Molecular assemblies on surfaces: towards physical and electronic decoupling of organic molecules

• Sabine Maier and
• Meike Stöhr

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 950–956, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.71

• monitor the STM-induced nucleation, growth, and ripening of self-assembled monolayers in a more controlled fashion. Söngen et al. [77] provide insight into the interaction of organic molecules with bulk insulators by discussing the adsorption of ethanol on both calcite and magnesite using three

• first ethanol layer arranges in a laterally ordered way due to ionic interactions, where ethanol adopts well-defined adsorption positions on the carbonate surface. In contrast, the following layers lack this order as they reside on ethanol layers. Hence, they experience a physical decoupling due to the

Silver nanoparticles nucleated in NaOH-treated halloysite: a potential antimicrobial material

• Yuri B. Matos,
• Rodrigo S. Romanus,
• Mattheus Torquato,
• Edgar H. de Souza,
• Rodrigo L. Villanova,
• Marlene Soares and
• Emilson R. Viana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 798–807, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.63

• chemically compatible with LDPE, a non-polar polymer matrix. This coating was performed suspending the to-be-coated sample in 10 mL of ethanol/dodecanethiol mixture (200:1, v/v) for 24 h, followed by filtering, washing with ethanol, and drying at 60 °C for 2 h. The coated sample was labelled Ag/HNT-8/DIO

Nanogenerator-based self-powered sensors for data collection

• Yicheng Shao,
• Maoliang Shen,
• Yuankai Zhou,
• Xin Cui,
• Lijie Li and
• Yan Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 680–693, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.54

• generates electrical impulses when exposed to gas flow or pressure [91]. The material of the electronic skin can react with volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the air, such as ethanol, as shown in Figure 2h. In addition to detecting whether the air contains VOCs, the output open-circuit voltage of the

• stronger regulating effect on the piezoelectric filtration of free carriers. A ZnO-based self-powered gas sensor (SPGS) can be used to detect H2S, NH3 [96][97], ethanol [91][98][99][100], CO2 [101][102] and other gases [103][104][105]. A ZnSnO3/ZnO NW-based PENG was used to detect liquefied petroleum gas

• (LPG) with high sensitivity, selectivity, and reliability [21]. The sensitivity of ZnSnO3/ZnO (1 h) NWs in 4000 ppm H2S, H2, ethanol, methanol, LPG, and saturated water vapor was measured. The sensitivity of ZnSnO3/ZnO NW for LPG is much higher than for other gases, as shown in Figure 5g

High-yield synthesis of silver nanowires for transparent conducting PET films

• Gul Naz,
• Hafsa Asghar,
• Muhammad Ramzan,
• Muhammad Arshad,
• Rashid Ahmed,
• Muhammad Bilal Tahir,
• Bakhtiar Ul Haq,
• Nadeem Baig and
• Junaid Jalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 624–632, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.51

• ethanol, were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. All of them were of analytical grade and were used as purchased without any purification. Ethylene glycol (EG) was used as a solvent in the reactions. Preparation of silver nanowires For synthesizing silver nanowires (AgNWs) with high aspect ratio and controlled

• HEC with AgNWs [33]. First, a 1.0 wt % solution of HEC was prepared in 100 mL of DI water while stirring at room temperature. Then, 15 mL of HEC solution was mixed with 20 mL of AgNW solution in ethanol in a separate glass vial under constant stirring. This was followed by mixing another 15 mL of HEC

On the stability of microwave-fabricated SERS substrates – chemical and morphological considerations

• Limin Wang,
• Aisha Adebola Womiloju,
• Christiane Höppener,
• Ulrich S. Schubert and
• Stephanie Hoeppener

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 541–551, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.44

• substrates treated with methanol, ethanol, or N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) were comparable and showed overall good stability and did not show severe morphological changes or a strong decrease in their Raman activity. Toluene treatment resulted in a strong decrease in the Raman activity whereas dimethyl

• analytes, as demonstrated by the detection of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) down to a concentration of 0.25 nM by utilizing microwave-coated glass capillaries [25]. While this approach relies on ethanol as reducing agent and applies no protecting agents, other protocols employ suitable surfactants and

• salt to metallic silver by microwave irradiation in the presence of ethanol utilized as reducing agent (Figure 1a). In practice, the functionalization of the substrates requires only the placement of the cleaned glass supports into a microwave vial containing an aqueous silver acetate precursor co

Boosting of photocatalytic hydrogen evolution via chlorine doping of polymeric carbon nitride

• Malgorzata Aleksandrzak,
• Michalina Kijaczko,
• Wojciech Kukulka,
• Daria Baranowska,
• Martyna Baca,
• Beata Zielinska and
• Ewa Mijowska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 473–484, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.38

• potentiostat in a three-electrode test cell with a platinum wire as the counter electrode and the saturated calomel electrode (SCE) as the reference. The working electrode was a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass with the analyzed material drop-casted from a 0.2% ethanol/Nafion solution. A 0.5 M sodium

Nickel nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide/WO₃ nanocomposite – a promising candidate for gas sensing

• Ilka Simon,
• Alexandr Savitsky,
• Rolf Mülhaupt,
• Vladimir Pankov and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 343–353, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.28

• in sensor resistance during exposure to the gas is measured directly [5]. Gases can either be oxidizing, such as NO, N2O, NO2, O3, and Cl2, reducing, such as H2S, NH3, CO, H2, SO2, and CH4, or rather inert, such as CO2 [6][7]. VOCs are organic molecules such as acetone, ethanol, and formaldehyde [8

Exploring the fabrication and transfer mechanism of metallic nanostructures on carbon nanomembranes via focused electron beam induced processing

• Christian Preischl,
• Linh Hoang Le,
• Elif Bilgilisoy,
• Armin Gölzhäuser and
• Hubertus Marbach

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 319–329, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.26

• to be analyzed. Experimental The employed Ag substrates (Georg Albert PVD) consist of a 300 nm thick layer of Ag(111) on mica. Prior to SAM preparation, the substrates were soaked for 20 min and rinsed thoroughly in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF, Sigma-Aldrich, 99.8%) and then in ethanol (VWR BHD

• h at 70 °C. Then, a repetition of rinsing in DMF and ethanol was applied to the samples in order to remove physically absorbed TPT molecules. The samples were consequently dried by a stream of nitrogen gas and preserved in argon environment until use in FEBID experiments. The FEBIP experiments were

The nanomorphology of cell surfaces of adhered osteoblasts

• Christian Voelkner,
• Mirco Wendt,
• Regina Lange,
• Max Ulbrich,
• Martina Gruening,
• Susanne Staehlke,
• Barbara Nebe,
• Ingo Barke and
• Sylvia Speller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 242–256, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.20

• , Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) and 1% antibiotics (gentamicin, Ratiopharm, Ulm, Germany) in a humidified atmosphere at 37 °C with 5% CO2. The differently coated borosilicate glass slides (22 mm × 22 mm) were cleaned with ethanol. Cells were seeded with a density of 4000/cm2 and cultured for 24 h. This

Imaging of SARS-CoV-2 infected Vero E6 cells by helium ion microscopy

• Natalie Frese,
• Patrick Schmerer,
• Martin Wortmann,
• Matthias Schürmann,
• Matthias König,
• Michael Westphal,
• Friedemann Weber,
• Holger Sudhoff and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 172–179, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.13

• ethanol (50%, 70%, 95%, 99.5% (2×)), transferred to water-free acetone and critical point dried in carbon dioxide. HIM was performed with an Orion Plus microscope (Carl Zeiss) at an acceleration voltage of about 36 kV and a working distance of 20 mm. The spot control was set to 6 to obtain a beam current

A review on the green and sustainable synthesis of silver nanoparticles and one-dimensional silver nanostructures

• Sina Kaabipour and
• Shohreh Hemmati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 102–136, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.9

Fusion of purple membranes triggered by immobilization on carbon nanomembranes

• René Riedel,
• Natalie Frese,
• Fang Yang,
• Martin Wortmann,
• Raphael Dalpke,
• Daniel Rhinow,
• Norbert Hampp and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 93–101, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.8

• . Cleaning of the Au surfaces was achieved with an UV/ozone-cleaner (FHR Anlagenbau GmbH, UVOH 150 LAB) and subsequent immersing in absolute ethanol (AnalaR NORMAPUR, VWR Chemicals). The SAMs were prepared by immersion of the cleaned Au substrate into a solution (approx. 10 mM) of 4′-nitro-1,1′-biphenyl-4

• -thiol in dried and degassed N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF, anhydrous, 99.8%, Sigma-Aldrich) under nitrogen atmosphere in a sealed flask for 72 h, followed by subsequent rinsing with DMF (BioSyn, ≥99.9%, Honeywell) and absolute ethanol. Cross-linking of the SAMs was conducted by exposing the SAM to 100 eV

• absolute ethanol and the sample was rinsed with ethanol and isopropanol (AnalaR NORMAPUR, VWR Chemicals, Darmstadt, Germany). Afterwards, the sample was immersed in 1 mg of dibenzocyclooctyne-maleimide (DBCOM, >88%, Sigma-Aldrich) in 20 mL dried DMF solution. After 24 h of incubation protected from light

Effect of different silica coatings on the toxicity of upconversion nanoparticles on RAW 264.7 macrophage cells

• Cynthia Kembuan,
• Helena Oliveira and
• Christina Graf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 35–48, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.3

• Table 1. The dispersion behavior and changes in the surface charge of the samples in various media (ethanol, water, and Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 1% glutamine, 1% fungizone, and 1% penicillin) were studied by conducting DLS and ELS

• transfer from ethanol to water, as reported in several publications [51][52], and, consequently, their hydrodynamic diameter values increased. The zeta potential of the non-functionalized particles is more negative in water than in ethanol, and, in this case, the Z-average value also increases. The Z

• measurements (TraceCERT®, c = 1000 mg/mL) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Cyclohexane (tech. 99.5%) and ammonia water (p.a., 25 wt % NH3) were purchased from Roth. Ethanol (EtOH, 100%) was purchased from Berkel AHK, hydrofluoric acid (HF, 30%) was purchased from Riedel de Haën, and sodium hydroxide (NaOH, 99

Atomic layer deposited films of Al₂O₃ on fluorine-doped tin oxide electrodes: stability and barrier properties

• Hana Krýsová,
• Michael Neumann-Spallart,
• Hana Tarábková,
• Pavel Janda,
• Ladislav Kavan and
• Josef Krýsa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 24–34, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.2

• grade. 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer solution, pH 7.2, was obtained from Fluka. Triply distilled water was used for the preparation of solutions. Fluorine-doped tin oxide-coated 2 mm thick glass (TEC-7, 7 Ω/□, Sigma-Aldrich), was ultrasonically pre-cleaned with isopropanol, treated with acetone, ethanol

• , and water and dried in a stream of argon. Si(100) wafers with a 300 nm thick thermal oxide layer (Silicon Quest International, USA) were treated successively with acetone/ethanol/water. Al2O3 films were grown by using an ALD system R200 (Picosun, Finland) in the thermal mode with varying numbers of

Bio-imaging with the helium-ion microscope: A review

• Matthias Schmidt,
• James M. Byrne and
• Ilari J. Maasilta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1–23, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.1

• sometimes treated with additional chemicals, such as 1% tannic acid (TA), and/or osmium-fixed to promote membrane integrity [61]. After fixation, water is removed from samples via dehydration in ethanol or methanol with increasing concentrations, for example, 30%, 75%, 95%, and 100% for 10 min each [60][62

• ]. Samples can be stored in about 70% ethanol prior to drying. Drying The next stage in sample preparation of biological samples focuses on drying to avoid damages to fragile cell surfaces, internal structures, EPS, biofilms, or mineral associations. In the following, a brief overview over different

• finally critical point drying [63]. This method (termed FDGN2) resulted in unprecedented structural detail during imaging with SEM but yielded various artifacts during imaging with HIM [64]. (II) Critical point drying (CPD): The basic principle of CPD is to substitute ethanol in the dehydration

Free and partially encapsulated manganese ferrite nanoparticles in multiwall carbon nanotubes

• Saja Al-Khabouri,
• Salim Al-Harthi,
• Toru Maekawa,
• Mohamed E. Elzain,
• Ashraf Al-Hinai,
• Ahmed D. Al-Rawas,
• Abbsher M. Gismelseed,
• Ali A. Yousif and
• Myo Tay Zar Myint

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1891–1904, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.170

• ) bright-field and dark-field images were acquired at 80 kV. MnFe2O4 nanoparticles and MnFe2O4/MWCNTs samples were dispersed in absolute ethanol and sonicated for 15 min to obtain a homogenous dispersion. Then, the supernatant was micropipetted onto a TEM grid and dried at room temperature (approx. 300 K

Unravelling the interfacial interaction in mesoporous SiO₂@nickel phyllosilicate/TiO₂ core–shell nanostructures for photocatalytic activity

• Bridget K. Mutuma,
• Xiluva Mathebula,
• Isaac Nongwe,
• Bonakele P. Mtolo,
• Boitumelo J. Matsoso,
• Rudolph Erasmus,
• Zikhona Tetana and
• Neil J. Coville

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1834–1846, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.165

• (NH4OH, 25%; Fluka), ethanol (C2H5OH, 98%; Merck), tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS, 98%; Aldrich), octadecyltrimethoxysilane (C18-TMS, 90%; Aldrich), urea (CH4N2O, 98%, Promark Chemicals), and nickel chloride hexahydrate (NiCl2·6H2O, 98%; Aldrich) were used without further purification. Anatase TiO2

• nanoparticles were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Synthesis of mSiO2, mSiO2@NiPS and mSiO2@NiPS/TiO2 core–shell nanostructures Ethanol (100 mL) was added to 10 mL of water and the mixture was stirred for 10 min. A solution of 10 mL of ammonia was added to the co-solvents and the resultant mixture was stirred for

• rpm for 15 min. The obtained solid product was washed three times with a 50:50 mixture of ethanol and distilled water through centrifugation. The washed solid was dried overnight in an oven at 80 °C for 12 h followed by calcination at 500 °C for 6 h to form the solid SiO2@mesoporous SiO2 product

Nanocasting synthesis of BiFeO₃ nanoparticles with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity

• Thomas Cadenbach,
• Maria J. Benitez,
• A. Lucia Morales,
• Cesar Costa Vera,
• Luis Lascano,
• Francisco Quiroz,
• Alexis Debut and
• Karla Vizuete

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1822–1833, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.164

• ), ethanol, hydrochloric acid (HCl, 37%), and 2-methoxyethanol were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and used without any further purification except for the last. We observed slightly better yields of BiFeO3 with no parasitic phases, such as Bi2O3, with freshly distilled 2-methoxyethanol dried over a molecular

• studied using acidified H2O (see above), ethanol, and 2-methoxyethanol in the synthesis of BiFeO3. The experiments were performed as described above with tartaric acid as a complexing reagent but with acidified ethanol (three drops of conc. HNO3, CAUTION: potentially explosive) and a 2-methoxyethanol/HNO3

• reaction, which leads to overall amorphous products [44][45][46][47]. The impact on the phase formation of BiFeO3 of using different alcohols, that is, 2-methoxyethanol and ethanol as solvents and tartaric acid as a complexing reagent in the synthesis is shown in Figure 2. Ethanol is commonly used in

Self-standing heterostructured NiC_x-NiFe-NC/biochar as a highly efficient cathode for lithium–oxygen batteries

• Shengyu Jing,
• Xu Gong,
• Shan Ji,
• Linhui Jia,
• Bruno G. Pollet,
• Sheng Yan and
• Huagen Liang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1809–1821, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.163

• based on [40][41][42]. Several pieces of NiFe-PBA/PP precursors were immersed in a NaOH solution containing anhydrous ethanol (20 mL) and 0.025 mol·L−1 NaOH aqueous solution (30 mL). The obtained solution was transferred to a Teflon-lined autoclave and heated to 100 °C for 30 min. The obtained products

• were washed with ethanol and water alternatively and calcined at a certain temperature for 2 h with a heating ramp of 5 °C·min−1 in a tube furnace in nitrogen atmosphere. The calcined samples were labeled as NiFe-PBA/PP-T. Physical characterization X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were recorded using a

PEG/PEI-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes as delivery carriers for doxorubicin: synthesis, characterization, and in vitro evaluation

• Shuoye Yang,
• Zhenwei Wang,
• Yahong Ping,
• Yuying Miao,
• Yongmei Xiao,
• Lingbo Qu,
• Lu Zhang,
• Yuansen Hu and
• Jinshui Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1728–1741, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.155

• (AFM) measurements, different SWCNT dispersions (ethanol/ultrapure water = 1:1) with a concentration of 0.01% were dripped on freshly cleaved mica and observed using an AFM (Dimension Icon, Bruker AXS). Drug loading and encapsulation efficiency An amount of 50 mg of different SWCNT samples were

• adding raw SWCNTs and corresponding blank carriers was also examined. After incubation for 48 h, the medium was removed, and cells were trypsinized and subsequently fixed overnight with ice-cold ethanol. Cells were then washed with PBS and centrifuged; the harvested cells were resuspended with 1 mL of

Cardiomyocyte uptake mechanism of a hydroxyapatite nanoparticle mediated gene delivery system

• Hiroaki Komuro,
• Masahiro Yamazoe,
• Kosuke Nozaki,
• Akiko Nagai and
• Tetsuo Sasano

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1685–1692, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.150

• centrifuged and washed with distilled water and ethanol to remove oil and surfactant. The resulting particles were dispersed in distilled water. Physicochemical characteristics were examined using XRD (D8 Advance, Bruker), FTIR (FT/IR-4100, Jasco), and TEM (H-7100, Hitachi). The product was filtered using a

Fabrication of nano/microstructures for SERS substrates using an electrochemical method

• Jingran Zhang,
• Tianqi Jia,
• Xiaoping Li,
• Junjie Yang,
• Zhengkai Li,
• Guangfeng Shi,
• Xinming Zhang and
• Zuobin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1568–1576, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.139

• quantification of extremely small amounts of protein. Experimental As-cast Mg ingots were sliced into rectangular coupons (15 × 15 × 4 mm3) for anodic oxidation treatment. Prior to the treatment, all specimens were ground using SiC paper up to 1200 grit, and then degreased with ethanol and deionized water in

• and dipped into an aqueous solution of R6G (10−7 mol·L−1) for 20 min. The excess R6G molecules were removed by rinsing with ethanol and a gentle nitrogen flow was used to dry the samples. A micro-Raman inVia spectroscopic system (Renishaw, UK) with 532 and 785 nm lasers was used. The incident optical

• 10−5 mol·L−1) in ethanol solution on nanopore substrates that were fabricated with a PEO treatment time of 1 min and were coated with a Au film of 10 nm thickness. The characteristic Raman peaks of lysozyme molecules were detected at concentrations as low as 10−6 mol·L−1. These peaks included SS

Electrokinetic characterization of synthetic protein nanoparticles

• Daniel F. Quevedo,
• Cody J. Lentz,
• Adriana Coll de Peña,
• Yazmin Hernandez,
• Nahal Habibi,
• Rikako Miki,
• Joerg Lahann and
• Blanca H. Lapizco-Encinas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1556–1567, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.138

• synthetic protein nanoparticles SPNPs were synthesized using a modification of the well-established EHD co-jetting technique [51][52][53]. Generally, SPNPs are generated by dissolving a protein of interest and a copolymer of choice into a co-solvent system of water and an organic solvent, such as ethanol or

Cu₂O nanoparticles for the degradation of methyl parathion

• Juan Rizo,
• David Díaz,
• Benito Reyes-Trejo and
• M. Josefina Arellano-Jiménez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1546–1555, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.137

• with 40% H2O and 60% DMSO (v/v), a yellow precipitate of Cu2O NPs of approximately 16 nm is obtained. All the Cu2O NPs obtained were rinsed with 40 mL of distilled water five times, and once with ethanol, to remove DMSO, salts or sugar that might have been absorbed by the Cu2O NPs. The general chemical

Self-assembly and spectroscopic fingerprints of photoactive pyrenyl tectons on hBN/Cu(111)

• Domenik M. Zimmermann,
• Knud Seufert,
• Luka Ðorđević,
• Tobias Hoh,
• Sushobhan Joshi,
• Tomas Marangoni,
• Davide Bonifazi and
• Willi Auwärter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1470–1483, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.130

• lifetime measurements were performed on a JobinYvon-Horiba FluoroHub single-photon-counting module, using nano-LED-pulsed sources at 295 or 372 nm. The quantum yield measurements were performed using the relative determination, with coumarin 153 (C153, ϕ = 0.53 in ethanol) as the standard (st) [87]. The