Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B₁₂ analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks

• Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi and
• Zeynep Altintas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153

• localized SPR (LSPR) biosensing platforms [96]. Chemiluminescence and electrochemiluminescence biosensors Chemiluminescence (CL) sensors detect light emissions released from the chemical reaction process. After the reaction of certain chemicals, CL sensors produce light without requiring an external light

• source. In such systems, the recognition is usually provided by specific reactive molecules, the luminophore acts as the indicator, and the sensing signal is the emitted light. This chemical process involves the excitation of molecules to higher energy states during the reaction, and then they emit

Ambient pressure XPS at MAX IV

• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Ulrike Küst,
• Alexander Klyushin,
• Rosemary Jones,
• Jan Knudsen,
• Robert Temperton,
• Andrey Shavorskiy and
• Esko Kokkonen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1677–1694, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.118

• restricted to ultrahigh vacuum. This review highlights the capabilities and scientific impact of APXPS at the MAX IV Laboratory, the world’s first fourth-generation synchrotron light source. With the APXPS beamlines SPECIES and HIPPIE, MAX IV offers state-of-the-art instrumentation for in situ and operando

• university laboratories [5]. MAX IV Laboratory in Lund is a Swedish national laboratory inaugurated in 2016; it was the first fourth-generation synchrotron light source worldwide [6][7]. The accelerator complex comprises a linear accelerator as well as a 1.5 GeV and a 3 GeV storage ring for electrons. MAX IV

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

Photochemical synthesis of silver nanoprisms via green LED irradiation and evaluation of SERS activity

• Tuan Anh Mai-Ngoc,
• Nhi Kieu Vo,
• Cong Danh Nguyen,
• Thi Kim Xuan Nguyen and
• Thanh Sinh Do

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1417–1427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.103

• solution was stirred at room temperature and aged in the dark overnight. Manufacturing of AgNPrs A volume of 20 mL of the seed solution was transferred into 25 mL glass vials (Wheaton, Germany). These vials were placed vertically at a fixed distance of 8 cm from the LED light source, inside a cardboard box

Enhancing the photoelectrochemical performance of BiOI-derived BiVO₄ films by controlled-intensity current electrodeposition

• Huu Phuc Dang,
• Khanh Quang Nguyen,
• Nguyen Thi Mai Tho and
• Tran Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1289–1301, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.94

• xenon lamp was 300 W (PLS-SXE 300C, 100 mW·cm−2) equipped with an AM1.5G filter to simulate solar light conditions. Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) measurements were performed by scanning the potential from −0.6 to 1.2 V (vs Ag/AgCl), at a scan rate of 0.05 V·s−1. In the LSV test, the light source

• 150 W Xe lamp as the simulated light source (developed by HS Technologies, Korea). where Plight is the power density of monochromatic light acquired at a given wavelength, and J is the photocurrent density (mA·cm−2) under illumination at a wavelength (mW·cm−2). Results and Discussion Structural

Investigation of the solubility of protoporphyrin IX in aqueous and hydroalcoholic solvent systems

• Michelly de Sá Matsuoka,
• Giovanna Carla Cadini Ruiz,
• Marcos Luciano Bruschi and
• Jéssica Bassi da Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1209–1215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.89

• suitable light source, and molecular oxygen, generating reactive oxygen species that induce cellular damage [3][4]. Among the PSs used in PDT, protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) stands out as a natural precursor of hemoglobin and porphyrins, exhibiting low toxicity in its monomeric form [5]. When exposed to light

• Michelly de Sa Matsuoka Giovanna Carla Cadini Ruiz Marcos Luciano Bruschi Jessica Bassi da Silva Department of Pharmacy, State University of Maringa, Maringa, PR, Brazil 10.3762/bjnano.16.89 Abstract Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a non-invasive treatment involving a photosensitizer (PS), light

• source, and tissue oxygen. Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) is commonly used as a PS due to its tumor-targeting properties and phototoxicity. However, the physicochemical properties of PpIX foster self-aggregation, which is a challenge for its incorporation into pharmaceutical formulations. This study aimed to

Towards a quantitative theory for transmission X-ray microscopy

• James G. McNally,
• Christoph Pratsch,
• Stephan Werner,
• Stefan Rehbein,
• Andrew Gibbs,
• Jihao Wang,
• Thomas Lunkenbein,
• Peter Guttmann and
• Gerd Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1113–1128, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.82

• alignment of the focal-plane series to correct for stage jitter using larger 270 nm gold shells that were also included in the sample, plus correction for temporal fluctuations in the X-ray light source occuring during collection of the focal-plane series. Other than these basic corrections for jitter and

• jitter and flickering of the X-ray light source (Figure 7). Supporting Information File 1 contains additional information for all other experimental procedures and analyses. Matlab was used to compute all model predictions. Here we summarize the computational approach for calculating the pc-Mie model

Fabrication of metal complex phthalocyanine and porphyrin nanoparticle aqueous colloids by pulsed laser fragmentation in liquid and their potential application to a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy

• Taisei Himeda,
• Risako Kunitomi,
• Ryosuke Nabeya,
• Tamotsu Zako and
• Tsuyoshi Asahi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1088–1096, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.80

• [30][31]. A halogen lamp light with a wide spectral range of 500–800 nm using optical filters was used as light source for 10 min at an output power of 35 mW·cm−2 (Figure S6 and Figure S7, Supporting Information File 1). For AlClPc and PtOEP nanoparticles, a significant reduction in the cell viability

• photolysis of DPBF. For this analysis, a mixture (1 mL) of the MPc or PtOEP nanoparticles (dyes concentration ca. 30 μM) and DPBF (30 μM) was irradiated with the same light source (500–800 nm) as in the phototoxicity experiment at 40 mW·cm−2; the results obtained for PtOEP are shown in Figure 8a as an

• with broadband (500–800 nm, Figure S6, Supporting Information File 1) visible-light source at 30 mW·cm−2 for 10 min. The cell viability after light irradiation was determined using a MTT cell proliferation kit (Roche) as described in [31][32]. 10 μL of the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5

A calix[4]arene-based supramolecular nanoassembly targeting cancer cells and triggering the release of nitric oxide with green light

• Cristina Parisi,
• Loredana Ferreri,
• Tassia J. Martins,
• Francesca Laneri,
• Samantha Sollima,
• Antonina Azzolina,
• Antonella Cusimano,
• Nicola D’Antona,
• Grazia M. L. Consoli and
• Salvatore Sortino

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1003–1013, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.75

• light source. The concentration of the phototransformed 2 was determined spectrophotometrically by taking into account the absorption changes at 290 and 400 nm, and Δε290 = 8500 M−1·cm−1 and Δε400 = 9600 M−1·cm−1, respectively. I was calculated by potassium ferrioxalate actinometry. Cell culture Primary

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• photothermal conversion and tunability of light absorption of these materials simplify the therapeutic light source, broadening their applicability [17][18]. Furthermore, the customizable nature of these nanomaterials allows for the development of personalized treatment plans, tailored to individual patient

Orientation-dependent photonic bandgaps in gold-dust weevil scales and their titania bioreplicates

• Norma Salvadores Farran,
• Limin Wang,
• Primoz Pirih and
• Bodo D. Wilts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1–10, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.1

• structure. While the individual scales appear bright and of saturated color, the resulting overall coloration under an extended light source is uniformly green with a very low specularity. The synthesis of negative replicas using titania sol–gel chemistry demonstrates its potential for producing materials

• × (NA = 0.60) objective. A white diffuse reference tile (WS-2, Avantes) was used as the reference for spectroscopy measurements. Illumination was provided by a xenon or a halogen light source. Electron microscopy Top-view images of single scales were acquired with a Zeiss Ultra Plus 55 scanning electron

• in normal direction onto the structure that was oriented along the [100] direction. The angle-integrated reflectivity was obtained from a monitor placed above the light source spanning the entire simulation box area. The gold-dust weevil Hypomeces squamosus. (a) A macro photo of the weevil with

Facile synthesis of size-tunable L-carnosine-capped silver nanoparticles and their role in metal ion sensing and catalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol

• Akash Kumar,
• Ridhima Chadha,
• Abhishek Das,
• Nandita Maiti and
• Rayavarapu Raja Gopal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1576–1592, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.124

• Raman spectra of ʟ-carnosine-capped silver nanoparticles, as well as ʟ-carnosine, as solid and in aqueous solution, were recorded at RT using an excitation source of 532 nm. The light source was a diode-pumped solid-state Nd3+:YAG laser (Cobolt Samba 0532-01-0500-500, Cobolt AB, Sweden). For solid ʟ

Ultrablack color in velvet ant cuticle

• Vinicius Marques Lopez,
• Wencke Krings,
• Juliana Reis Machado,
• Stanislav Gorb and
• Rhainer Guillermo-Ferreira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1554–1565, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.122

• measurements were conducted using a high-resolution optical fiber spectrometer (Flame; Ocean Insight, Inc., Dunedin, FL, USA), equipped with a DH-2000-BAL light source (Ocean Insight, Inc.) and an optical fiber probe consisting of a 400 µm detector and a light guide. Spectral luminance was controlled using a

Photocatalytic methane oxidation over a TiO₂/SiNWs p–n junction catalyst at room temperature

• Qui Thanh Hoai Ta,
• Luan Minh Nguyen,
• Ngoc Hoi Nguyen,
• Phan Khanh Thinh Nguyen and
• Dai Hai Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1132–1141, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.92

• experiments. Photocatalytic tests The as-synthesized catalyst was placed in a custom-made batch reactor with a small transparent quartz window, which was directly connected to a gas chromatograph (GC) with thermal conductivity and flame ionization detectors. A 300 W Xenon lamp was utilized as a light source

Signal generation in dynamic interferometric displacement detection

• Knarik Khachatryan,
• Simon Anter,
• Michael Reichling and
• Alexander von Schmidsfeld

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1070–1076, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.87

• highly stable interferometer can detect displacements with an accuracy far beyond nanometer resolution [3], where the final physical limit is set by the photon emission statistics of the light source [4]. In non-contact atomic force microscopy (NC-AFM), interferometry is used to measure the periodic

• in the Michelson mode resulting in a detector signal IM that is much smaller than what could be obtained by working in the Fabry–Pérot mode [12]. A temperature- and intensity-stabilized laser diode light source (type 48TA-1-42037, Schäfter + Kirchhoff GmbH, Hamburg, Germany) operating at a vacuum

• Instruments, USA), which has been calibrated by 40 atomic lines distributed over the entire visible spectrum to yield an accurate value for the wavelength at a spectral resolution of 0.050 nm. As evident from the multimode spectrum of the laser diode light source shown in the inset of Figure 4, the spectrum

Green synthesis of biomass-derived carbon quantum dots for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue

• Dalia Chávez-García,
• Mario Guzman,
• Viridiana Sanchez and
• Rubén D. Cadena-Nava

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 755–766, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.63

• a continuous emission xenon light source (190–900 nm). All the samples were dispersed in deionized water and analyzed with an excitation wavelength of 350 and 900 nm in aqueous medium. Photocatalytic evaluation The photocatalytic activity of the synthesized CQDs was studied for the photodegradation

• of the photodegradation reaction under light radiation. In the case of tests conducted with incandescent light, a lamp was used as the light source, placed approximately 10 cm away from the solution, and the reaction was allowed to proceed for 100 min. During the degradation tests, both sunlight and

Gold nanomakura: nanoarchitectonics and their photothermal response in association with carrageenan hydrogels

• Nabojit Das,
• Vikas,
• Akash Kumar,
• Sanjeev Soni and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 678–693, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.56

• gold nanoparticle suspensions of CTAB-AuNM, MTAB-AuNM, and DTAB-AuNM, respectively, whereas Figure 8b shows heating and cooling of DTAB-AuNR and CTAB-AuNR, respectively. From Figure 8a, it was observed that the temperature of deionized water reached up to ≈3 °C under irradiation with a light source

• , and DTAB-AuNM on photothermal interaction with a visible broadband light source for 300 s are shown in Figure 8c. The temperature rise in AuNMs capped with CTAB, MTAB, and DTAB attains up to ≈25, ≈21, and ≈21 °C, respectively, in powdered form. The thermal images captured for the same conditions are

• shown in Supporting Information File 1, Figure S3. Photothermal response of AuNRs in powder form It was observed that DTAB-AuNR and CTAB-AuNR in powdered form attained up to 22.4 and 30.6 °C temperature rise upon interaction with the visible broadband light source as shown in Figure 9. Photothermal

Controllable physicochemical properties of WO_x thin films grown under glancing angle

• Rupam Mandal,
• Aparajita Mandal,
• Alapan Dutta,
• Rengasamy Sivakumar,
• Sanjeev Kumar Srivastava and
• Tapobrata Som

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 350–359, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.31

• electrons under the InLens configuration. The optical characteristics of the films were examined using a UV–Vis–NIR spectrophotometer (Shimadzu-3101PC) equipped with an unpolarised light source (300–1200 nm wavelength range). Results and Discussion Figure 1a–d depicts AFM topographic images of as-deposited

In situ optical sub-wavelength thickness control of porous anodic aluminum oxide

• Aleksandrs Dutovs,
• Raimonds Popļausks,
• Oskars Putāns,
• Vladislavs Perkanuks,
• Aušrinė Jurkevičiūtė,
• Tomas Tamulevičius,
• Uldis Malinovskis,
• Iryna Olyshevets,
• Donats Erts and
• Juris Prikulis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 126–133, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.12

• different wavelengths. The usable wavelength range was limited primarily by the low intensity of the incandescent light source in the violet part of the spectrum and the sensitivity of the detector in the infrared. Other materials (fiber, glass, electrolyte, and coolant) in the optical path can further

• post-production analysis (Figure 4f). The potential extension of the interferometric thickness measurement method to thinner PAAO layers could involve the utilization of a shorter-wavelength light source and UV-compatible optical components. In such a scenario, considerations should be made for the

• spectra were collected using a bifurcated optical fiber (LIGHTGUIDE LGO.INT-06.2020) with one branch attached to a stabilized tungsten-halogen light source (THORLABS SLS201L/M ) and the other to a miniature spectrometer (OCEAN OPTICS USB4000). The common optical fiber port was collimated to a ≈2 mm

Dual-heterodyne Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Benjamin Grévin,
• Fatima Husainy,
• Dmitry Aldakov and
• Cyril Aumaître

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1068–1084, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.88

• that the modulation frequency of the light source is set high enough, it becomes possible to “stabilize” the static bending in a steady state, and photothermal cantilever excitation can be avoided (by setting the optical modulation at a frequency that differs from the cantilever resonance eigenmodes

Spatial mapping of photovoltage and light-induced displacement of on-chip coupled piezo/photodiodes by Kelvin probe force microscopy under modulated illumination

• Zeinab Eftekhari,
• Nasim Rezaei,
• Hidde Stokkel,
• Jian-Yao Zheng,
• Andrea Cerreta,
• Ilka Hermes,
• Minh Nguyen,
• Guus Rijnders and
• Rebecca Saive

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1059–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.87

• the piezo/photodiode device. The device was illuminated from the top surface using a laser diode at a wavelength of 628 nm. The light source was installed inside the AFM chamber, and the light beam was aligned towards the active area of the device. The illumination source was modulated by a square

Nanostructured lipid carriers containing benznidazole: physicochemical, biopharmaceutical and cellular in vitro studies

• Giuliana Muraca,
• María Esperanza Ruiz,
• Rocío C. Gambaro,
• Sebastián Scioli-Montoto,
• María Laura Sbaraglini,
• Gisel Padula,
• José Sebastián Cisneros,
• Cecilia Yamil Chain,
• Vera A. Álvarez,
• Cristián Huck-Iriart,
• Guillermo R. Castro,
• María Belén Piñero,
• Matias Ildebrando Marchetto,
• Catalina Alba Soto,
• Germán A. Islan and
• Alan Talevi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 804–818, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.66

• , Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM), Campus Miguelete, 25 de Mayo y Francia, San Martín B1650KNA, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 6ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, Carrer de la Llum 2–26, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08290 Barcelona, España, 7Nanomedicine Research Unit (Nanomed), Federal University of ABC (UFABC

Nanomaterials for photocatalysis and applications in environmental remediation and renewable energy

• Viet Van Pham and
• Wee-Jun Ong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 722–724, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.58

• development of advanced materials based on semiconductors (i.e., carbon-modified hexagonal boron nitride (MBN), MgO@g-C3N4, and TiO2@MWCNTs) have indicated a highly efficient photocatalytic performance for phenol removal using a low-power visible LED light source. For NO degradation, a visible light source

Observation of multiple bulk bound states in the continuum modes in a photonic crystal cavity

• Rui Chen,
• Yi Zheng,
• Xingyu Huang,
• Qiaoling Lin,
• Chaochao Ye,
• Meng Xiong,
• Martijn Wubs,
• Yungui Ma,
• Minhao Pu and
• Sanshui Xiao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 544–551, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.45

• influence and to obtain clear Lorentzian resonances, we applied a low-power broadband light source and finely tuned the illumination spot to obtain maximum excitation and collection efficiency of the setup for each mode. Different from the method applied in [30], the illumination spot size is not the same

The origin of black and white coloration of the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae)

• Manuela Rebora,
• Gianandrea Salerno,
• Silvana Piersanti,
• Alexander Kovalev and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 496–508, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.41

• (Figure 6c). The reason for this is that in the plane crossing the cylinder perpendicular to the cylinder axis, a point on the cylinder surface exists where the incident and reflected angles (from the light source and to the detector, respectively) are equal. Rayleigh scattering The contribution of the

• using a TEM Philips EM 208 (Philips, Eindhoven, Netherlands). Reflectance spectra measurements The light scattering spectra from the white areas on the proximal parts of the hind leg tarsus of Ae. albopictus male were measured at different orientations of the light source relative to the leg and at

• different detection angles. For this purpose, the observation area was illuminated at 45° with a light source (DH-2000-BAL, Ocean Optics Inc, Dunedin, Florida, USA) through an optical fiber (200 μm diameter) equipped with a one-lens condenser, which was placed 22 mm away from the sample. The illumination