Electrochemically derived functionalized graphene for bulk production of hydrogen peroxide

• Munaiah Yeddala,
• Pallavi Thakur,
• Anugraha A and
• Tharangattu N. Narayanan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 432–442, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.34

• the alkaline ORR process leading to selective peroxide production. In a recently reported theoretical study by Cui et al., the carbon atoms near the oxygen functionalities are used for their ORR efficacy via a two-electron pathway [37]. It was further experimentally shown that carbon materials such as

An advanced structural characterization of templated meso-macroporous carbon monoliths by small- and wide-angle scattering techniques

• Felix M. Badaczewski,
• Marc O. Loeh,
• Torben Pfaff,
• Dirk Wallacher,
• Daniel Clemens and
• Bernd M. Smarsly

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 310–322, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.23

• Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus-Liebig-University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.11.23 Abstract This study is dedicated to link the nanoscale pore space of carbon materials

• mesoporosity of these monolithic carbon materials was studied by the sorption behavior of a relatively large organic molecule (p-xylene) in comparison to typical gas adsorbates (Ar). In addition, to obtain a detailed view on the nanopore space small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) combined with in situ

• physisorption using probe gases such as Ar or N2 can provide misleading parameters if to be used to appraise the accessibility of the nanoscale pore space. Keywords: adsorption; carbon materials; mesoporosity; microporosity; microstructure; pore structure; small-angle neutron scattering (SANS); wide-angle X

Synthesis of amorphous and graphitized porous nitrogen-doped carbon spheres as oxygen reduction reaction catalysts

• Maximilian Wassner,
• Markus Eckardt,
• Andreas Reyer,
• Thomas Diemant,
• Michael S. Elsaesser,
• R. Jürgen Behm and
• Nicola Hüsing

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1–15, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.1

• and stable materials are highly needed. Metal-free carbon materials, single- or multi-doped with N, B, P, S, halogens, Si or Se, have turned out to be promising ORR catalysts [1][2][3][4][5][6]. N-doped carbon materials show promising ORR activities along with high electric conductivity, in addition

• they can result in further advantages such as an improved tolerance towards impurities compared to Pt-based catalysts [1]. A wide variety of N-doped carbon materials is known from the literature, reaching from N-doped graphene and graphite, N-doped carbon nanotubes, carbon cages, carbon cups and carbon

• fibers [7][8][9][10], N-doped 3D ordered (meso)porous carbon materials [11], N-doped carbon composites (e.g., carbon nanotubes/graphene) [12], and N-doped carbon spheres [13][14] to graphitic-C3N4 carbon nitride composites [15]. In the present work we report results of a systematic study on the synthesis

Design and facile synthesis of defect-rich C-MoS₂/rGO nanosheets for enhanced lithium–sulfur battery performance

• Chengxiang Tian,
• Juwei Wu,
• Zheng Ma,
• Bo Li,
• Pengcheng Li,
• Xiaotao Zu and
• Xia Xiang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2251–2260, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.217

• sulfur [6][7][8], constructing Li2Sn blocking interlayers [9][10][11], and applying functional separators [12][13][14][15]. Although there are many methods, the most common strategy is to combine sulfur with various carbon materials owing to their excellent conductivity and flexible nanostructures

• . However, the capacity of carbon and sulfur composite cathodes generally fades rapidly during long-term cycling, because the carbon materials can provide only inferior physical adsorption to the polar Li2Sn [16]. Once Li2Sn is solvated, it dissolves easily in the electrolyte from the electrode surface and

• adsorption of polysulfides [23][24]. However, the low conductivity of MoS2 often results in incomplete conversion of polysulfides. Thus, MoS2 is usually combined with carbon materials and annealing treatment is also considered [25][26]. Hence, double modification of defect-rich MoS2 nanosheets with amorphous

Facile synthesis of carbon nanotube-supported NiO//Fe₂O₃ for all-solid-state supercapacitors

• Shengming Zhang,
• Xuhui Wang,
• Yan Li,
• Xuemei Mu,
• Yaxiong Zhang,
• Jingwei Du,
• Guo Liu,
• Xiaohui Hua,
• Yingzhuo Sheng,
• Erqing Xie and
• Zhenxing Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1923–1932, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.188

• application in various energy-consuming devices. Many materials have been explored to be used in supercapacitors to increase their energy density [4][5]. Carbon materials, especially carbon nanotubes and graphene, endowed with good conductivity and high specific surface area, are ideal candidates, and they

• ][15] have a high theoretical capacity from faradaic reactions but suffer from low conductivity, small surface area, and poor cycling stability, resulting in low capacitance and poor rate capability [16]. To address these issues, many researchers have devoted enormous efforts to combine carbon

• materials with metal oxides [17]. Among them, carbon nanotubes combined with Fe2O3 have attracted considerable attention. Fe2O3 is attractive for its low cost, abundance, nontoxicity, and eco-friendliness [18][19][20]. Some great results on CNT@Fe2O3 composites have been achieved. For example, Guan et al

Tuning the performance of vanadium redox flow batteries by modifying the structural defects of the carbon felt electrode

• Ditty Dixon,
• Deepu Joseph Babu,
• Aiswarya Bhaskar,
• Hans-Michael Bruns,
• Joerg J. Schneider,
• Frieder Scheiba and
• Helmut Ehrenberg

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1698–1706, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.165

• . The elementary composition from the XPS analysis revealed the presence of approximately 2% of nitrogen on the surface of the felt, which translates into a substantial amount of N doping, given that a N-doping level as low as 1 atom % can have a significant effect on the electronic structure of carbon

• materials [22]. Additionally, from the XPS analysis, approximately 2% and 3% of oxygen functional groups (C=O and C–O) was found to be present on both pristine as well as plasma-treated samples, respectively. Furthermore, it can also be seen from the XPS results that, compared to the pristine sample, the N2

Upcycling of polyurethane waste by mechanochemistry: synthesis of N-doped porous carbon materials for supercapacitor applications

• Christina Schneidermann,
• Pascal Otto,
• Desirée Leistenschneider,
• Sven Grätz,
• Claudia Eßbach and
• Lars Borchardt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1618–1627, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.157

• materials that were applied in supercapacitor electrodes. In detail, a mechanochemical solvent-free one-pot synthesis is used and combined with a thermal treatment. Polyurethane is an ideal precursor already containing nitrogen in its backbone, yielding nitrogen-doped porous carbon materials with N content

• essential to develop sustainable upcycling methods that reduce environmental pollution on the one hand and ensure a good material utilization on the other hand. One approach is the synthesis of porous carbon materials from PU waste. At the industrial scale, activated carbon materials are already obtained

• from coconut shells and other biomass waste [19][20][21]. However, the industrial use of plastics for this purpose has not been established yet. The main properties of porous carbon materials [22][23] such as high specific surface area and high electrical conductivity allow for a variety of

Materials nanoarchitectonics at two-dimensional liquid interfaces

• Katsuhiko Ariga,
• Michio Matsumoto,
• Taizo Mori and
• Lok Kumar Shrestha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1559–1587, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.153

• developments on interfacial polymerization of 2DCPs at liquid interfaces will be an important breakthrough for industrializing 2DCP materials. 4 Interfacial nanoarchitectonics for nanocarbon materials 4.1 Bottom-up production of nanocarbon materials Low-dimensional carbon materials, such as carbon nanotubes

• , liquid interfaces often provide important anisotropic fabrication media to synthesize novel types of low-dimensional carbon materials. Recently, Mori et al. successfully demonstrated the fabrication of two-dimensional nanocarbon films from a designed molecular unit, the carbon nanoring molecule (9,9

• conversion of one-dimensional fullerene crystalline assemblies at extremely high temperatures resulted in highly graphitic one-dimensional carbon materials as demonstrated by Shrestha and co-workers [242]. One-dimensional C60 nanorods and nanotubes precipitated at liquid–liquid interface were fully

Synthesis of P- and N-doped carbon catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction via controlled phosphoric acid treatment of folic acid

• Rieko Kobayashi,
• Takafumi Ishii,
• Yasuo Imashiro and
• Jun-ichi Ozaki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1497–1510, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.148

• Holdings Inc., 2-31-11, Nihonbashi Ningyo-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-8650, Japan 10.3762/bjnano.10.148 Abstract Herein, we synthesized P- and N-doped carbon materials (PN-doped carbon materials) through controlled phosphoric acid treatment (CPAT) of folic acid (FA) and probed their ability to catalyze the

• oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) at the cathode of a fuel cell. Precursors obtained by heating FA in the presence of phosphoric acid at temperatures of 400–1000 °C were further annealed at 1000 °C to afford PN-doped carbon materials. The extent of precursor P doping was maximized at 700 °C, and the use of

• higher temperatures resulted in activation and increased porosity rather than in increased P content. The P/C atomic ratios of PN-doped carbon materials correlated well with those of the precursors, which indicated that CPAT is well suited for the preparation of PN-doped carbon materials. The carbon

Hierarchically structured 3D carbon nanotube electrodes for electrocatalytic applications

• Pei Wang,
• Katarzyna Kulp and
• Michael Bron

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1475–1487, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.146

• between the conducting components [42][43][44][45]. The modification of the electronic and structural properties of Pt due to interaction with the support may also play a role. To take advantage of the properties of novel carbon materials, and at the same time gain control over the electrode structure

• , bottom-up synthesis approaches have been suggested, including branching or hierarchical structuring of carbon-based catalyst supports. In these approaches, one-dimensional (1D, e.g., CNTs or nano-/microfibers) or two-dimensional carbon materials (2D, e.g., graphene) are transformed into three-dimensional

• (3D) structures by attaching other nanofibers or carbon materials. Examples are nanofibers distributed on polymer-based microfibers, CNTs grown on graphene, CNT–carbon black hybrids, graphene- or polymer-coated CNTs, and so on [45][46][47][48][49][50][51]. Another approach for hierarchical structuring

Warped graphitic layers generated by oxidation of fullerene extraction residue and its oxygen reduction catalytic activity

• Machiko Takigami,
• Rieko Kobayashi,
• Takafumi Ishii,
• Yasuo Imashiro and
• Jun-ichi Ozaki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1391–1400, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.137

• the ORR catalytic activity in some carbon catalysts (i.e., carbon alloy catalysts (CACs)). To prove our assumption, we needed to use WGLs consisting of carbon materials, but without any extrinsic catalytic elements, such as nitrogen, iron, or cobalt, which effectively enhance ORR activity. The present

• non-metal carbon-based cathode catalysts for PEFCs and illuminates interesting aspects of carbon materials. Comparison of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of prepared carbons. (a) Unmodified Nanom Black material (NB-ORG), the oxidized samples (b) ONB-1, (c) ONB-2 and (d) ONB-5, and (e

Alloyed Pt₃M (M = Co, Ni) nanoparticles supported on S- and N-doped carbon nanotubes for the oxygen reduction reaction

• Stéphane Louisia,
• Yohann R. J. Thomas,
• Pierre Lecante,
• Marie Heitzmann,
• M. Rosa Axet,
• Pierre-André Jacques and
• Philippe Serp

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1251–1269, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.125

• carbon materials. Several CNT materials have been synthetized, fully characterized (structural and surface properties) and used as catalyst supports. CNT-supported bimetallic Pt3Co or Pt3Ni NPs were synthetized. To evaluate catalyst performance, electrochemical characterization was performed using a

• structure, and the G band (IG) at ≈1580 cm−1, the first-order Raman band of all sp2 carbon materials. The presence of disorder in CNTs can also impact: i) the intensity of other bands, such as the G’ band at ≈2700 cm−1, and ii) the position and shape of the peaks [40]. The G’ band is indicative of long

• obtained for PtNi/S-CNT is significantly lower (7.9 A·gPt−1). A possible explanation could be linked to the Pt3Ni NP–support interaction. As Pt3Ni catalysts on S-doped carbon materials have already shown good performance for the ORR [72][73], we suspect that the explanation arises from an excessive amount

Playing with covalent triazine framework tiles for improved CO₂ adsorption properties and catalytic performance

• Giulia Tuci,
• Andree Iemhoff,
• Housseinou Ba,
• Lapo Luconi,
• Andrea Rossin,
• Vasiliki Papaefthimiou,
• Regina Palkovits,
• Jens Artz,
• Cuong Pham-Huu and
• Giuliano Giambastiani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1217–1227, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.121

• adsorption capacities that rank among the highest reported so far in the literature. Furthermore, an ideal combination of material morphology and chemical composition has provided a sample that largely outperforms the classical benchmark carbon materials in terms of DDH catalytic performance (activity and ST

Porous N- and S-doped carbon–carbon composite electrodes by soft-templating for redox flow batteries

• Maike Schnucklake,
• László Eifert,
• Jonathan Schneider,
• Roswitha Zeis and
• Christina Roth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1131–1139, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.113

• energy is stored in the form of vanadium containing electrolytes, which consist of V2+/3+ at the negative and V4+/5+ at the positive side. These are flowed through carbon materials, which are usually porous felts or carbon paper electrodes [4]. Carbon electrodes exhibit good stability and electrochemical

• functional group promotes the VO2+/VO2+ redox reaction the most [18]. The application of templates is a commonly used strategy to introduce porosity into carbon materials. Depending on the utilized template one can distinguish between a hard-templating and a soft-templating approach [19]. In both cases, the

Glucose-derived carbon materials with tailored properties as electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction

• Rafael Gomes Morais,
• Natalia Rey-Raap,
• José Luís Figueiredo and
• Manuel Fernando Ribeiro Pereira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1089–1102, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.109

• -doped biomass-derived carbon materials were prepared by hydrothermal carbonization of glucose, and their textural and chemical properties were subsequently tailored to achieve materials with enhanced electrochemical performance towards the oxygen reduction reaction. Carbonization and physical activation

• of the nitrogen functionalities. Keywords: electrocatalysts; microporosity; nitrogen-doped carbon materials; oxygen reduction reaction; surface chemistry; Introduction Due to the recent increase in interest for more sustainable, renewable and cheaper energy, multiple conversion devices are being

• materials [3][4] have been widely studied as electrocatalysts in ORR due to their attractive physical and electrochemical properties. Among these materials, metal-free carbon materials have received tremendous attention due to their versatility and lower price in comparison with metal-based materials [2

An efficient electrode material for high performance solid-state hybrid supercapacitors based on a Cu/CuO/porous carbon nanofiber/TiO₂ hybrid composite

• Mamta Sham Lal,
• Thirugnanam Lavanya and
• Sundara Ramaprabhu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 781–793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.78

• proportional with the pore size of the active electrode materials [14]. The synthesis of carbon materials with very high surface area and appropriate pore size suitable for supercapacitor electrodes is a major challenge. It has been shown that this could be achieved by addition of sacrificial polymers, which

• capacitance due to degradation of the electrode material, and thus poor electrochemical stability [16][17][18]. TiO2 nanoparticles loaded onto the carbon materials is a reasonable solution to overcome this challenge and is a potential electrode material for energy storage applications, ascribing to its low

A porous 3D-RGO@MWCNT hybrid material as Li–S battery cathode

• Yongguang Zhang,
• Jun Ren,
• Yan Zhao,
• Taizhe Tan,
• Fuxing Yin and
• Yichao Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 514–521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.52

• materials, however, have a major drawback, i.e., their electronic conductivity is very low [16][18]. To improve the conductivity of the sulfur cathode, it was typically composited with carbon materials [19][20][21][22][23]. Moreover, the high surface area of the carbon substrate was beneficial for a higher

Widening of the electroactivity potential range by composite formation – capacitive properties of TiO₂/BiVO₄/PEDOT:PSS electrodes in contact with an aqueous electrolyte

• Konrad Trzciński,
• Mariusz Szkoda,
• Andrzej P. Nowak,
• Marcin Łapiński and
• Anna Lisowska-Oleksiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 483–493, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.49

• charged and discharged over a wide potential range. Both electrical double-layer capacitance and faradaic reactions can contribute to the final capacitance of an electrode. Many different materials have been tested as electrode materials for supercapacitors, such as metal oxides [6][7][8], carbon

• materials characterized by a developed surface area [9], graphene-based [10] and diamond-based materials [11], conductive polymers (CPs) and hybrid materials [12][13], and numerous types of composite materials [14][15]. For many years, conjugated polymers, also known as conductive polymers, e.g., poly(3,4

Improving control of carbide-derived carbon microstructure by immobilization of a transition-metal catalyst within the shell of carbide/carbon core–shell structures

• Teguh Ariyanto,
• Jan Glaesel,
• Andreas Kern,
• Gui-Rong Zhang and
• Bastian J. M. Etzold

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 419–427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.41

• 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany Ernst-Berl-Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.10.41 Abstract Carbon materials for electrical energy devices, such as battery electrodes or fuel-cell

• catalysts, require the combination of the contradicting properties of graphitic microstructure and porosity. The usage of graphitization catalysts during the synthesis of carbide-derived carbon materials results in materials that combine the required properties, but controlling the microstructure during

• crystallinity and pore structure of the resulting carbide-derived carbon materials. In this sense, the content of graphitic carbon could be varied from 10–90 wt % as estimated from TPO measurements and resulting in a specific surface area ranging from 1500 to 300 m2·g−1. Keywords: carbon shell; catalytic

New micro/mesoporous nanocomposite material from low-cost sources for the efficient removal of aromatic and pathogenic pollutants from water

• Emmanuel I. Unuabonah,
• Robert Nöske,
• Jens Weber,
• Christina Günter and
• Andreas Taubert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 119–131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.11

• are reports of the use of clay/carbon materials for the removal of toxic micropollutants from water. In some cases, sugars have been used as starting compounds [17][18], while in other cases, dyes and other organic molecules have been loaded into the clay interlayer and calcined together with the clay

• shows the fractions of Zn, C, H, and N vs sample treatment. The EA shows that increasing the reaction temperature eliminates hydrogen from the samples. This finding is consistent with previous work showing that activation using ZnCl2 induces the loss of hydrogen and oxygen atoms from carbon materials in

Disorder in H⁺-irradiated HOPG: effect of impinging energy and dose on Raman D-band splitting and surface topography

• Lisandro Venosta,
• Noelia Bajales,
• Sergio Suárez and
• Paula G. Bercoff

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2708–2717, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.253

• for nanostructured carbon materials with structural disorder [8][9]. The prominent D band of hydrogenated graphene originates from the symmetry rupture of C–C sp2 bonds after the formation of C–H sp3 bonds [17][18]. Moreover, hydrogenated graphene showed a slight broadening and lower intensity of the

• et al. [15] investigated the multi-wavelength Raman spectra of a variety of hydrogenated amorphous carbon materials, which allowed them to estimate values for their bond structure, hydrogen content and mechanical properties. A remarkable conclusion is that UV Raman spectroscopy allows for the

Hydrothermal-derived carbon as a stabilizing matrix for improved cycling performance of silicon-based anodes for lithium-ion full cells

• Mirco Ruttert,
• Florian Holtstiege,
• Jessica Hüsker,
• Markus Börner,
• Martin Winter and
• Tobias Placke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2381–2395, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.223

• composites (Si/C), dealing with the incorporation of Si into a variety of different carbon materials, such as graphite, graphene sheets [46][47], porous carbon structures [37][38][48] or the coating of Si using different precursors as carbon sources [49][50][51]. One simple method to form amorphous carbon

Electrospun one-dimensional nanostructures: a new horizon for gas sensing materials

• Muhammad Imran,
• Nunzio Motta and
• Mahnaz Shafiei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2128–2170, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.202

Metal-free catalysis based on nitrogen-doped carbon nanomaterials: a photoelectron spectroscopy point of view

• Mattia Scardamaglia and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2015–2031, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.191

• ]. Post-synthesis treatments such as cold plasmas and ion implantation emerge as versatile options to engineer nanostructured carbon materials with different elements [80]. These techniques allow for high dopant concentrations (about 10 atom %) and for the design of different architectures adjusting the

Defect formation in multiwalled carbon nanotubes under low-energy He and Ne ion irradiation

• Santhana Eswara,
• Jean-Nicolas Audinot,
• Brahime El Adib,
• Maël Guennou,
• Tom Wirtz and
• Patrick Philipp

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1951–1963, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.186

• defect production in SWCNTs [26], the characterisation of composite materials containing MWCNTs [27], the implantation of Si and C ions into DWCNTs [28], and to differentiate between carbon materials with different sp2 environment [29]. The latter study focused on graphene, highly oriented pyrolytic