Advanced scanning probe lithography using anatase-to-rutile transition to create localized TiO₂ nanorods

• Julian Kalb,
• Vanessa Knittel and
• Lukas Schmidt-Mende

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 412–418, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.40

• was not observed that different probes result in changes of the presented structure. Last but not least, a look at the penetration depth of this method is taken. For this purpose, a 3 nm thin SiO2 layer was deposited on the anatase film. Even after scratching hundreds of times at the same position

Targeting strategies for improving the efficacy of nanomedicine in oncology

• Gonzalo Villaverde and
• Alejandro Baeza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 168–181, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.16

• proteins. This fact hinders the penetration of the nanoparticles into tumoral tissues restraining their effect to the periphery of the neoplasia. In order to overcome this limitation, diverse alternatives have been proposed, from the application of ultrasounds for propelling the nanoparticles inside the

• there [15]. These nanocapsules were anchored on the surface of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) coated with a lipid bilayer (protocells) enhancing their penetration into 3D tumoral tissue models, which yielded a significant enhancement of the therapeutic efficacy of these nanodevices (Figure 1) [16

• receptors expressed in tumoral but also in healthy cells, and the rapid uptake by the reticuloendothelial system, macrophages and supportive cells such as fibroblasts the decrease the nanocarrier concentration in the blood stream. Also, the poor penetration capacity into the tumoral mass due to strong

Pull-off and friction forces of micropatterned elastomers on soft substrates: the effects of pattern length scale and stiffness

• Peter van Assenbergh,
• Marike Fokker,
• Julian Langowski,
• Jan van Esch,
• Marleen Kamperman and
• Dimitra Dodou

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 79–94, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.8

• colloidal monolayer on this timescale, resulting in a limited dimple depth. A strategy to increase the PDMS penetration into the monolayer would be to cure the PDMS at room temperature for 48 h, in which case PDMS remains in a liquid state for much longer. Indeed, we did observe larger dimples and thinner

Zn/F-doped tin oxide nanoparticles synthesized by laser pyrolysis: structural and optical properties

• Florian Dumitrache,
• Iuliana P. Morjan,
• Elena Dutu,
• Ion Morjan,
• Claudiu Teodor Fleaca,
• Monica Scarisoreanu,
• Alina Ilie,
• Marius Dumitru,
• Cristian Mihailescu,
• Adriana Smarandache and
• Gabriel Prodan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 9–21, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.2

• compositional gradient in the nanopowder (the superficial F concentration is higher than in the inner zone of the nanoparticle). The XPS analysis is only sensitive to surface areas, with a penetration depth of a few nanometers, while EDX evaluates the average composition on the irradiated area (containing more

• than 1000 particles in average), thus its penetration depth exceeds the mean particle size (few tens of nanometers). Consequently, the predominant presence of F at the nanopowder surface may be evidence for the assumption that freshly formed nanoclusters have a catalytic role in the partial

Characterization and influence of hydroxyapatite nanopowders on living cells

• Przemyslaw Oberbek,
• Tomasz Bolek,
• Adrian Chlanda,
• Seishiro Hirano,
• Sylwia Kusnieruk,
• Julia Rogowska-Tylman,
• Ganna Nechyporenko,
• Viktor Zinchenko,
• Wojciech Swieszkowski and
• Tomasz Puzyn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 3079–3094, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.286

• (concentration: 100 µg/mL) and the heavily packed cells. For comparison, Figure 7d shows control-sample cells without any hydroxyapatite addition. Confocal imaging has shown the penetration of HAp into the cells and the interesting phenomenon of enormous absorption of very large HAp nanoobjects by the cells

Electrostatic force microscopy for the accurate characterization of interphases in nanocomposites

• Diana El Khoury,
• Richard Arinero,
• Jean-Charles Laurentie,
• Mikhaël Bechelany,
• Michel Ramonda and
• Jérôme Castellon

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2999–3012, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.279

• simulations matched the experimental data (see Table 2). The relatively small difference between PS + 50 nm Al2O3 + 50 nm SiO2 and PS + 100 nm SiO2 signals can be explained by the thickness of the upper layer (50 nm) that limits the electric field penetration, and consequently, the effect of the subsurface

Size limits of magnetic-domain engineering in continuous in-plane exchange-bias prototype films

• Alexander Gaul,
• Daniel Emmrich,
• Timo Ueltzhöffer,
• Henning Huckfeldt,
• Hatice Doğanay,
• Johanna Hackl,
• Muhammad Imtiaz Khan,
• Daniel M. Gottlob,
• Gregor Hartmann,
• André Beyer,
• Dennis Holzinger,
• Slavomír Nemšák,
• Claus M. Schneider,
• Armin Gölzhäuser,
• Günter Reiss and
• Arno Ehresmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2968–2979, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.276

• entering the layer system orthogonally to the surface. The resulting penetration depth z and the lateral x/z distributions were extracted from the IONZ3D file of the program (Figure 5b). The lateral energy transfer distribution for each data set on the z-axis Θz(x) was approximated by a Gaussian normal

• transfer by ionization per ion. The positions of layer borders are indicated by black lines. (a) Energy loss Az as a function of the penetration depth z. (b) Spatial energy transfer distribution in the xz-plane with the ion beam at a lateral width of x = 0 nm and the surface position at z = 0 nm. (c) Beam

Hybrid Au@alendronate nanoparticles as dual chemo-photothermal agent for combined cancer treatment

• Anouchka Plan Sangnier,
• Romain Aufaure,
• Laurence Motte,
• Claire Wilhelm,
• Erwann Guenin and
• Yoann Lalatonne

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2947–2952, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.273

• vessels near the tumor allows for the penetration of nanoparticles into the tumor. The impaired lymphatic function within the tumor will not be able to clear those nanoparticles efficiently [40]. This proof-of-concept study will be completed by the intracellular behavior of Au@alendronate NPs with a

Time-resolved universal temperature measurements using NaYF₄:Er³⁺,Yb³⁺ upconverting nanoparticles in an electrospray jet

• Kristina Shrestha,
• Arwa A. Alaulamie,
• Ali Rafiei Miandashti and
• Hugh H. Richardson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2916–2924, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.270

• UCNPs minimizes tissue damage [2], is relatively free of background fluorescence [3], and has a high penetration depth [3][4]. Time-resolved temperature measurements using the luminescence intensity ratio (LIR) of UCNPs are rare [5][6]. Here we show that NaYF4:Er3+,Yb3+ UCNPs can provide time-resolved

Layered calcium phenylphosphonate: a hybrid material for a new generation of nanofillers

• Kateřina Kopecká,
• Ludvík Beneš,
• Klára Melánová,
• Vítězslav Zima,
• Petr Knotek and
• Kateřina Zetková

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2906–2915, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.269

• CaPhP_Jeff and CaPhP_BYK are small and most probably cannot be explained by penetration of the long-chain macromolecules of Jeffamines or BYK 9076 into the structure, as it was observed for short alkylamines in the previous studies [19][20]. More likely the macromolecules surround the particles and the

Charged particle single nanometre manufacturing

• Philip D. Prewett,
• Cornelis W. Hagen,
• Claudia Lenk,
• Steve Lenk,
• Marcus Kaestner,
• Tzvetan Ivanov,
• Ahmad Ahmad,
• Ivo W. Rangelow,
• Xiaoqing Shi,
• Stuart A. Boden,
• Alex P. G. Robinson,
• Dongxu Yang,
• Sangeetha Hari,
• Marijke Scotuzzi and
• Ejaz Huq

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2855–2882, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.266

• familiar 69,71Ga+ LMIS [18]. Such a heavy ion unfortunately produces loss of resist by sputter erosion. Also, because of its size, nuclear stopping in the resist layer limits the penetration depth of the 69,71Ga+ion beam to a few tens of nanometres at typical beam energies of 20–30 keV. Thus, despite some

Disorder in H⁺-irradiated HOPG: effect of impinging energy and dose on Raman D-band splitting and surface topography

• Lisandro Venosta,
• Noelia Bajales,
• Sergio Suárez and
• Paula G. Bercoff

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2708–2717, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.253

• 50 μC, assures a dose of 1016 H+ ions/cm2, while a dose of 1014 ions/cm2 is achieved with a charge of 1 μC. The irradiation energy was chosen according to the desired penetration depth of the ions in the sample, previously calculated via numeric simulations using the software SRIM [29]. Approximate

• penetration depths of 3 and 12 μm were obtained for 0.4 MeV and 1 MeV ions, respectively. The four samples used for this study were labeled according to these parameters and are listed below in Table 1. The irradiation spot was approximately circular, with a diameter of ca. 1.5 mm, and was located at the

• impinging energy is approximately four times greater than in the case of lower energy. In fact, SRIM simulations allowed us to estimate penetration depths of 3.3 μm and 12.6 μm for low and high energies, respectively. Hence, a smaller mean free path of the ions results in the case of low energy, which

Nanoantenna structures for the detection of phonons in nanocrystals

• Alexander G. Milekhin,
• Sergei A. Kuznetsov,
• Ilya A. Milekhin,
• Larisa L. Sveshnikova,
• Tatyana A. Duda,
• Ekaterina E. Rodyakina,
• Alexander V. Latyshev,
• Volodymyr M. Dzhagan and
• Dietrich R. T. Zahn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2646–2656, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.246

• nanoantenna arrays on the LSPR energy, as well as the LSP penetration depth into SiO2 were established [12]. We also showed that diffraction modes in linear Au nanoantenna arrays propagating along the Si surface and perpendicular to the nanoantennas [24] can be effectively employed for further enhancement of

Non-agglomerated silicon–organic nanoparticles and their nanocomplexes with oligonucleotides: synthesis and properties

• Asya S. Levina,
• Marina N. Repkova,
• Nadezhda V. Shikina,
• Zinfer R. Ismagilov,
• Svetlana A. Yashnik,
• Dmitrii V. Semenov,
• Yulia I. Savinovskaya,
• Natalia A. Mazurkova,
• Inna A. Pyshnaya and
• Valentina F. Zarytova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2516–2525, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.234

• ; non-agglomerated silicon–organic nanoparticles; penetration; Si–NH2·ODN nanocomplexes; Introduction The development of efficient and convenient systems for the delivery of nucleic-acid-based drugs into cells is an urgent task. The solution to this problem would allow for the use of these drugs in

• formation of TiO2·PL–DNA nanocomposites [1][2]. Silica nanoparticles can also be used as vehicles to deliver nucleic acid fragments into cells [3][4]. SiO2 nanoparticles bearing amino groups on the surface were shown to bind plasmid DNA, allowing the nanoparticles to penetration into cells, and even nuclei

• 46 mM Si–NH2 (1 µL, 46 nmol) with 10−4 M ODN(3)Flu (1 µL, 0.1 nmol) in 48 µL of water. Penetration of nanocomplexes into eukaryotic cells A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells were cultivated in Iscove’s modified Dulbecco’s media (IMDM; Sigma-Aldrich) with 10% FBS (Gibco BRL Co., USA), 2 mM L

High-temperature magnetism and microstructure of a semiconducting ferromagnetic (GaSb)_1−x(MnSb)_x alloy

• Leonid N. Oveshnikov,
• Elena I. Nekhaeva,
• Alexey V. Kochura,
• Alexander B. Davydov,
• Mikhail A. Shakhov,
• Sergey F. Marenkin,
• Oleg A. Novodvorskii,
• Alexander P. Kuzmenko,
• Alexander L. Vasiliev,
• Boris A. Aronzon and
• Erkki Lahderanta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2457–2465, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.230

• with the effective penetration depth of the carrier (hole) wave function, lp, under triangular barrier. Taking into account that the energy gap in GaSb is Eg = 0.7 eV and the Schottky barrier height is about (1/3)Eg[21], the value of dbarrier can be estimated as 2 nm at Np = 1020 cm−3 while lp is of

Evidence of friction reduction in laterally graded materials

• Roberto Guarino,
• Gianluca Costagliola,
• Federico Bosia and
• Nicola Maria Pugno

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2443–2456, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.229

• , display setae with a graded stiffness that optimises the adhesive performance on rough surfaces [1]. Hardness and stiffness gradients are of fundamental importance in the biomechanics of contacts, since they allow increased resistance against wear, impact, penetration and crack propagation [2][3][4][5][6

Metal–dielectric hybrid nanoantennas for efficient frequency conversion at the anapole mode

• Valerio F. Gili,
• Lavinia Ghirardini,
• Davide Rocco,
• Giuseppe Marino,
• Ivan Favero,
• Iännis Roland,
• Giovanni Pellegrini,
• Lamberto Duò,
• Marco Finazzi,
• Luca Carletti,
• Andrea Locatelli,
• Aristide Lemaître,
• Dragomir Neshev,
• Costantino De Angelis,
• Giuseppe Leo and
• Michele Celebrano

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2306–2314, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.215

• nanoantennas is instead one of the most successful approaches to compensate for the lack of phase-matching and long interaction lengths at the nanoscale [11]. However, metals display large material losses in the visible range and limit the penetration depth of electric fields, thereby hindering the beneficial

Electrospun one-dimensional nanostructures: a new horizon for gas sensing materials

• Muhammad Imran,
• Nunzio Motta and
• Mahnaz Shafiei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2128–2170, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.202

• metal oxides together having a mismatched crystal (lattice) size, resulting in enhanced gas diffusion (penetration) and subsequently fast response/recovery time. Furthermore, a hybrid structure (i.e. p–n junction, n–n junction or p–p junction) facilitates low operating temperature gas sensing with high

Nanoconjugates of a calixresorcinarene derivative with methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) fragments for drug encapsulation

• Alina M. Ermakova,
• Julia E. Morozova,
• Yana V. Shalaeva,
• Victor V. Syakaev,
• Aidar T. Gubaidullin,
• Alexandra D. Voloshina,
• Vladimir V. Zobov,
• Irek R. Nizameev,
• Olga B. Bazanova,
• Igor S. Antipin and
• Alexander I. Konovalov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2057–2070, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.195

• hydrophobicity including drugs. The encapsulation occurs through the penetration of substrate molecules into the macrocycle micelles and the interaction with the aromatic platform of the macrocycle. The in vitro release of substrate molecules from the micelles is slowed down (as shown by the example of an optic

Fabrication of photothermally active poly(vinyl alcohol) films with gold nanostars for antibacterial applications

• Mykola Borzenkov,
• Maria Moros,
• Claudia Tortiglione,
• Serena Bertoldi,
• Nicola Contessi,
• Silvia Faré,
• Angelo Taglietti,
• Agnese D’Agostino,
• Piersandro Pallavicini,
• Maddalena Collini and
• Giuseppe Chirico

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2040–2048, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.193

• photothermal effect [6][24]. Moreover, the LSPR peak located in the second biotransparent window (1000–1400 nm) is more attractive for in vivo applications due to the deeper penetration of NIR light [26]. Since GNSs are weakly stable if coated only with surfactant, and also considering the cytotoxicity of

A differential Hall effect measurement method with sub-nanometre resolution for active dopant concentration profiling in ultrathin doped Si_1−xGe_x and Si layers

• Richard Daubriac,
• Emmanuel Scheid,
• Hiba Rizk,
• Richard Monflier,
• Sylvain Joblot,
• Rémi Beneyton,
• Pablo Acosta Alba,
• Sébastien Kerdilès and
• Filadelfo Cristiano

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1926–1939, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.184

• structures [44]. In this section, we extend the investigation to SiGeOI layers of 6 nm. Due to the extreme thin size of the layer and the buried oxide, classical 4PP characterization is not possible because of probe penetration down to the substrate. Thanks to Van der Pauw test structure, probe penetration

• indicate that only a small fraction of the implanted boron dose is electrically active (between 6 and 12%). Two mechanisms contribute to this result: (i) the weak dopant penetration through the Si3N4 capping layer during the implantation, and (ii) the low activation rate due to the “non-melt” nature of the

Increasing the performance of a superconducting spin valve using a Heusler alloy

• Andrey A. Kamashev,
• Aidar A. Validov,
• Joachim Schumann,
• Vladislav Kataev,
• Bernd Büchner,
• Yakov V. Fominov and
• Ilgiz A. Garifullin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1764–1769, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.167

• of the HA layer and to 70% at Tsub = 600 K. In the AFM/F1/N1/F2/N2/S structure it would be advantageous to achieve a penetration depth of the Cooper pairs into F2 ferromagnetic layer as large as possible. This means that the spin polarization of the conduction band should be small. To fulfill this

• the maximum magnitude of the spin-valve effect ΔTc, the thickness dF2 of the F2 layer proximate to the S layer should be of the order or smaller than the penetration depth of the Cooper pairs into the F2 layer, . Here h is the exchange splitting of the conduction band of a ferromagnet. The thinner the

Multimodal noncontact atomic force microscopy and Kelvin probe force microscopy investigations of organolead tribromide perovskite single crystals

• Yann Almadori,
• David Moerman,
• Jaume Llacer Martinez,
• Philippe Leclère and
• Benjamin Grévin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1695–1704, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.161

• , it has been indeed argued that the responsive layer is much thicker that the light penetration depth due to the diffusion of photocarriers in the bulk [16]. In turn, the SPV (more precisely its fast component) originates from the contributions of oppositely charged photocarriers located on either

Sulfur-, nitrogen- and platinum-doped titania thin films with high catalytic efficiency under visible-light illumination

• Boštjan Žener,
• Lev Matoh,
• Giorgio Carraro,
• Bojan Miljević and
• Romana Cerc Korošec

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1629–1640, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.155

• wastewater after the coloring processes, the water becomes colored, thus decreasing light penetration and consequently decreasing photosynthetic activity of organisms in wastewater [44]. The sols prepared in this work were deposited onto object glass substrates by dip-coating. The immobilization of TiO2 in

Cathodoluminescence as a probe of the optical properties of resonant apertures in a metallic film

• Kalpana Singh,
• Evgeniy Panchenko,
• Babak Nasr,
• Amelia Liu,
• Lukas Wesemann,
• Timothy J. Davis and
• Ann Roberts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1491–1500, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.140

• maximum in the back-emission spectrum are consistent with only weak penetration into the cavity and the resonance being associated with a resonance of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) of the approximately triangular region on the surface of the film defined by the apertures. Although a mode with radially