Sidewall angle tuning in focused electron beam-induced processing

• Sangeetha Hari,
• Willem F. van Dorp,
• Johannes J. L. Mulders,
• Piet H. F. Trompenaars,
• Pieter Kruit and
• Cornelis W. Hagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 447–456, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.40

• process. In Figure 2a, a cross section of a simulated FEBID line is shown with a flat top in the middle and sidewalls described by two half Gaussian functions. It is noted here that a FEBID line is deposited as an array of partly overlapping point exposures, which leads to a structure with a flat top and

• separation of 700 nm. The height of the deposits was approximately 40 nm. An etch pattern comprising nine lines of 400 nm length was defined to etch the right sidewall of each deposit. This array was aligned such that each subsequent etch was positioned 20 nm farther away from the centre of the corresponding

• functioned as the reference. The lines were etched serially from left to right. The distance between the deposits was chosen to be larger than the range of the BSE electrons so that each deposit could be etched independently. Figure 3b shows a quick-scan top view SE image of the array after etching

Investigating ripple pattern formation and damage profiles in Si and Ge induced by 100 keV Ar⁺ ion beam: a comparative study

• Indra Sulania,
• Harpreet Sondhi,
• Tanuj Kumar,
• Sunil Ojha,
• G R Umapathy,
• Ambuj Mishra,
• Ambuj Tripathi,
• Richa Krishna,
• Devesh Kumar Avasthi and
• Yogendra Kumar Mishra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 367–375, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.33

• to analyse the crystal structure and to locate interstitial atoms within the array of target atoms. The relation between yield and defect concentration was derived by Bøgh [33]. It provides information about the depth distribution of defects in the first few microns beneath the crystalline surface

Modulated critical currents of spin-transfer torque-induced resistance changes in NiCu/Cu multilayered nanowires

• Mengqi Fu,
• Roman Hartmann,
• Julian Braun,
• Sergej Andreev,
• Torsten Pietsch and
• Elke Scheer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 360–366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.32

• template were contacted with the top electrodes. After a lift-off process, the 3D devices based on the NiCu/Cu multilayered nanowire array were obtained. A typical device structure is shown in Figure 1b,c. The description of the setup and more details of AAO template fabrication, electrodeposition and

• steps were necessary to define the contact area and to obtain a small contact array, which complicates the fabrication process [18][19]. Compared with these works, our process does not need any additional etching step to either define the contact area of the nanowire or electrodes for the top contact

• with evenly spaced magnetic layers. The magnetic and magneto-electrical properties of the multilayered nanowire array were characterized in a conventional bath cryostat at a temperature of 4.2 K. The differential resistance (dV/dI) was measured using the lock-in technique with a modulation voltage (5

CdSe/ZnS quantum dots as a booster in the active layer of distributed ternary organic photovoltaics

• Gabriela Lewińska,
• Piotr Jeleń,
• Zofia Kucia,
• Maciej Sitarz,
• Łukasz Walczak,
• Bartłomiej Szafraniak,
• Jerzy Sanetra and
• Konstanty W. Marszalek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 144–156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.14

• P3HT:PC71BM:QDs (ratio 1:0.5:0.5) measured in solution. In the case of absorption, spectrum shape and absorption range remain unchanged. The addition of quantum dots slightly increases the intensity in the range from 350 to 550 nm compared to the base P3HT:PC71BM array. In the case of photoluminescence spectra

In situ optical sub-wavelength thickness control of porous anodic aluminum oxide

• Aleksandrs Dutovs,
• Raimonds Popļausks,
• Oskars Putāns,
• Vladislavs Perkanuks,
• Aušrinė Jurkevičiūtė,
• Tomas Tamulevičius,
• Uldis Malinovskis,
• Iryna Olyshevets,
• Donats Erts and
• Juris Prikulis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 126–133, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.12

• of templates, including evaporation masks [8][9][10], molds for nanowire array production using the supercritical fluid method [11], electrochemical deposition [12], atomic layer deposition [13], or traps for colloidal nanoparticle assembly [14]. Several applications, for example, color filtering [15

Measurements of dichroic bow-tie antenna arrays with integrated cold-electron bolometers using YBCO oscillators

• Leonid S. Revin,
• Dmitry A. Pimanov,
• Alexander V. Chiginev,
• Anton V. Blagodatkin,
• Viktor O. Zbrozhek,
• Andrey V. Samartsev,
• Anastasia N. Orlova,
• Dmitry V. Masterov,
• Alexey E. Parafin,
• Victoria Yu. Safonova,
• Anna V. Gordeeva,
• Andrey L. Pankratov,
• Leonid S. Kuzmin,
• Anatolie S. Sidorenko,
• Silvia Masi and
• Paolo de Bernardis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 26–36, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.3

• BICEP Array, LSPE, LiteBIRD, QUBIC, Simons Observatory, and AliCPT. As a direct radiation detector, we use cold-electron bolometers, which have high sensitivity and a wide operating frequency range, as well as immunity to spurious cosmic rays. Their other advantages are the compact size of the order of

• measured with YBCO Josephson Junction oscillators show narrow peaks at 205 GHz for the 210 GHz array and at 225 GHz for the 240 GHz array; the separation of these two frequency bands is clearly visible. The noise equivalent power level at an operating point in the current bias mode is 5 × 10−16 W/√Hz

• . Keywords: cosmic microwave background; B mode; cold-electron bolometer; dichroic antenna array; dipole bow-tie antenna; Josephson junction; LSPE; Introduction The cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation contains a lot of information about origin and evolution of our universe. The temperature and

TEM sample preparation of lithographically patterned permalloy nanostructures on silicon nitride membranes

• Joshua Williams,
• Michael I. Faley,
• Joseph Vimal Vas,
• Peng-Han Lu and
• Rafal E. Dunin-Borkowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1–12, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.1

• taken by SEM in snapshot mode. HRTEM image of a Py nanodisk. The grain sizes are around 6 nm. (a) SEM image of a Py disk (1 µm diameter, 50 nm thickness) at a tilt angle. (b) TEM image of a Py disk with 1 µm diameter. (c) SEM image of a 200 nm disk array with 50 nm spacing. (d) SEM image of Py nanodisks

• ) TEM image of a Py disk with 1 µm diameter. (c) SEM image of a 200 nm disk array with 50 nm spacing. (d) SEM images of nanodisk with different sizes. (a) Hard mask preparation. (b) SEM image of the hard mask. (c) SEM images of deposited Py and a 1 µm Py disk. SiN membrane preparation on a nanostructure

• . Tilted sample and the external magnetic field component. (a) Simplified illustration of the LTEM technique. (b) LTEM image of a 1 µm Py disk. (c) LTEM image of a 400 nm disk array. Magnetic induction map of a nanodisk under various magnetic fields obtained by off-axis electron holography. The fringes

Hierarchically patterned polyurethane microgrooves featuring nanopillars or nanoholes for neurite elongation and alignment

• Lester Uy Vinzons,
• Guo-Chung Dong and
• Shu-Ping Lin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1157–1168, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.96

• nanopillar array on an SU-8 film (Figure 1A(i) and (ii)). SU-8 generates a strong acid in UV-exposed areas, which, in turn, undergo acid-initiated crosslinking during the post-exposure baking step [18]. However, we found that the subsequent formation of a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) inverse mold from the SU

• -8 nanopillar array fails due to the breakage of the brittle SU-8 nanopillars (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1A,B), while further hard-baking to strengthen pillar adhesion causes SU-8 reflow, resulting in a dramatic decrease in the pillar aspect ratio (Supporting Information File 1, Figure

• further crosslinking the SU-8 (Figure 1A(iv)). This enabled the release of the PDMS film without breakage of the nanopillars (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1D). Application of NLL on the positive photoresist AZ1518 allowed for the formation of a nanohole array (Figure 1A(v)). AZ1518 contains a

Ni, Co, Zn, and Cu metal-organic framework-based nanomaterials for electrochemical reduction of CO₂: A review

• Ha Huu Do and
• Hai Bang Truong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 904–911, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.74

• augmentation of MOF properties can be accomplished by converting pristine MOFs into nanoscale materials. A diverse array of MOF nanomaterials has been reported, encompassing single-atom nanocatalysts (SACs), hetero-atom-doped nanomaterials, and MOF nanofiber-based aerogels, among others, as highlighted by

Industrial perspectives for personalized microneedles

• Remmi Danae Baker-Sediako,
• Benjamin Richter,
• Matthias Blaicher,
• Michael Thiel and
• Martin Hermatschweiler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 857–864, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.70

• with varying heights were printed via two-photon polymerization on a “Quantum X shape” lithography system, and the 10 × 10 microneedle array was printed in 130 min. The scale bar is 1 mm in both images. (A) Scanning electron microscopy image of microcones. (B) Optical microscopy image of transparent

• microcones. Various solid and hollow microneedle designs printed via two-photon polymerization on a “Quantum X shape” lithography system. (A) Scanning electron microscopy image of a 4 × 4 array consisting of both solid and hollow microneedles. The designs were inspired by Mizuno et al. [32] and Cordeiro et

• al. [29]. The scale bar is 500 μm. (B) Optical microscopy image of a large 2 cm × 2 cm array with 1746 individual microneedles. The microneedles are 1200 μm tall, 250 μm wide at the base, and spaced 500 μm apart. The large microneedle array was printed in 18 h. The scale bar is 1 mm. Simple twisted

Silver-based SERS substrates fabricated using a 3D printed microfluidic device

• Phommachith Sonexai,
• Minh Van Nguyen,
• Bui The Huy and
• Yong-Ill Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 793–803, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.65

• assembled into a monolayer on a liquid/air interface and deposited onto a porous silicon array prepared through a metal-assisted chemical etching approach. By using the developed microfluidic device, enhancement factors of the Raman signal for rhodamine B (at 10−9 M) and melamine (at 10−7 M) of 8.59 × 106

Investigations on the optical forces from three mainstream optical resonances in all-dielectric nanostructure arrays

• Guangdong Wang and
• Zhanghua Han

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 674–682, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.53

• within the confined fields of three optical resonances supported by all-dielectric nanostructure arrays, including toroidal dipole (TD), anapoles, and quasi-bound states in continuum (quasi-BIC) resonances. By elaborately designing the geometry of a slotted-disk array, three different resonances can be

• numerical results to compare the optical trapping capability provided by all-dielectric nanostructures based on the excitation of these three different modes. Using an array of high-index silicon disks with elaborately designed slots, all these three resonances can be supported by the same platform. The

• . The transmission spectrum through a periodic disk array and the electromagnetic fields in resonance were numerically investigated by the finite element method (FEM) implemented in the commercial software COMSOL Multiphysics. In all calculations, we investigated the generated optical forces on

Suspension feeding in Copepoda (Crustacea) – a numerical model of setae acting in concert

• Alexander E. Filippov,
• Wencke Krings and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 603–615, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.50

• the individual long and short setae. The angular velocity (frequency of the rotation in both directions) was also widely varied for each seta. The food was represented by an array of Np = 50 particles moving in three-dimensional space with periodic boundary conditions. The particles were created

Observation of multiple bulk bound states in the continuum modes in a photonic crystal cavity

• Rui Chen,
• Yi Zheng,
• Xingyu Huang,
• Qiaoling Lin,
• Chaochao Ye,
• Meng Xiong,
• Martijn Wubs,
• Yungui Ma,
• Minhao Pu and
• Sanshui Xiao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 544–551, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.45

• . Such a periodic nanostructure array supports a BIC around 1.56 μm and has an infinite Q factor at the Г point, as shown in Figure 1b and Figure 1c, respectively. The electric field (E field) distribution of the eigenmode is shown in the inset of Figure 1b, and the white arrows indicate the in-plane E

Carbon nanotube-cellulose ink for rapid solvent identification

• Tiago Amarante,
• Thiago H. R. Cunha,
• Claudio Laudares,
• Ana P. M. Barboza,
• Ana Carolina dos Santos,
• Cíntia L. Pereira,
• Vinicius Ornelas,
• Bernardo R. A. Neves,
• André S. Ferlauto and
• Rodrigo G. Lacerda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 535–543, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.44

• could solve these issues. These devices comprise an array of non-specific sensors from which, with an appropriate method of multiple data processing, the desired information can be extracted, constituting one of the promising candidates for developing smart sensor technologies [12][13][14][15][16][17

• scale-up and reproducibility limitations of other liquid sensor devices and has great potential to be applied in various industrial fields for liquid monitoring. (a) Array of transducers; (b) histogram of sensor resistance distribution; (c) transducer resistance change as a function of time during

On the use of Raman spectroscopy to characterize mass-produced graphene nanoplatelets

• Keith R. Paton,
• Konstantinos Despotelis,
• Naresh Kumar,
• Piers Turner and
• Andrew J. Pollard

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 509–521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.42

• materials [5], offering an array of products with a wide range of properties such as improved mechanical strength and higher thermal conductivity. To accelerate the further development and adoption of GR2Ms, it is critical to develop reliable and standardized methods to characterize the materials being

Plasmonic nanotechnology for photothermal applications – an evaluation

• A. R. Indhu,
• L. Keerthana and
• Gnanaprakash Dharmalingam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 380–419, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.33

New trends in nanobiotechnology

• Pau-Loke Show,
• Kit Wayne Chew,
• Wee-Jun Ong,
• Sunita Varjani and
• Joon Ching Juan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 377–379, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.32

• some of the areas of focus in the field known as nanobiotechnology [1]. Nanobiotechnology has a wide array of applications: from organ-on-a-chip technologies to nanobiosensors and nanocatalysts for advanced characterisation and imaging tools, from intelligent drug delivery systems to artificial

A distributed active patch antenna model of a Josephson oscillator

• Vladimir M. Krasnov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 151–164, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.16

• -terahertz frequencies, for which the wavelength in free space is large, λ0 ≫ b ≫ d. In this limit [36][39], where Z0 = ≃ 376.73 (Ω) is the impedance of free space. To calculate the total radiation power from both slots one has to take into account the mutual radiative conductance, G12, and the array factor

• . The array factor takes into account the interference of electromagnetic fields from the two slots in the far field. It depends on the separation between the slots, a, the relative phase shift, β, and the direction (φ,Θ). Since radiation from a patch antenna is induced by magnetic current lines, it is

Frontiers of nanoelectronics: intrinsic Josephson effect and prospects of superconducting spintronics

• Anatolie S. Sidorenko,
• Horst Hahn and
• Vladimir Krasnov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 79–82, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.9

• sum of the power values from two individually biased arrays. The detected phenomenon is attributed to the phase locking of Josephson junctions in different arrays via a common electromagnetic field [20]. Modeling of a multi-frequency receiving system based on an array of dipole antennas with cold

Observation of collective excitation of surface plasmon resonances in large Josephson junction arrays

• Roger Cattaneo,
• Mikhail A. Galin and
• Vladimir M. Krasnov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1578–1588, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.132

• , the standing wave imprints its order on the array, facilitating mutual phase-locking of junctions. This provides an indirect coupling mechanism, allowing for the synchronization of junctions, which do not directly interact with each other. Our results demonstrate that electrodes can effectively work

• due to the presence of long-range stray fields [28]. Indirect coupling is caused by interaction of JJs with a common external resonator [7][8][29][30][31][32][33][34][35]. The resonator imprints the phase order onto the junction array and, thus, can synchronize JJs without direct interjunction

• coupling. The scale of such indirect coupling is not limited by screening lengths and can be truly of long range. For example, in [9][34], the successful indirect synchronization of up to 9000 JJs in a large array (≈1 cm) was demonstrated. The indirect coupling via a common resonator is the most promising

From a free electron gas to confined states: A mixed island of PTCDA and copper phthalocyanine on Ag(111)

• Alfred J. Weymouth,
• Emily Roche and
• Franz J. Giessibl

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1572–1577, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.131

• gas (2DEG). We investigated mixed islands of PTCDA and copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) to study the change in the electronic state with the addition of an electron donor. We no longer observe a 2DEG state and instead identify states at 0.46 and 0.79 V. While one state appears in dI/dV images as an array

• behaviour as seen in the PTCDA/Ag(111) interface state. We identify a state that appears to be an array of one-dimensional quantum wells based on its shape in the dI/dV spatial maps. However, we do not observe scattering at defects and conclude that it is localized laterally at the PTCDA molecules. Methods

Coherent amplification of radiation from two phase-locked Josephson junction arrays

• Mikhail A. Galin,
• Vladimir M. Krasnov,
• Ilya A. Shereshevsky,
• Nadezhda K. Vdovicheva and
• Vladislav V. Kurin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1445–1457, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.119

• , but also improved synchronization of junctions inside each array. Our conclusion is supported by numerical modelling. Keywords: coherent radiation; Josephson junction arrays; numerical modelling; single-strip line; synchronization; Introduction A Josephson junction (JJ) has the unique ability to

• single JJ emits only a very small off-chip power, typically in the picowatt range. To enhance it to a practical level of about 1 mW, it is necessary to combine many equivalent junctions in an array [5]. However, synchronization of a large number of radiation sources is a serious electrodynamical problem

• working similar to lasers is discussed in more detail in [8]. The resonator can be a cavity of the JJs itself [2], an electrode with embedded JJs [9], or the dielectric substrate on which the JJ array is arranged [10]. Coherent superradiant amplification of emitted power is caused by a constructive

Supramolecular assembly of pentamidine and polymeric cyclodextrin bimetallic core–shell nanoarchitectures

• Alexandru-Milentie Hada,
• Nina Burduja,
• Marco Abbate,
• Claudio Stagno,
• Guy Caljon,
• Louis Maes,
• Nicola Micale,
• Massimiliano Cordaro,
• Angela Scala,
• Antonino Mazzaglia and
• Anna Piperno

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1361–1369, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.112

• (AgNO3), ascorbic acid, and pentamidine isethionate were commercially available (Merck). All reagents used (Merck) were used without further purification. Characterization techniques UV–vis spectra were obtained on an Agilent model 8453 diode array spectrophotometer using 1 cm path length quartz cells

Growing up in a rough world: scaling of frictional adhesion and morphology of the Tokay gecko (Gekko gecko)

• Anthony J. Cobos and
• Timothy E. Higham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1292–1302, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.107

• animals. Regardless, we often use animals of a specific size when making connections to biomimetics, including the construction of artificial adhesives. Body size should be included given the large differences across individuals. This could be achieved by using an array of species that vary in size or, as