Liquid phase exfoliation of talc: effect of the medium on flake size and shape

• Samuel M. Sousa,
• Helane L. O. Morais,
• Joyce C. C. Santos,
• Ana Paula M. Barboza,
• Bernardo R. A. Neves,
• Elisângela S. Pinto and
• Mariana C. Prado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 68–78, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.8

• powder was exfoliated in each liquid medium by exposure to mechanical energy provided by an ultrasonic bath (full details in the Experimental section). Talc was manually milled down to a fine powder and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Figure 1a displays the results. All peaks are assigned to

• obtaining information on thousands of flakes and using appropriate statistical descriptions to analyze the data. Experimental Materials. Talc was obtained through a donation of a sample from Minas Gerais state, Brazil. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was performed to characterize the sample composition. The rock

• measurements were performed on silicon substrates with an oxide layer, Si/SiOx. Substrates were functionalized with (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) following the procedure reported by Fernandes and co-workers [24]. X-ray diffraction. XRD was performed in a Rigaku Geigerflex 2037 diffractometer with a

Two-step single-reactor synthesis of oleic acid- or undecylenic acid-stabilized magnetic nanoparticles by thermal decomposition

• Mykhailo Nahorniak,
• Pamela Pasetto,
• Jean-Marc Greneche,
• Volodymyr Samaryk,
• Sandy Auguste,
• Anthony Rousseau,
• Nataliya Nosova and
• Serhii Varvarenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 11–22, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.2

• were uniform and the single spots were not visible proved that the crystallites were very small. These results correspond well with data from X-ray diffraction (XRD), according to which the average size of the crystallites for all prepared nanoparticles was 4.5–9 nm. The average crystallite size did

• standards. However, it must be noted that these iron oxides are characterized by spinal structures and very close lattice parameters, which makes their distinction using XRD very troublesome [38]. Unlike XRD, 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy allows one to distinguish between magnetite and maghemite, since the

• typical for the presence of superparamagnetic relaxation phenomena suggested a very small size (about 10 nm compared to results from the literature) for the synthesized nanoparticles, which was consistent with electron and XRD diffraction results, as well as TEM results. Different fitting models can be

Electrical and optical enhancement of ITO/Mo bilayer thin films via laser annealing

• Abdelbaki Hacini,
• Ahmad Hadi Ali,
• Nurul Nadia Adnan and
• Nafarizal Nayan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1589–1595, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.133

• structural results show that both the as-deposited and the annealed ITO/Mo thin films have a polycrystalline structure, and that the annealing treatment enhanced the crystallinity of samples. Moreover, the XRD patterns exhibited a cubic structure preferentially oriented along the (222) and (400) planes. The

• the samples were placed behind the focal plane of the lens (low intensity and big spot). The crystalline properties of the films were determined using X-ray diffraction (PANalytical diffractometer, λ = 1.5406 Å). The XRD measurements were carried out in 2θ mode between 20° and 80°. Topology and

• were determined using a four-point probe system. Results and Discussion The crystalline structure of the ITO/Mo bilayer thin film after laser annealing was investigated using XRD. Figure 1 shows the structural evolution for the as-deposited and the samples annealed with different laser energies. Most

Photoelectrochemical water oxidation over TiO₂ nanotubes modified with MoS₂ and g-C₃N₄

• Phuong Hoang Nguyen,
• Thi Minh Cao,
• Tho Truong Nguyen,
• Hien Duy Tong and
• Viet Van Pham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1541–1550, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.127

• of materials The morphology, the phase, and the vibrational characteristics of the surface functional groups of the materials were observed by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Diffuse reflectance

• Information File 1). Figure 3a shows that diffraction peaks of TNAs at 2θ = 25.45°, 37.07°, 39.24°, 54.10°, and 55.25°, attributed to the (101), (103), (004), (112), (105), and (211) planes of TiO2, respectively [JCPDS No. 21-1272]. Besides, the XRD pattern of MoS2 exhibits diffraction peaks at 13.97°, 33.56

• °, 40.24°, and 59.25°, corresponding to the (002), (100), (103), and (110) planes, respectively, of the 2H phase of MoS2 [JCPDS No. 37-1492]. The pristine g-C3N4 shows two distinct characteristic peaks at 2θ = 12.9° and 27.45°, assigned to the (100) and (002) planes, respectively [43][44]. The XRD

Non-stoichiometric magnetite as catalyst for the photocatalytic degradation of phenol and 2,6-dibromo-4-methylphenol – a new approach in water treatment

• Joanna Kisała,
• Anna Tomaszewska and
• Przemysław Kolek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1531–1540, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.126

• SEM, X-ray diffraction, and ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) analysis. The XRD and UV–vis results were published in our previous article [17]. We present this data again in this article as it is necessary for the discussion of the results. Zeta potential measurements were also presented in another

• was performed using a powder X-ray diffractometer (Figure 1a). The XRD spectra revealed that the diffraction peaks at 2θ = 30.2°, 35.3°, 43.7°, 53.9°, 57.1°, and 62.7° (Figure 1a) correspond to those of Fe3O4 (reference code COD 01-089-3854); they belong to a cubic structure system corresponding to

• is what characterizes non-stoichiometric magnetite. The length of the edge of the magnetite unit cell is linearly related to the stoichiometry (for x = 0, a = 8.3390 Å; for x = 0.25, a = 8.3662 Å; for x = 0.5, a = 8.3942 Å) [25]. Knowing the cell length from the XRD measurements makes it possible to

A TiO₂@MWCNTs nanocomposite photoanode for solar-driven water splitting

• Anh Quynh Huu Le,
• Ngoc Nhu Thi Nguyen,
• Hai Duy Tran,
• Van-Huy Nguyen and
• Le-Hai Tran

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1520–1530, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.125

• diffraction (XRD, D2 PHASER). The chemical structure of the samples is characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR, Brucker 27). The electrochemical measurements are carried out on a MPG2 Biologic system with a three-electrode cell controlled by ECLab® software. Diffuse reflectance

• longer wavelength [26]. Accordingly, the low bandgap of TiO2@MWCNTs indicates improved visible-light absorption. XRD analysis is performed to confirm the crystalline structure and phase composition of TiO2, MWCNTs, and the TiO2@MWCNTs nanocomposite as described in Figure 7. Diffraction peaks at 26.1° and

• 42.6° correspond to the d-spacing between graphene sheets and the lateral correlation of graphite layers, which is presentative for MWCNTs [27]. Additionally, the XRD pattern of TiO2 exhibits peaks at 25.4° and 48.2°, ascribed to the anatase phase, while the other peaks at 27.6° and 36.2° are

In search of cytotoxic selectivity on cancer cells with biogenically synthesized Ag/AgCl nanoparticles

• Mitzi J. Ramírez-Hernández,
• Mario Valera-Zaragoza,
• Omar Viñas-Bravo,
• Ariana A. Huerta-Heredia,
• Miguel A. Peña-Rico,
• Erick A. Juarez-Arellano,
• David Paniagua-Vega,
• Eduardo Ramírez-Vargas and
• Saúl Sánchez-Valdes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1505–1519, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.124

• pineapple peel extracts and their behavior on the breast cancer cell line MCF-7 is shown. Bioreactions were monitored at different temperatures. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–vis), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy

• the same time, the nanodispersion behavior was related to the cytotoxic activity on cancer cells. The best results were obtained with the combination of nanoparticles mainly with AgCl. In other studies, the formation of Ag and AgCl signals has also been detected by XRD when using plant extracts [26

• rise to a concomitant generation of both silver species. The crystallite size of Ag and AgCl was calculated from the XRD data and using the Scherrer equation, D = (Kλ)/(βcosθ), where D is the average crystallite size, K is the shape factor (a value of 0.94 was used for this analysis), λ is the

Hydroxyapatite–bioglass nanocomposites: Structural, mechanical, and biological aspects

• Olga Shikimaka,
• Mihaela Bivol,
• Bogdan A. Sava,
• Marius Dumitru,
• Christu Tardei,
• Beatrice G. Sbarcea,
• Daria Grabco,
• Constantin Pyrtsac,
• Daria Topal,
• Andrian Prisacaru,
• Vitalie Cobzac and
• Viorel Nacu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1490–1504, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.123

• dissolved in isopropanol (StanChem, Poland). The absorbance was measured at 570 nm with a spectrophotometer (Synergy H1, BioTek). Results and Discussions XRD analysis XRD analysis showed that, for all composites, HA decomposes partially or fully into tricalcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2, TCP) during sintering. A

• composites with 10% of bioglass exhibit the full decomposition of HA into TCP regardless of the sintering temperature (1200 or 1250 °C) and type of HA used (HAP or HAG). As an example, Figure 2 shows the XRD pattern for the HAG-10BG-1200 composite. All other patterns for composites with 10% BG, not shown

• of a stronger decomposition of HA into TCP. As revealed by XRD investigations and summarized in Figure 4a, for all composites, the increase of glass content from 5% to 10% leads to a transition from partial decomposition to full decomposition of HA into TCP. An exception are HAPCs sintered at 1250 °C

Structural studies and selected physical investigations of LiCoO₂ obtained by combustion synthesis

• Monika Michalska,
• Paweł Ławniczak,
• Tomasz Strachowski,
• Adam Ostrowski and
• Waldemar Bednarski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1473–1482, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.121

• solution combustion method, and the effects of the annealing temperature (450–900 °C) on structure and composition were investigated using various methods, including XRD, SEM, EPR, and electrical studies. It was found that, as the process temperature increases, the value of the specific surface area

• decreases, and, hence, the size of the crystallites increases. XRD analysis showed that phase-pure LiCoO2 material was maintained without additional phases. EPR studies revealed the presence of two Ni3+ complexes resulting from Ni impurities. The electrical properties of the studied LiCoO2 samples were

• combustion solution synthesis (CSS) to obtain a single-phase nanocrystalline lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2, LCO) with layered structure. We investigated the relationships between the heating temperature and (i) structural parameters (crystallite sizes, lattice parameters, and volume cells) by using XRD

LED-light-activated photocatalytic performance of metal-free carbon-modified hexagonal boron nitride towards degradation of methylene blue and phenol

• Nirmalendu S. Mishra and
• Pichiah Saravanan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1380–1392, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.114

• times with DI water, and dried overnight at 60 °C. The commercially available HBN was used as a control sample. Characterization techniques A Rigaku Smart Lab high-resolution X-ray diffractometer (HR-XRD) equipped with a HyPix-3000 detector and Cu anode emitting Kα radiation was employed to obtain the

• Figure 1a. The HR-XRD pattern demonstrates characteristic diffraction peaks at 26.14° and 42° corresponding to (002) and (100) planes of HBN, respectively. The interlayer distance (002) for MBN was found to be 0.346 nm which is considerably greater than that of HBN (0.334 nm). This indicates the

• -light-driven photocatalytic activity of MBN-80 over the nonresponsive photoinactive HBN. (a) HR-XRD plots for HBN and MBN-80, (b–d) SEM images for HBN, MBN-25, MBN-50, and (e, f) MBN-80. HRTEM images for (g, h) MBN-80 nanosheets, (i) HAADF STEM image, and (j–m) elemental mapping of B, N, C, and O in MBN

Near-infrared photoactive Ag-Zn-Ga-S-Se quantum dots for high-performance quantum dot-sensitized solar cells

• Roopakala Kottayi,
• Ilangovan Veerappan and
• Ramadasse Sittaramane

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1337–1344, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.110

• QDSCs. Physical characterization The crystalline structure and size of the synthesized QDs were examined by X-ray diffraction (Riganku Ultima IV XRD spectrometer with nickel-filtered Cu Kα radiation with a step width of 0.02°) High-resolution transmission electron microscopy was carried out on a JEOL

• standard equations reported elsewhere [21]. Results and Discussion Studies of Ag-Zn-Ga-S-Se QDs The synthesized Ag-Zn-Ga-S-Se (AZGSSe) QDs were analyzed using XRD. The XRD pattern (Figure 1) shows peaks at 24.9°, 26.6°, 28.3°, 36.8°, 43.9°, 54°, 64°, 67°, and 69° corresponding, respectively, to the (100

• to the enormous light-harvesting capacity of AZGSSe QDs and the enhanced electron transfer from AZGSSe QDs to TiO2 NFs. XRD pattern of AZGSSe QDs. (a) HRTEM image and (b) EXD spectrum of AZGSSe QDs. (a) Survey; (b) Ag 3d; (c) Zn 2p; (d) Ga 2p; (e) S 2p, and (f) Se 3d XPS spectra of AZGSSe QDs. (a) UV

Rapid fabrication of MgO@g-C₃N₄ heterojunctions for photocatalytic nitric oxide removal

• Minh-Thuan Pham,
• Duyen P. H. Tran,
• Xuan-Thanh Bui and
• Sheng-Jie You

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1141–1154, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.96

• properties of the materials. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) were used to assess the morphology of the materials. The crystal phase of the materials was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) with a measurement range of 10°–80°. Fourier

• cycles, respectively. The photocatalytic NO degradation efficiency decreased by 7% after five cycles. The FTIR spectra and the XRD patterns of the 3% MgO@g-C3N4 before and after the recycling test are shown in Figure S1a and Figure S1b of Supporting Information File 1, respectively. The results indicate

• values of g-C3N4, MgO, 1% MgO@g-C3N4, 3% MgO@g-C3N4, and 5% MgO@g-C3N4 are −201.6%, −58.2%, −160.8%, 47.4%, and −25.8%, respectively. XRD and FTIR analyses XRD patterns of the synthesized materials are shown in Figure 4a. There are two distinct diffraction peaks at 2θ = 13° and 27.4°, which were assigned

Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles toward highly efficient photocatalysis and antibacterial application

• Vo Thi Thu Nhu,
• Nguyen Duy Dat,
• Le-Minh Tam and
• Nguyen Hoang Phuong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1108–1119, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.94

• (XRD) using a Bruker D8 advanced X-ray diffractometer equipped with Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.5418 Å). The morphology and size of the synthesized material were determined by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) on a Hitachi S-4800 at 15 kV and high-resolution transmission electron

• almost completely decomposed and only the zinc metal is oxidized to form zinc oxide. The XRD diagram of ZnO samples (Figure 3) shows diffraction peaks located at 2θ = 31.81°; 34.44°, 36.26°, 47.57°, 56.64°, 62.88°, 66.41°, 67.96°, 69.12°, 72.72°, 77.01° corresponding to the crystal planes (100), (002

• ), (101), (102), (110), (103), (200), (112), (201), (004), (202) which characterize the ZnO wurtzite hexagonal structure (JCPDS card no 36-1451). In addition, there are no characteristic peaks of other crystals. The XRD results are consistent with the results of the DTA mentioned above. Sodium resinate

Recent advances in green carbon dots (2015–2022): synthesis, metal ion sensing, and biological applications

• Aisha Kanwal,
• Naheed Bibi,
• Sajjad Hyder,
• Arif Muhammad,
• Hao Ren,
• Jiangtao Liu and
• Zhongli Lei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1068–1107, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.93

Biomimetic chitosan with biocomposite nanomaterials for bone tissue repair and regeneration

• Se-Kwon Kim,
• Sesha Subramanian Murugan,
• Pandurang Appana Dalavi,
• Sebanti Gupta,
• Sukumaran Anil,
• Gi Hun Seong and
• Jayachandran Venkatesan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1051–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.92

• /functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotube/chitosan/hydroxyapatite composite were described in a bone tissue engineering application study. The XRD patterns of the lyophilized scaffolds reveal the presence of collagen, chitosan, and hydroxyapatite at 20°, 31.9°, 26.5°, 32.3°, 34.2°, 40.8°, and 75.6°. The

Spindle-like MIL101(Fe) decorated with Bi₂O₃ nanoparticles for enhanced degradation of chlortetracycline under visible-light irradiation

• Chen-chen Hao,
• Fang-yan Chen,
• Kun Bian,
• Yu-bin Tang and
• Wei-long Shi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1038–1050, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.91

• (CHIQ660D, Chenhua Instrument, China). Electronic paramagnetic resonance signals were recorded with an electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometer (Brooke A300, Germany). Results and Discussion Characterization Figure 1 shows the XRD pattern of the synthesized MIL101(Fe), Bi2O3, and BOM-20 composite. The

• characteristic diffraction peaks of MIL101(Fe) at 8.9°, 10.2°, 10.6° and 16.4° were observed, which is in good accordance with previous reports [37][51], indicating that MIL101(Fe) was successfully prepared. In the XRD pattern of the prepared Bi2O3 sample, peaks at 2θ = 25.88°, 26.87°, 27.37°, 33.15°, 35.12

• are all found in the XRD pattern of BOM-20, indicating the existence of MIL101(Fe) and Bi2O3 in BOM-20. Additionally, the presence of characteristic peaks of MIL101(Fe) in the BOM-20 composite demonstrates that the framework of MIL101(Fe) is unchanged after loading the Bi2O3 nanoparticles. The

Electrocatalytic oxygen reduction activity of AgCoCu oxides on reduced graphene oxide in alkaline media

• Iyyappan Madakannu,
• Indrajit Patil,
• Bhalchandra Kakade and
• Kasibhatta Kumara Ramanatha Datta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1020–1029, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.89

• microwave-assisted approach with different fractions of Ag, Cu, and Co, that is, Ag0.6Co1.5Cu1.5 (ACC-1), Ag2.0Co1.0Cu1.0 (ACC-2), and Ag6.0Co1.0Cu1.0 (ACC-3). Our method is convenient and efficient for designing a sustainable electrode material for the ORR in alkaline media. XRD, FTIR, and SEM were used to

Solar-light-driven LaFe_xNi_1−xO₃ perovskite oxides for photocatalytic Fenton-like reaction to degrade organic pollutants

• Chao-Wei Huang,
• Shu-Yu Hsu,
• Jun-Han Lin,
• Yun Jhou,
• Wei-Yu Chen,
• Kun-Yi Andrew Lin,
• Yu-Tang Lin and
• Van-Huy Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 882–895, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.79

• ratios (1/9, 3/7, 5/5, 7/3, 9/1). The samples were examined by XRD, DRS, BET, and SEM to reveal their crystallinity, light-absorption ability, specific surface area, and surface features, respectively. The photocatalytic Fenton reaction was conducted using various LaFexNi1−xO3 perovskite oxides to

• antibiotics of PPCPs accordinly. Results and Discussion Material characterization of various photocatalysts X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) was used to reveal the structure of the materials. In the synthesis step of LaNiO3, the calcination temperature was set to 500, 600, 700, and 800 °C, respectively, and the

• materials. On the other hand, the XRD of LaFeO3-800 indicated the appearance of Fe2O3 at 2θ peaks of 32.9°, 38.3°, 47.3° (JCPDS Card #39-0238) and La2O3 at 2θ peaks of 25.3°, 52.0°, 54.1° (JCPDS Card #40-1281). Especially, the peak of 32.9° for LaFeO3-800 was much clearer than that of LaFeO3-700, suggesting

Efficient liquid exfoliation of KP₁₅ nanowires aided by Hansen's empirical theory

• Zhaoxuan Huang,
• Zhikang Jiang,
• Nan Tian,
• Disheng Yao,
• Fei Long,
• Yanhan Yang and
• Danmin Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 788–795, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.69

• . Meanwhile, a strong temperature-dependent Raman response has been found in exfoliated KP15, which may help with non-invasive temperature measurements of KP15 nanodevices. (a) Optical microscopy result of KP15 bulks. (b) XRD results of KP15 bulks. Absorbance of predetermined KP15 dispersions exfoliated in

Hierarchical Bi₂WO₆/TiO₂-nanotube composites derived from natural cellulose for visible-light photocatalytic treatment of pollutants

• Zehao Lin,
• Zhan Yang and
• Jianguo Huang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 745–762, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.66

• the practical content (72.9 wt %) of the Bi2WO6 component in the 70%−Bi2WO6/TiO2-NT nanocomposite. Characterization Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the samples were obtained from the Rigaku Ultima IV diffractometer with a Cu Kα (λ = 0.15405 nm) radiation source. Fourier transform infrared

• nanocomposites were measured by EDX to be 38.4, 54.3, 72.9, and 95.2 wt %, respectively, as displayed in Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1 and Table S2. As shown in Figure 2a, the XRD patterns of the Bi2WO6/TiO2-NT nanocomposites all exhibit characteristic diffraction peaks at 2θ = 28.3, 32.7, 47.1, 55.9

• , 58.5, 68.6, 75.7, and 78.2°, which are attributed to the (131), (200), (202), (133), (262), (400), (391), and (460) planes of the russellite phase Bi2WO6 (JCPDS No. 39-0256), respectively [34]. Besides, the peak located at 2θ = 25.3° is also observed in these XRD patterns, which is assigned to the (101

A nonenzymatic reduced graphene oxide-based nanosensor for parathion

• Sarani Sen,
• Anurag Roy,
• Ambarish Sanyal and
• Parukuttyamma Sujatha Devi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 730–744, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.65

• phase of GO and RGO was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) using a X’pertpro MPD XRD (PAN analytical B.V., the Netherlands) with Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.5406 Å). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the modified electrode was conducted on a JEOLEVO® 18 special edition (model: ZEISS EVO-MA 10) at

• and/or epoxy C–O stretching vibration. The significant reduction of the FTIR signal intensity of ERGO for –OH, –C=O, and –C–O suggests the successful formation of ERGO due to the electrochemical deoxygenation of GO, which corroborates the Raman analysis. Figure 1D depicts a characteristic XRD peak of

• nonenzymatic electrochemical nanosensor based on ERGO for rapid detection of PT. The electrochemical parameters were optimized to achieve the highest performance of the ERGO-modified electrode, and the structure was characterized by Raman, XRD, XPS, TEM, FESEM, and EIS techniques. Square-wave voltammetry was

Nanoarchitectonics of the cathode to improve the reversibility of Li–O₂ batteries

• Hien Thi Thu Pham,
• Jonghyeok Yun,
• So Yeun Kim,
• Sang A Han,
• Jung Ho Kim,
• Jong-Won Lee and
• Min-Sik Park

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 689–698, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.61

• the carbonization process. After the carbonization and chemical etching processes, the sizes of the ZnxCoy particles were slightly decreased due to the thermal evaporation of organic linkers and metal ions, maintaining free spaces in the particles. According to the X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of

• the as-grown ZnxCoy particles on the CNT framework, all reflections are well matched with those of simulated patterns of ZIF-8 and ZIF-67 (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S3). After carbonization and chemical etching, the XRD patterns of ZnxCoy–C/CNT composites exhibit a strong signal for the

• microstructures of the materials. Powder XRD (PANalytical, Empyrean) and Raman spectroscopy (inVia Raman microscopes, Ar ion laser, 514 nm) were employed to analyze the structures. Their surface chemistry was investigated by XPS (Thermo Scientific, Sigma Probe), while their surface area and porosity were

Sodium doping in brookite TiO₂ enhances its photocatalytic activity

• Boxiang Zhuang,
• Honglong Shi,
• Honglei Zhang and
• Zeqian Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 599–609, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.52

• bandgap values of these four samples. Structural phase diagram, chemical composition, and morphology The crystal structure of samples calcinated at 300–900 °C was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), as shown in Figure 3a. The sample calcinated at 300 °C is a mixture of brookite (B) and

A new method for obtaining the magnetic shape anisotropy directly from electron tomography images

• Cristian Radu,
• Ioana D. Vlaicu and
• Andrei C. Kuncser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 590–598, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.51

• microscopy (STEM) operation mode, using the high-angle annular dark-field (HAADF) detectors and an appropriate camera length. The TEM specimen was prepared by a standard powder method, using a 300 Mesh, lacey Carbon, Cu grid. X-ray diffraction (XRD) has been performed on MNPs using a Bruker D8 Advance

• nanoparticles has been used for further tests. A −67 to +67 tomographic tilt series has been obtained with 1° steps. The series has been aligned using Tomviz [31] and ImageJ [32] software. The aligned series has been reconstructed using Genfire. The Rietveld refinement of the XRD spectra (Figure 4a) revealed

• MNPs with a diameter of roughly 47 nm and with the Fe3O4 crystal structure. In addition to the XRD, electron tomography showed that the size of MNPs is indeed in the 40 nm range, but they have a slightly elongated morphology (Figure 4). For a quantitative description of the shape and extraction of the

Influence of thickness and morphology of MoS₂ on the performance of counter electrodes in dye-sensitized solar cells

• Lam Thuy Thi Mai,
• Hai Viet Le,
• Ngan Kim Thi Nguyen,
• Van La Tran Pham,
• Thu Anh Thi Nguyen,
• Nguyen Thanh Le Huynh and
• Hoang Thai Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 528–537, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.44

• was estimated from cross-sectional FE-SEM images. The formation of MoS2 from solutions 2.5 and 5.0 yielded thicknesses of about 50 nm and 500 nm, respectively (Figure 3d,f). The phase structure of the electrodeposited MoS2 thin films was identified by XRD and Raman analyses. The XRD pattern and the

• Raman spectrum of the MoS2 thin film deposited from solution 5.0 are presented in Figure 4. The XRD pattern of the MoS2/FTO samples shows only the peaks of the FTO substrate because the MoS2 thin film is amorphous or too thin (Figure 4a) [22][23][24]. Thus, the electrodeposited thin film was further

• , respectively. For comparison, DSSCs based on Pt/FTO CE (DSSCs-Pt) were also fabricated under the same conditions. Characterizations of MoS2 thin films X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was carried out using a D8 Advance (Bruker, Germany) with a copper anode (λKα = 1.54 Å). Raman spectroscopy measurements were