Preservation of rutin nanosuspensions without the use of preservatives

• Pascal L. Stahr and
• Cornelia M. Keck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1902–1913, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.185

• -term stability. The freeze–thaw process for nanosuspensions is a simple concept and is suggested as alternative, when preserved nanosuspensions cannot be used. Keywords: nanocrystals; nanosuspension; no preservative; rutin; stability; Introduction Nanocrystals for pharmaceutical use were invented in

• monitored, and the results were compared to preserved nanosuspensions. The frozen nanosuspensions remained stable and possessed excellent stability over the whole time of storage, indicating that the freeze–thaw process is suitable for the production of preservative-free nanosuspensions with excellent long

Toxicity and safety study of silver and gold nanoparticles functionalized with cysteine and glutathione

• Barbara Pem,
• Igor M. Pongrac,
• Lea Ulm,
• Ivan Pavičić,
• Valerije Vrček,
• Darija Domazet Jurašin,
• Marija Ljubojević,
• Adela Krivohlavek and
• Ivana Vinković Vrček

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1802–1817, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.175

• stable NPs. Finally, we selected a molar ratio of [metallic salts]/[NaBH4]/[biothiol] = 1:10:1 for further work as it resulted in a favorable NP size (≈10 nm) and long term stability. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), as an excellent tool to determine the interactions of small organic molecules with

Lipid nanostructures for antioxidant delivery: a comparative preformulation study

• Elisabetta Esposito,
• Maddalena Sguizzato,
• Markus Drechsler,
• Paolo Mariani,
• Federica Carducci,
• Claudio Nastruzzi,
• Giuseppe Valacchi and
• Rita Cortesi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1789–1801, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.174

• ]. The choice of the type and concentration of the nanoparticle lipid matrix is crucial since it can affect the physico-chemical aspects of SLNs and NLCs, the encapsulation parameters, as well as the long-term stability of the formulation. Thus, in view of an industrial production, a preliminary

Kelvin probe force microscopy of the nanoscale electrical surface potential barrier of metal/semiconductor interfaces in ambient atmosphere

• Petr Knotek,
• Tomáš Plecháček,
• Jan Smolík,
• Petr Kutálek,
• Filip Dvořák,
• Milan Vlček,
• Jiří Navrátil and
• Čestmír Drašar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1401–1411, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.138

• considered solid-state heat engines. The former enables direct waste heat conversion into electrical energy very elegantly (no moving parts, long-term stability, maintenance-free, silent). Unfortunately, one of the limiting factors of this technology is still poor conversion efficiency. The conversion

Green fabrication of lanthanide-doped hydroxide-based phosphors: Y(OH)₃:Eu³⁺ nanoparticles for white light generation

• Tugrul Guner,
• Anilcan Kus,
• Mehmet Ozcan,
• Aziz Genc,
• Hasan Sahin and
• Mustafa M. Demir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1200–1210, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.119

• systems can be improved even more by optimizing the long-term stability of PDMS under UV irradiation since it can undergo degradation due to the breakage of bonds in organic molecules, resulting in the loss of transparency and coloration (i.e., yellowing). For instance, it was observed that residues of

Quantitative analysis of annealing-induced instabilities of photo-leakage current and negative-bias-illumination-stress in a-InGaZnO thin-film transistors

• Dapeng Wang and
• Mamoru Furuta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1125–1130, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.112

• properties and long-term stability. Therefore, many researches are devoted to reducing the density of defects during the fabrication, including the optimization of oxygen partial pressure [4], the increase of fabrication temperature, and the reduction of deposition power. In addition, post-annealing is

• this study, the TFT annealed at 350 °C exhibits an outstanding initial performance, but its long-term stability has been deteriorated to some degree under the high-energy light irradiation. Therefore, to further improve the electrical properties and bias-stress stabilities, especially against NBIS, the

Synthesis of MnO₂–CuO–Fe₂O₃/CNTs catalysts: low-temperature SCR activity and formation mechanism

• Yanbing Zhang,
• Lihua Liu,
• Yingzan Chen,
• Xianglong Cheng,
• Chengjian Song,
• Mingjie Ding and
• Haipeng Zhao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 848–855, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.85

• % MnO2–CuO–Fe2O3/CNTs catalyst is higher than that of the MnO2–CuO–Fe2O3/CNTs catalyst [40]. In general, stronger acid sites and a higher number of acid sites are advantageous to the SCR reaction [41], which is corroborated by the results of the NO conversion. Cyclic and long-term stability of catalysts

• In practical applications, the cyclic and long-term stability of a catalyst are crucial factors. The cyclic and long-term stability of the optimal 4% MnO2–CuO–Fe2O3/CNTs catalyst are listed in Figure 8. Figure 8A shows that the catalytic activity of 4% MnO2–CuO–Fe2O3/CNTs in run 2 and run 3 reaches

• % at 180 °C during a test of 6 h, revealing the outstanding long-term stability. In view of the above favorable properties, the 4% MnO2–CuO–Fe2O3/CNTs catalyst will be potentially applicable in the low-temperature NO reduction with NH3. Comparison of the catalytic performance of three catalysts Table 1

Biomimetic synthesis of Ag-coated glasswing butterfly arrays as ultra-sensitive SERS substrates for efficient trace detection of pesticides

• Guochao Shi,
• Mingli Wang,
• Yanying Zhu,
• Yuhong Wang,
• Xiaoya Yan,
• Xin Sun,
• Haijun Xu and
• Wanli Ma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 578–588, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.59

• 10.78%. The nanohybrids also exhibit a long-term stability regarding Raman enhancement, as suggested by a duration stability test over a period of 60 days. Importantly, the high-performance Ag-G.b.-20 substrate is further applied as an ultra-sensitive SERS platform for the trace detection of acephate

• localized in the narrow nanogaps where the electromagnetic field enhancement occurs. Long-term stability and SERS reproducibility of the Ag-G.b.-20 SERS substrates In addition to high SERS enhancement and sensitivity, long-term stability is another important parameter for an ideal SERS substrate. Therefore

• , the long-term stability of Ag-G.b.-20 substrates was examined under ambient conditions. Figure 5a shows the Raman spectra of 10−4 M CV recorded on the Ag-G.b.-20 substrates and the corresponding substrates stored for 15, 30, 45 and 60 days. Figure 5b clearly reveals that the integrated Raman intensity

Wearable, stable, highly sensitive hydrogel–graphene strain sensors

• Jian Lv,
• Chuncai Kong,
• Chao Yang,
• Lu Yin,
• Itthipon Jeerapan,
• Fangzhao Pu,
• Xiaojing Zhang,
• Sen Yang and
• Zhimao Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 475–480, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.47

• lack of long term stability, due to the tendency of the material to lose water at high temperature and freeze at low temperature [14]. Glycerol is a commonly used, nontoxic antifreeze additive. Here, hydrogen bonding between glycerol and water competes with hydrogen bonding between the water molecules

• -hydrogel strain sensor can be attributed to the use of glycerol as a co-solvent. The hydrogel bonding between glycerol and water prevents water from being released from the polymer network, hence guaranteeing the long-term stability of the sensor. In addition, a graphene film is cast onto the WG-hydrogel

Nanoporous water oxidation electrodes with a low loading of laser-deposited Ru/C exhibit enhanced corrosion stability

• Sandra Haschke,
• Dmitrii Pankin,
• Vladimir Mikhailovskii,
• Maïssa K. S. Barr,
• Adriana Both-Engel,
• Alina Manshina and
• Julien Bachmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 157–167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.15

• electrocatalyst to the point that a steady state is reached upon continuous electrolysis. The current then stays stable for several hours. The comparison with the literature shows that only Kokoh et al. tested the long-term stability of their Ru-based electrocatalyst [14]. The fine dispersion of Ru in the

Electrolyte tuning in dye-sensitized solar cells with N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) iron(II) sensitizers

• Mariia Karpacheva,
• Catherine E. Housecroft and
• Edwin C. Constable

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 3069–3078, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.285

• of solvent is crucial for optimization of DSC performance and long-term stability [45][46]. Our starting point was the standard electrolyte (E1, Table 1) that we employ for DSCs with bis(diimine)copper(I) sensitizers. This electrolyte contains the additive N-methylbenzimidazole (MBI) which is known

Graphene-enhanced metal oxide gas sensors at room temperature: a review

• Dongjin Sun,
• Yifan Luo,
• Marc Debliquy and
• Chao Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2832–2844, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.264

• . Although several researches demonstrate that the properties of these sensors are capable to be maintained for more than half a year, such stability has been only obtained in laboratory environments, indicating that it is difficult to have such long-term stability in the real environment. Another problem is

Controlling surface morphology and sensitivity of granular and porous silver films for surface-enhanced Raman scattering, SERS

• Sherif Okeil and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2813–2831, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.263

• the SERS activity can deteriorate due to surface oxidation of the silver surface [88]. For increasing the long-term stability of SERS active silver films we have studied a thin layer of dielectric Al2O3 as protective coating [89]. A 1 nm thick Al2O3 film was deposited on top of the nanoporous silver

Thickness-dependent photoelectrochemical properties of a semitransparent Co₃O₄ photocathode

• Malkeshkumar Patel and
• Joondong Kim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2432–2442, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.228

• values of the samples grown by Kirkendall diffusion. This variation is attributed to the varying porosity that does not occur shown in the compact Co3O4 film [20]. In order to investigate the long-term stability, the PEC cell was tested for 24 h as shown in Figure 6a. The PEC cell has dual Co3O4

A scanning probe microscopy study of nanostructured TiO₂/poly(3-hexylthiophene) hybrid heterojunctions for photovoltaic applications

• Laurie Letertre,
• Roland Roche,
• Olivier Douhéret,
• Hailu G. Kassa,
• Denis Mariolle,
• Nicolas Chevalier,
• Łukasz Borowik,
• Philippe Dumas,
• Benjamin Grévin,
• Roberto Lazzaroni and
• Philippe Leclère

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2087–2096, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.197

• production of renewable energy [1]. Inorganic photovoltaic cells are currently the most employed PV devices with a power efficiency ranging from 20 to 40% [2] and a long-term stability up to 20 years [3]. However, a number of drawbacks affect those technologies. Indeed, in addition to high energy consumption

Fabrication of photothermally active poly(vinyl alcohol) films with gold nanostars for antibacterial applications

• Mykola Borzenkov,
• Maria Moros,
• Claudia Tortiglione,
• Serena Bertoldi,
• Nicola Contessi,
• Silvia Faré,
• Angelo Taglietti,
• Agnese D’Agostino,
• Piersandro Pallavicini,
• Maddalena Collini and
• Giuseppe Chirico

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2040–2048, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.193

• the fact that GNSs coated with hydrophilic PEG can slightly increase the whole hydrophilicity of the films. The weight loss of the PVA-GNS films in water as a function of time is also a relevant parameter, providing information about long-term stability of the films under prolonged use. After

Metal-free catalysis based on nitrogen-doped carbon nanomaterials: a photoelectron spectroscopy point of view

• Mattia Scardamaglia and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2015–2031, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.191

• materials, dual doping promotes long-term stability and resistance to poisoning agents for working catalysts. In general, the principle of dual doping is the introduction in the hexagonal carbon lattice of two elements with reverse electronegativity with respect to that of carbon (χ = 2.55), for example, N

Ag₂WO₄ nanorods decorated with AgI nanoparticles: Novel and efficient visible-light-driven photocatalysts for the degradation of water pollutants

• Shijie Li,
• Shiwei Hu,
• Wei Jiang,
• Yanping Liu,
• Yu Liu,
• Yingtang Zhou,
• Liuye Mo and
• Jianshe Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1308–1316, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.123

• ). These facts suggest that 0.3AgI/Ag2WO4 possesses long-term stability for photocatalytic reaction. Photocatalytic mechanism To elucidate the degradation mechanism, active-species trapping tests were performed during RhB degradation over 0.3AgI/Ag2WO4 (Figure 9) [13][48]. Figure 9 shows the effects of

Understanding the performance and mechanism of Mg-containing oxides as support catalysts in the thermal dry reforming of methane

• Nor Fazila Khairudin,
• Mohd Farid Fahmi Sukri,
• Mehrnoush Khavarian and
• Abdul Rahman Mohamed

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1162–1183, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.108

Single-crystalline FeCo nanoparticle-filled carbon nanotubes: synthesis, structural characterization and magnetic properties

• Rasha Ghunaim,
• Maik Scholz,
• Christine Damm,
• Bernd Rellinghaus,
• Rüdiger Klingeler,
• Bernd Büchner,
• Michael Mertig and
• Silke Hampel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1024–1034, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.95

• , shape, arrangement of the magnetic nanoparticles to their magnetic, chemical, mechanical and catalytic properties [18][26][30], it is important to choose synthesis methods which guarantee the control of size and morphology as well as the long-term stability in order to allow these magnetic nanoparticles

Facile synthesis of a ZnO–BiOI p–n nano-heterojunction with excellent visible-light photocatalytic activity

• Mengyuan Zhang,
• Jiaqian Qin,
• Pengfei Yu,
• Bing Zhang,
• Mingzhen Ma,
• Xinyu Zhang and
• Riping Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 789–800, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.72

• the most widely exploited by taking advantage of their long-term stability and environmental non-toxicity, in addition to providing a low-cost alternative to the n-type semiconductor photocatalysts [14][15][16]. However, further application of these metal oxides is usually significantly limited by the

Tuning adhesion forces between functionalized gold colloidal nanoparticles and silicon AFM tips: role of ligands and capillary forces

• Sven Oras,
• Sergei Vlassov,
• Marta Berholts,
• Rünno Lõhmus and
• Karine Mougin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 660–670, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.61

• exchange only electrostatic interactions with Au atoms and residues of Au3+ ions. However, this interaction between Au NP and ligands is strong enough to provide a long-term stability of Au NPs in solution. In addition, it allows functionalization of the NPs with a partially hydrophilic thin coating. From

Review on optofluidic microreactors for artificial photosynthesis

• Xiaowen Huang,
• Jianchun Wang,
• Tenghao Li,
• Jianmei Wang,
• Min Xu,
• Weixing Yu,
• Abdel El Abed and
• Xuming Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 30–41, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.5

• for the redox reactions [65][66][67]. The desirable features of a photocatalyst include wide-range absorption, long-term stability, fast electron–hole separation, and strong redox powers. However, it is difficult to have all of these features in a single photocatalyst. Thereby, a simple heterojunction

• photocatalyst is expected to have wide-range absorption, long-term stability, fast electron–hole separation, and strong redox power. The heterojunction and Z-scheme systems are the important most research results to date. Based on these systems, various materials have been developed for the improvement of

Facile synthesis of silver/silver thiocyanate (Ag@AgSCN) plasmonic nanostructures with enhanced photocatalytic performance

• Xinfu Zhao,
• Dairong Chen,
• Abdul Qayum,
• Bo Chen and
• Xiuling Jiao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2781–2789, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.277

• the product was investigated based on the time-dependent experiments. Further experiments indicated that the prepared Ag@AgSCN nanostructures with an atomic ratio of Ag/AgSCN = 0.0463 exhibited high photocatalytic activity and long-term stability for the degradation of oxytetracycline (84%) under

• visible-light irradiation. In addition to the microstructure and high specific surface area, the enhanced photocatalytic activity was mainly caused by the surface plasmon resonance of Ag nanoparticles, and the high stability of AgSCN resulted in the long-term stability of the photocatalyst product

• photocatalysts, Ag/AgX (X = Cl, Br, I), suffer from instability during the recycling application, mainly due to the decomposition of AgX (X = Cl, Br, I) under irradiation [19][20][21][22]. Therefore, the development of visible-light catalysts with both high catalytic activity and long-term stability is of great

Dry adhesives from carbon nanofibers grown in an open ethanol flame

• Christian Lutz,
• Julia Syurik,
• C. N. Shyam Kumar,
• Christian Kübel,
• Michael Bruns and
• Hendrik Hölscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2719–2728, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.271

• prevents that some CNFs get in contact with the silica sphere, as schematically shown in Figure 7. Consequently, the oriented CNFs have higher adhesion forces and energies than the randomly oriented CNFs. An important question for dry adhesives is their long-term stability. It is essential for various

• artificial structures based on CNFs. Overall, the measurements demonstrate that CNF arrays have the potential for applications relying on adhesives with long-term stability under harsh environments. Conclusion We presented a fabrication method to produce dry adhesives by the growth of CNFs in an open ethanol