeed, for much thinner deposits created in the AES system post-deposition e-beam irradiation purified deposits to a level of 87% Pt [21
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Published 27 Nov 2020
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