Targeted therapeutic effect against the breast cancer cell line MCF-7 with a CuFe₂O₄/silica/cisplatin nanocomposite formulation

• B. Rabindran Jermy,
• Vijaya Ravinayagam,
• Widyan A. Alamoudi,
• Dana Almohazey,
• Hatim Dafalla,
• Lina Hussain Allehaibi,
• Abdulhadi Baykal,
• Muhammet S. Toprak and
• Thirunavukkarasu Somanathan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2217–2228, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.214

• /HYPS, CuFe2O4/AlMSU-F and CuFe2O4/silicalite nanoformulations. The cellulose membrane dialysis tubing was activated, and drug delivery was performed by immersing the bag containing 30 mg of drug formulations in 50 mL of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) at pH 5.6. The release was performed under constant

• different supports, mesocellular foam and silicalite in simulated tumor acidic pH conditions (pH 5) at 37 °C for 72 h (Figure 7). The cisplatin (mmol) per gram of CuFe2O4/nanosupport was maintained at 0.15. In the case of cisplatin adsorption, three formulations showed adsorption between 86–90%. In

• % CuFe2O4/HYPS. DR-UV–visible spectra of (a) CuFe2O4/HYPS and (b) cisplatin/CuFe2O4/HYPS. Percentage cumulative cisplatin release in tumor pH 5 conditions for 72 h in (a) CuFe2O4/HYPS, (b) CuFe2O4/AlMSU-F and (c) CuFe2O4/silicalite. Percentage cell viability using MTT assay on the MCF-7 cell line. The cells

Mannosylated brush copolymers based on poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(ε-caprolactone) as multivalent lectin-binding nanomaterials

• Stefania Ordanini,
• Wanda Celentano,
• Anna Bernardi and
• Francesco Cellesi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2192–2206, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.212

• ability of glycopolymers to bind lectins was assessed using Concanavalin A (Con A), a model lectin able to recognize α-ᴅ-mannosyl and β-ᴅ-glucosyl residues. At physiological pH values, Con A is a tetramer, composed by four 26 kDa monomeric units, each of them possessing one coordination site [36][37

• ] (Figure 6A). Glycopolymers were tested in the presence of Con A in HBS buffer at pH 7.4. A fixed mannose concentration 2.5 times higher than the Con A binding site concentration was used, and turbidity was measured using an UV–vis spectrometer (Figure 7). The kinetics of glycopolymer-induced clustering

• . Turbidimetric assay This assay was performed in filtered (PTFE, 0.2 μm) HEPES-buffered saline (HBS), containing 10 mM HEPES, 150 mM NaCl and 1 mM CaCl2 at pH 7.4, according to a procedure already reported in the literature [38]. The stock solution of Con A (6 μM with respect to the tetramer, MW = 104000 Da) was

Nonlinear absorption and scattering of a single plasmonic nanostructure characterized by x-scan technique

• Tushar C. Jagadale,
• Dhanya S. Murali and
• Shi-Wei Chu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2182–2191, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.211

• and MOST-105-2628-M-002-010-MY4. T. J. and D. M. were funded by MOST-106-2811-M-002-198 and MOST-107-2811-M-002-3067, respectively. T. J. also acknowledges DST-GOI for the support under IFA-13-PH-73. S.-W. C. acknowledges the generous support from the Foundation for the Advancement of Outstanding

Use of data processing for rapid detection of the prostate-specific antigen biomarker using immunomagnetic sandwich-type sensors

• Camila A. Proença,
• Tayane A. Freitas,
• Thaísa A. Baldo,
• Elsa M. Materón,
• Flávio M. Shimizu,
• Gabriella R. Ferreira,
• Frederico L. F. Soares,
• Ronaldo C. Faria and
• Osvaldo N. Oliveira Jr.

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2171–2181, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.210

• ) of MNPs were placed in microtubes, which were then washed with 500 μL of 0.05 mol·L−1 MES buffer at pH 5.2 and separated magnetically. Later, the supernatant was discarded and washed thrice to give a final particle concentration of 40 mg·mL−1. A 3 mg·mL−1 solution of EDC/NHS in 0.05 mol·L−1 MES

• buffer at pH 5.2 was added to the washed MNPs. It was shaken on a vortex-type stirrer for 5 min and on a rotary shaker for 30 min. Immediately after shaking, the particles were magnetically separated and washed with MES buffer again. The supernatant was then removed, and the washing procedure was

• % Tween 20 buffer pH 7.4. HRP was conjugated to the MNPs by adding 500 μL of 1.2 mg·mL−1 of the enzyme to the Ab2-MNP complex. The mixture was left overnight on a rotary shaker. After 18 h of stirring, the bioconjugate complex was magnetically separated and then washed with 600 μL of PBS/0.05% Tween-20

Nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond for nanoscale magnetic resonance imaging applications

• Alberto Boretti,
• Lorenzo Rosa,
• Jonathan Blackledge and
• Stefania Castelletto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2128–2151, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.207

Microbubbles decorated with dendronized magnetic nanoparticles for biomedical imaging: effective stabilization via fluorous interactions

• Da Shi,
• Justine Wallyn,
• Dinh-Vu Nguyen,
• Francis Perton,
• Delphine Felder-Flesch,
• Sylvie Bégin-Colin,
• Mounir Maaloum and
• Marie Pierre Krafft

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2103–2115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.205

• )piperazine-N′-2-ethanesulfonic acid) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Lyon, France). A HEPES buffer solution (20 mmol L−1) in a 150 mmol L−1 NaCl solution was prepared, and its pH was adjusted to 7.4 with 1 N NaOH. Water was purified using a Millipore system (surface tension 71.4 mN m−1 at 20 °C

Incorporation of doxorubicin in different polymer nanoparticles and their anticancer activity

• Sebastian Pieper,
• Hannah Onafuye,
• Dennis Mulac,
• Jindrich Cinatl Jr.,
• Mark N. Wass,
• Martin Michaelis and
• Klaus Langer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2062–2072, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.201

• preparation by solvent displacement led to the smallest nanoparticles. In PLGA nanoparticles, the drug load could be optimised using solvent displacement at pH 7 reaching 53 µg doxorubicin/mg nanoparticle. These PLGA nanoparticles displayed sustained doxorubicin release kinetics compared to the more burst

• -like kinetics of the other preparations. In neuroblastoma cells, doxorubicin-loaded PLGA-PEG nanoparticles (presumably due to their small size) and PLGA nanoparticles prepared by solvent displacement at pH 7 (presumably due to their high drug load and superior drug release kinetics) exerted the

• pH-gradient method [13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. The expression of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters such as ABCB1 (also known as MDR1 or P-glycoprotein/P-gp), which efflux a range of anticancer drugs, is an important drug resistance mechanism in cancer cells [20][21]. Different nano-sized drug

Synthesis of highly active ETS-10-based titanosilicate for heterogeneously catalyzed transesterification of triglycerides

• Muhammad A. Zaheer,
• David Poppitz,
• Khavar Feyzullayeva,
• Marianne Wenzel,
• Jörg Matysik,
• Radomir Ljupkovic,
• Aleksandra Zarubica,
• Alexander A. Karavaev,
• Andreas Pöppl,
• Roger Gläser and
• Muslim Dvoyashkin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2039–2061, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.200

Review of advanced sensor devices employing nanoarchitectonics concepts

• Katsuhiko Ariga,
• Tatsuyuki Makita,
• Masato Ito,
• Taizo Mori,
• Shun Watanabe and
• Jun Takeya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2014–2030, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.198

• sensing of general external environments such as pH, humidity, pressure, and magnetic field is undoubtedly important. Spanu et al. reported sensitive pH sensors based on organic charge-modulated field-effect transistor structures with 6,13-bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl)pentacene [95]. The fabricated

• semiconductor CCD-type pH imaging sensor [143]. Although the sensitivity of the prepared sensor is inferior to that of other fluorescence sensors, this sensor nanoarchitectonics approach does not require any labelling procedures. Therefore, it may be useful for the estimation of ATP discharge in damaged cells

Nanostructured and oriented metal–organic framework films enabling extreme surface wetting properties

• Andre Mähringer,
• Julian M. Rotter and
• Dana D. Medina

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1994–2003, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.196

• Information File 1). This confirms that the observed superhydrophilic and superoleophobic behavior arises from the MOF film. To illustrate the stability of the MOF under harsh conditions, the films were subjected to an acidic environment (pH 5, 12 h), a basic environment (pH 9, 12 h), high temperature (150 °C

• properties while maintaining transparency (see Figure S5.9, Supporting Information File 1). In addition, we found that these MOF films are stable in acidic (pH 5, 12 h) and basic conditions and at high temperature (150 °C, 12 h) (see Figure S8.3, Supporting Information File 1). To test the antifog properties

Gold-coated plant virus as computed tomography imaging contrast agent

• Alaa A. A. Aljabali,
• Mazhar S. Al Zoubi,
• Khalid M. Al-Batanyeh,
• Ali Al-Radaideh,
• Mohammad A. Obeid,
• Abeer Al Sharabi,
• Walhan Alshaer,
• Bayan AbuFares,
• Tasnim Al-Zanati,
• Murtaza M. Tambuwala,
• Naveed Akbar and
• David J. Evans

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1983–1993, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.195

• with CPMV (50 μL of 0.1 mg/mL) suspended in 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer pH 7.0. The leaves were sprinkled with tap water to remove the excess carborundum. 14 days after infection, the infected leaves were harvested and stored at −20 °C prior to use. CPMV isolation Infected leaves were homogenized to

• ) against 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer pH 7.0 for 15 h. Gold hydroxide solution Gold hydroxide solution was prepared following the published protocol [30]. Hydrogen tetrachloroaurate (HAuCl4·3H2O) (17.4 mL of 25 mM aqueous solution) was diluted with DD water (982.6 mL), and potassium carbonate (249 mg, 1.8

• mM sodium phosphate buffer pH 7.0). Sucrose fractions containing Au-CPMV (light blue color) were collected and dialyzed against 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer pH 7.0 using 50 kDa MWCO. Carboxyl-PEG5000Au-CPMV Freshly prepared Au-CPMV (1 mg/mL) suspended in PBS buffer (20 mM sodium phosphate, 150 mM

Porous silver-coated pNIPAM-co-AAc hydrogel nanocapsules

• William W. Bryan,
• Riddhiman Medhi,
• Maria D. Marquez,
• Supparesk Rittikulsittichai,
• Michael Tran and
• T. Randall Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1973–1982, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.194

• hydrogel polymers allow researchers to tailor the LCST to biologically relevant temperatures. To this end, researchers have made significant progress toward creating photothermally responsive hydrogel-based materials that respond to variations in temperature and/or pH [61][65][66][67][68]. For example

• , Zhao et al. created pH- and temperature-sensitive bioprobes by incorporating pNIPAM hydrogel cores with europium organic complexes [67]. In separate studies, Lee and co-workers utilized both biocompatible gold nanoshells, iron oxide nanoparticles, and gold nanorods with thermo-responsive hydrogel

• the preparation of silver nanocapsules using pNIPAM-co-AAc hydrogel cores, provides a platform for potential “smart delivery” vehicles capable of responding to external stimuli (e.g., light, pH, and temperature). The delivery vehicles based on gold-coated hydrogels, having both porous shells and

Magnetic properties of biofunctionalized iron oxide nanoparticles as magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents

• Natalia E. Gervits,
• Andrey A. Gippius,
• Alexey V. Tkachev,
• Evgeniy I. Demikhov,
• Sergey S. Starchikov,
• Igor S. Lyubutin,
• Alexander L. Vasiliev,
• Vladimir P. Chekhonin,
• Maxim A. Abakumov,
• Alevtina S. Semkina and
• Alexander G. Mazhuga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1964–1972, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.193

• ) was added to the nanoparticle suspension. Then, 920 μL of glutaraldehyde was added and the mixture was incubated for 15 min with constant stirring. After that, the reaction was stopped by adding a glycine solution in water (3 M, 1 mL, pH 9.2), followed by stirring for 1 h. Finally, a NaBH4 solution in

Preservation of rutin nanosuspensions without the use of preservatives

• Pascal L. Stahr and
• Cornelia M. Keck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1902–1913, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.185

• preservatives. In previous studies it was already found that preservatives can strongly impair the physical stability of the nanosuspensions. Reasons for this are changes of pH value or of the conductivity of the dispersion medium, or the adsorption of the preservatives onto the surface of the particles, which

• this are the more pronounced particle growth due to Ostwald ripening at elevated temperatures and/or destabilization due to accelerated bacterial growth, which might excrete compounds that contribute to changes in pH value or conductivity in the medium or interact with the particles. Such changes

• dissolved during the test and thus the DPPH assay was used as a surrogate for the determination of the chemical stability. Determination of microbial quality: To verify the biological stability, a simple agar plate test after Ph. Eur. 8 was used. The agar (Müller–Hinton agar, Sigma) was dispersed in water

High-tolerance crystalline hydrogels formed from self-assembling cyclic dipeptide

• Yongcai You,
• Ruirui Xing,
• Qianli Zou,
• Feng Shi and
• Xuehai Yan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1894–1901, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.184

• rheological properties. The crystal structure remained unchanged (Figure 3E) and no obvious aggregation or precipitation was observed. Also, the microtopography of the hydrogel exhibited no obvious changes (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1). The environmental conditions, such as pH and temperature

• , play pivotal roles in practical application [53]. Also, the pH or temperature is closely related to the intermolecular forces in nanomaterials and thus always affects the stability of hydrogels. The morphology and mechanical properties of the C-WY hydrogels showed no significant change when they were

• incubated in acid or base solutions (pH 1 or pH 14) for 24 h (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S2 and S3). In addition, the thermogravimetric (TG) curves verified the robustness of the hydrogels for resisting temperatures ranging from 0 °C to about 350 °C. The TG curves of the hydrogels exhibited three

Engineered superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) for dual-modality imaging of intracranial glioblastoma via EGFRvIII targeting

• Xianping Liu,
• Chengjuan Du,
• Haichun Li,
• Ting Jiang,
• Zimiao Luo,
• Zhiqing Pang,
• Daoying Geng and
• Jun Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1860–1872, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.181

• -EGFRvIII cells was carried out on cells digested and gathered through centrifugation at 1000 rpm for 4 min. Finally, 0.5 mL of PBS (0.01 M, pH 7.4) was used to suspend the cells and the fluorescence intensity of the cells was ascertained by flow cytometry (BD, USA). U87MG and U87MG-EGFRvIII cells were

• centrifugation was performed at 1000 rpm for 4 min. Finally, 0.5 mL of PBS (0.01 M, pH 7.4) was used to suspend the cells and the fluorescence intensity of the cells was ascertained by flow cytometry (BD, USA). Cellular uptake of PEG-SPIONs The cellular uptake of NPs and PNPs were investigated on U87MG and U87MG

• qualitative analysis, the cells were washed with PBS (0.01 M, pH 7.4) three times, then DAPI-stained and observed under a fluorescence microscope (Leica, DMI4000B, Germany). For the quantitative examination of the cellular uptake of the nanoprobes, U87MG and U87MG-EGFRvIII cells were harvested after trypsin

Toxicity and safety study of silver and gold nanoparticles functionalized with cysteine and glutathione

• Barbara Pem,
• Igor M. Pongrac,
• Lea Ulm,
• Ivan Pavičić,
• Valerije Vrček,
• Darija Domazet Jurašin,
• Marija Ljubojević,
• Adela Krivohlavek and
• Ivana Vinković Vrček

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1802–1817, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.175

• , Waltham, USA) solution, washed with PBS, resuspended in PBS-based buffer containing FBS (2%) and EDTA (2 mmol L−1) (pH 7.4, filtered through 0,2 μm sterile filter) and passed through a 40 μm FalconTM cell strainer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, USA). The supernatants and the detached cells were

• (5.75 mg L−1) at pH 7.8 ± 0.5, without any organic compounds. HRN EN ISO 6341:2013 protocol and Toxkit Ephippia supplier instructions for handling were followed. The exposure was carried out in the dark and the temperature was maintained between 19 and 21 °C. The concentrated stock solutions of AgNPs

• , AuNPs, AgNO3 and HAuCl4 were diluted in the SCM to concentrations ranging between 5–1000 mg Ag L−1, 5–5000 mg Au L−1, 0.1–10 mg Ag L−1 and 0.5–50 mg Au L−1, respectively. The properties of the SCM such as temperature, pH, conductivity and oxygen levels were assessed using the respective probes from

Biocatalytic oligomerization-induced self-assembly of crystalline cellulose oligomers into nanoribbon networks assisted by organic solvents

• Yuuki Hata,
• Yuka Fukaya,
• Toshiki Sawada,
• Masahito Nishiura and
• Takeshi Serizawa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1778–1788, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.173

• (0.05 M) were incubated with CDP (0.2 U mL−1) in 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES; 0.5 M) buffer solutions containing organic solvents (DMSO, DMF, MeCN, or EtOH; 5, 10, 15, 20, or 25 vol %) at 60 °C for 72 h. Note that a HEPES buffer solution (1.5 M, pH 7.5) was used to prepare

Doxorubicin-loaded human serum albumin nanoparticles overcome transporter-mediated drug resistance in drug-adapted cancer cells

• Hannah Onafuye,
• Sebastian Pieper,
• Dennis Mulac,
• Jindrich Cinatl Jr.,
• Mark N. Wass,
• Klaus Langer and
• Martin Michaelis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1707–1715, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.166

• 20% (w/v) sodium dodecylsulfate and 50% (v/v) N,N-dimethylformamide with the pH adjusted to 4.7 at 37 °C for 4 h. The absorbance was determined at 570 nm for each well using a 96-well multiscanner. After subtracting of the background absorption, the results are expressed as percentage viability

Layered double hydroxide/sepiolite hybrid nanoarchitectures for the controlled release of herbicides

• Ediana Paula Rebitski,
• Margarita Darder and
• Pilar Aranda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1679–1690, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.163

• positively charged brucite-like layers that are balanced with anions and water molecules in the interlayer space [21]. Although there also exists in nature a Mg–Al layered double hydroxide, namely hydrotalcite, LDH materials can be easily prepared by coprecipitation from metal solutions at a controlled pH

• components in diverse electrochemical devices (such as supercapacitors, sensors, and biosensors), in drug delivery and controlled-release formulations, or in non-viral gene transfection [21][22][23][24][25][26]. The fact that the stability of LDH varies with the pH value has proved advantageous in some of

• compounds can be also produced by coprecipitation of the LDH in the presence of sepiolite and MCPA. The high pH value during the formation of MgAl-LDH facilitates the incorporation of MCPA as charge-compensating interlayer anion. The amount of adsorbed MCPA varies with the LDH/sepiolite ratio in the hybrid

Nanoporous smartPearls for dermal application – Identification of optimal silica types and a scalable production process as prerequisites for marketed products

• David Hespeler,
• Sanaa El Nomeiri,
• Jonas Kaltenbach and
• Rainer H. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1666–1678, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.162

• performed at 360 nm with 20:80 acetonitrile/acetate buffer (pH 4.8, 0.1 mol/L) as a mobile phase and at a flow rate of 1.25 mL/min. The peaks were evaluated with the provided software, KromaSystem 2000 (version 1.82). Solubility determination of rutin dissolved from smartPearls The solubility of the raw

• tempered to 25 °C. After calibration of the pH electrode and the UV–vis fiber optic, the sample was manually added immediately after and the UV–vis measurement with the fiber optic was started. The spectra were corrected using the Tyndall Rayleigh correction function. The different concentrations of raw

• active agent powder and rutin smartPearls were investigated, limited by a maximum overall absorption up to 2.5. The pH was determined over the whole measurement period. Results and Discussion Considerations for selection of the production method/variables The production method should yield a high loading

Chiral nanostructures self-assembled from nitrocinnamic amide amphiphiles: substituent and solvent effects

• Hejin Jiang,
• Huahua Fan,
• Yuqian Jiang,
• Li Zhang and
• Minghua Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1608–1617, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.156

• chiral self-assembly gained from various noncovalent interactions is a very good biomimetic system due to the intrinsic dynamic nature of such materials and smart response to external stimuli. There are some works on the dynamic helical inversion in self-assembled structures triggered by the change of pH

Synthesis of P- and N-doped carbon catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction via controlled phosphoric acid treatment of folic acid

• Rieko Kobayashi,
• Takafumi Ishii,
• Yasuo Imashiro and
• Jun-ichi Ozaki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1497–1510, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.148

• activity with the CPAT temperature. The temperature-dependence of ORR activity is remarkably large for P-series precursors. The highest ORR activity among the precursors was achieved by P-1000. Structure, chemical composition, and electronic properties of carbonized FA PH-series carbon materials were

• -SSA values, whereas the BET-SSA of PH-series carbon materials increased with increasing CPAT temperature. Specifically, the samples with CPAT temperature above 700 °C showed remarkable increases of BET-SSA. This might be caused by desorption or destruction of instable compounds formed by CPAT at these

• temperatures. Table 3 also lists N/C and P/C atomic ratios determined by XPS, demonstrating that for HH- and PH-series carbon materials. The former ratio showed no clear dependence on the pretreatment temperature and was in the range of 0.03–0.05. Conversely, the P/C atomic ratio of PH-series carbon materials

Janus-micromotor-based on–off luminescence sensor for active TNT detection

• Ye Yuan,
• Changyong Gao,
• Daolin Wang,
• Chang Zhou,
• Baohua Zhu and
• Qiang He

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1324–1331, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.131

• Janus UCNP capsule motor is reduced, simplifying the visual detection of TNT. To assess the TNT detection capacity of the motors, they were dispersed in 5% H2O2 with and without TNT at pH 12. It was found that the upconversion luminescence of the Janus UCNP capsule motor exhibits no obvious change in

Multicomponent bionanocomposites based on clay nanoarchitectures for electrochemical devices

• Giulia Lo Dico,
• Bernd Wicklein,
• Lorenzo Lisuzzo,
• Giuseppe Lazzara,
• Pilar Aranda and
• Eduardo Ruiz-Hitzky

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1303–1315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.129

• appropriate isoelectric point (at pH 4.0–4.5) for inclusion and immobilization at the surface of the halloysite lumen. Then, HNTs were exploited as nanocontainers for GOx, avoiding the direct interaction the protein with the sepiolite fibres that may lead to enzymatic inactivity [58][59]. In fact, assays

• between the active site (FAD) of the enzyme and the conducting elements of the electrode surface [72][73]. The current increase occurs at a voltage of 0.35 V, which is higher than the typical FAD/FADH2 standard voltage (−0.460 V at pH 7.0 and 25.8 °C) probably because of the presence of carbon nanotubes

• pH values are shown in Figure 5E. The polarization curves show the common behaviour of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) and EBCs and can be divided into three zones as shown in Figure 5E, commonly called the activation zone (I), ohmic losses (II), and the mass-transport zone (III) [72][73]. The open