Direct observation of the CVD growth of monolayer MoS₂ using in situ optical spectroscopy

• Claudia Beatriz López-Posadas,
• Yaxu Wei,
• Wanfu Shen,
• Daniel Kahr,
• Michael Hohage and
• Lidong Sun

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 557–564, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.57

• is sketched in Figure 3a. High purity MoO3 powder is used as the precursor for molybdenum, whereas the sulfur is supplied by vaporizing solid sulfur. High purity Ar was used as a carrier gas and a flow rate of 150 sccm was maintained during the whole process. The air in the reactor was evacuated

Ceria/polymer nanocontainers for high-performance encapsulation of fluorophores

• Kartheek Katta,
• Dmitry Busko,
• Yuri Avlasevich,
• Katharina Landfester,
• Stanislav Baluschev and
• Rafael Muñoz-Espí

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 522–530, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.53

• . The crystallization of cerium(IV) oxide nanoparticles on the surface of the polymer nanocapsules is depicted in Figure 1. First, the cerium ions from the precursor are complexed by the carboxylate functional groups and the crystallization occurs upon addition of NaOH at a controlled rate. The SEM and

• from the cerium(III) precursor itself or any of the precipitating agents (see Supporting Information File 1, Figure S5). An enhancement of the fluorescence intensity took place only in the presence of the crystallized cerium(IV) oxide. To investigate the effect of external oxygen, we recorded again the

A porous 3D-RGO@MWCNT hybrid material as Li–S battery cathode

• Yongguang Zhang,
• Jun Ren,
• Yan Zhao,
• Taizhe Tan,
• Fuxing Yin and
• Yichao Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 514–521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.52

• The synthesis of the 3D-RGO@MWCNT composite is illustrated in Figure 1, highlighting the 3D porous RGO structure and the MWCNT lattice matrix. The SEM images confirmed that the precursor composite, RGO@MWCNT@SiO2, contained 200–300 nm SiO2 particles that were successfully encased by RGO and MWCNTs

Polymorphic self-assembly of pyrazine-based tectons at the solution–solid interface

• Achintya Jana,
• Puneet Mishra and
• Neeladri Das

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 494–499, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.50

• –HOPG interface using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) technique under ambient conditions. The molecules belong to a new class of pyrazine/triazine-based molecules, containing two or more pyridine pendant units, and can act as a precursor to several two- and three-dimensional supramolecular

Temperature-dependent Raman spectroscopy and sensor applications of PtSe₂ nanosheets synthesized by wet chemistry

• Mahendra S. Pawar and
• Dattatray J. Late

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 467–474, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.46

• a homogeneous solution, the mixture was carefully stirred for 15–20 s until the colour of the solution became slightly yellow; this is referred to as the Pt precursor. In another beaker 0.8 mg of Se powder was added into a 10 mL ice-cold solution of 0.1 M NaBH4 which acts as a strong reducing agent

• for the reduction of Se powder. The solution of Se was then heated in an oil bath at 90 °C for ≈20 min in order to completely reduce the Se. After complete reduction, the colour of the solution became dark brown and is referred to as the Se precursor. The Pt precursor was then slowly added into the Se

• precursor. The colour of the solution was found to suddenly change to greenish brown. The mixture was then kept undisturbed for ≈20 min. After 20 min the complex of Pt and Se was formed on the wall of the beaker. The complex was then washed several times using deionized water. First complex was transferred

Reduced graphene oxide supported C₃N₄ nanoflakes and quantum dots as metal-free catalysts for visible light assisted CO₂ reduction

• Md Rakibuddin and
• Haekyoung Kim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 448–458, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.44

• chemicals were of analytical grade (99.9%) and used without further purification. Preparation of g-C3N4 nanoflakes and quantum dots (CN-5, CN-10, and CN-20) Bulk g-C3N4 was first prepared using urea as a precursor according to our previously described method [32]. In brief, an appropriate amount of urea

Improving control of carbide-derived carbon microstructure by immobilization of a transition-metal catalyst within the shell of carbide/carbon core–shell structures

• Teguh Ariyanto,
• Jan Glaesel,
• Andreas Kern,
• Gui-Rong Zhang and
• Bastian J. M. Etzold

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 419–427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.41

• synthesis remains a challenge. In this work, the controllability of the synthesis route is enhanced by immobilizing the transition-metal graphitization catalyst on a porous carbon shell covering the carbide precursor prior to conversion of the carbide core to carbon. The catalyst loading was varied and the

• types of carbides [19]). Commonly used graphitization catalysts are transitions metals such as Fe, Ni, and Co [18][21][22]. The conventional method for catalytic graphitization is to mix the non-porous carbide and metal catalyst precursor prior to the selective etching at high temperature. Indeed, the

• graphitic content is present, but the overall material is rather inhomogeneous [18][23]. Most likely the physical powder mixture or the simple dip coating of the powder carbide precursor with the transition-metal catalyst lead to a very inhomogeneous starting mixture, which is responsible for the final

Advanced scanning probe lithography using anatase-to-rutile transition to create localized TiO₂ nanorods

• Julian Kalb,
• Vanessa Knittel and
• Lukas Schmidt-Mende

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 412–418, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.40

• and might charge the film locally. The charges are likely trapped in defect states generated by the scratching process. Furthermore, the native silicon oxide layer prevents a quick charge transport into the conductive boron-doped silicon substrate. A charged film might attract the precursor more

Biocompatible organic–inorganic hybrid materials based on nucleobases and titanium developed by molecular layer deposition

• Leva Momtazi,
• Henrik H. Sønsteby and
• Ola Nilsen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 399–411, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.39

• summarized in Table 1. We used two different approaches for the QCM investigations in these studies. When mapping for suitable pulsing and purging parameters, we applied a basis pulsing scheme of 1 s TTIP, 1 s purge, 2 s organic precursor, 1 s purge and varied one of these parameters while recording the

• organic precursor, 10 s purge was used and the QCM results were averaged over 16 consecutive cycles (Figure 3). Such an approach highlights possible saturation levels, CVD-components and loss during purging, while attempts to extract practical pulse and purge times may be masked by effects from over

• and adenine. The origin of this is better discussed when inspecting the QCM results from the long-pulse sequences given in Figure 3. It is apparent that the thymine system shows a larger loss of material during pulsing after both TTIP and the organic precursor than any of the other systems. While the

Integration of LaMnO_3+δ films on platinized silicon substrates for resistive switching applications by PI-MOCVD

• Raquel Rodriguez-Lamas,
• Dolors Pla,
• Odette Chaix-Pluchery,
• Benjamin Meunier,
• Fabrice Wilhelm,
• Andrei Rogalev,
• Laetitia Rapenne,
• Xavier Mescot,
• Quentin Rafhay,
• Hervé Roussel,
• Michel Boudard,
• Carmen Jiménez and
• Mónica Burriel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 389–398, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.38

• ] have been used for the deposition of epitaxial and polycrystalline LMO and doped LMO thin films enabling the control of the oxygen and cation stoichiometry. Since the precursor solution is simply prepared by dissolution of metalorganic species, the stoichiometry of the film is easily tuneable by

• changing their concentration. Besides, the PI-MOCVD technique offers the additional benefit of injecting micro droplets by using an electric valve granting excellent control over the quantity of precursor transferred to the reaction chamber and therefore a good control of the thickness of the films. Hence

• grown by pulsed injection metal–organic chemical vapour deposition (PI-MOCVD) in a JIPELEC reactor [26][27]. The precursor solutions were prepared using tris(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionato)lanthanum(III) [La(thd)3] and tris(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionato)manganese(III) [Mn(thd)3

Sub-wavelength waveguide properties of 1D and surface-functionalized SnO₂ nanostructures of various morphologies

• Venkataramana Bonu,
• Binaya Kumar Sahu,
• Arindam Das,
• Sankarakumar Amirthapandian,
• Sandip Dhara and
• Harish C. Barshilia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 379–388, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.37

• understanding of the surface defects and role of morphology in 1D SnO2 nanowires can help to better utilize these nanostructures more efficiently. For this purpose, three different nanowires (NWs), namely belts, cylindrical- and square-shaped structures were grown using SnO2 quantum dots as a precursor material

• this context, there have been attempts to understand the relevant thermodynamic aspects and to evaluate the impact of parameters like temperature, pressure, and precursor concentration in the growth process [8][20][21]. Apart from different approaches for wet chemical synthesis [22] of SnO2 NSs, the

• , we focus on the growth of elongated SnO2 NWs with different cross sections such as circular, square, and rectangular (belt) using SnO2 quantum dots (QDs) as a precursor material. The waveguide behavior in square- and cylindrical-shaped NWs, uniform-sized nanobelts (NBs), tapered NBs and surface

One-step nonhydrolytic sol–gel synthesis of mesoporous TiO₂ phosphonate hybrid materials

• Yanhui Wang,
• P. Hubert Mutin and
• Johan G. Alauzun

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 356–362, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.35

• use an excess of metal precursor in order to form a metal oxide–phosphonate hybrid material. There are very few examples of the preparation of such materials by sol–gel methods [15][16], and the texture of these materials has not been reported. Actually, most metal oxide–phosphonate-based porous

• a small amount of noncondensed diethyl octylphosphonate precursor, possibly molecules trapped in the network of this nonporous sample (see below). The attenuated total reflection (ATR)-Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of the TiO2–octylphosphonate hybrid materials (Figure 2) showed a single

A Ni(OH)₂ nanopetals network for high-performance supercapacitors synthesized by immersing Ni nanofoam in water

• Donghui Zheng,
• Man Li,
• Yongyan Li,
• Chunling Qin,
• Yichao Wang and
• Zhifeng Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 281–293, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.27

• dealloying the MG precursor and subsequently immersing the dealloyed sample in deionized water. The layers of the structure are in close contact with each other, indicating the good integrity of the electrode. The inset is a locally magnified SEM image showing the structure of the “ion reservoir” and is in

Site-specific growth of oriented ZnO nanocrystal arrays

• Rekha Bai,
• Dinesh K. Pandya,
• Sujeet Chaudhary,
• Veer Dhaka,
• Vladislav Khayrudinov,
• Jori Lemettinen,
• Christoffer Kauppinen and
• Harri Lipsanen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 274–280, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.26

• was kept at 60 °C. For the growth of ZnO, the precursor solution was obtained from the 1 mM Zn(NO3)3·6H2O. The electrochemical deposition of ZnO was carried out in solution having pH ≈5.6 at deposition potential −1.0 V (vs SCE) for 15 minutes using an electrochemical analyzer (CHI1104A). After

• adsorption of positively (or negatively) charged species. In the present work, only Zn(NO3)3·6H2O is used as precursor to fabricate ZnO crystals and the reaction involved for the formation of ZnO crystals is as follows: As only NO2− ions are released during the reaction, so we can say that the two

Removal of toxic heavy metals from river water samples using a porous silica surface modified with a new β-ketoenolic host

• Said Tighadouini,
• Smaail Radi,
• Abderrahman Elidrissi,
• Khadija Haboubi,
• Maryse Bacquet,
• Stéphanie Degoutin,
• Mustapha Zaghrioui and
• Yann Garcia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 262–273, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.25

• -3-(pyridin-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-one was successful. FTIR spectra of original silica gel (SiG), SiNH2 and SiNL are shown in Figure 1. The characteristics of the precursor materials (SiG, SiNH2) are consistent with literature [44][45][46][47][48]. In the SiNL spectrum, the stretching vibration of O–H band

Relation between thickness, crystallite size and magnetoresistance of nanostructured La_1−xSr_xMn_yO_3±δ films for magnetic field sensors

• Rasuole Lukose,
• Valentina Plausinaitiene,
• Milita Vagner,
• Nerija Zurauskiene,
• Skirmantas Kersulis,
• Virgaudas Kubilius,
• Karolis Motiejuitis,
• Birute Knasiene,
• Voitech Stankevic,
• Zita Saltyte,
• Martynas Skapas,
• Algirdas Selskis and
• Evaldas Naujalis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 256–261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.24

• properties of the nanostructured manganite were changed by variation of the processing conditions: precursor solution concentration, supply frequency and number of supply sources during the PI-MOCVD growth process. The results showed that the thick (≈400 nm) nanostructured LSMO films, grown using an

• additional supply source of precursor solution in an exponentially decreasing manner, exhibit the highest magnetoresistance and the lowest magnetoresistance anisotropy. The possibility to use these films for the development of magnetic field sensors operating at room temperature is discussed. Keywords

• ) [19][20] was used to enable easy and reproducible control of the growth rate and nucleation site density by introducing the additional supply source of the precursor solution to the reaction chamber. The novelty of our investigations concerns the growth of La1−xSrxMnyO3±δ (LSMO) films on ceramic Al2O3

Thermal control of the defunctionalization of supported Au₂₅(glutathione)₁₈ catalysts for benzyl alcohol oxidation

• Zahraa Shahin,
• Hyewon Ji,
• Rodica Chiriac,
• Nadine Essayem,
• Franck Rataboul and
• Aude Demessence

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 228–237, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.21

• hydroxide, Zr(OH)4, was used as a precursor for the ZrO2 nanoparticles. Zr(OH)4 was calcined at 550 °C for 12 h under air at a rate of 2 °C/min. The powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern of the obtained powder indicated the presence of two crystallographic phases of ZrO2, monoclinic and tetragonal (Figure

Uniform Sb₂S₃ optical coatings by chemical spray method

• Jako S. Eensalu,
• Atanas Katerski,
• Erki Kärber,
• Ilona Oja Acik,
• Arvo Mere and
• Malle Krunks

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 198–210, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.18

• produced polycrystalline uniform films of Sb2S3 (Eg 1.8 eV) with a post-deposition thermal treatment of amorphous Sb2S3 layers in vacuum at 170 °C, <4 × 10−6 Torr for 5 minutes. The effects of the deposition temperature, the precursor molar ratio and the thermal treatment temperature on the Sb2S3 layers

• pyrolysis in air by tuning of the deposition temperature, the Sb/S precursor molar ratio in the spray solution, and the post-deposition treatment temperature. Keywords: antimony sulfide; thin films; ultrasonic spray; vacuum annealing; Volmer–Weber growth; Introduction Antimony sulfide (Sb2S3) is an

• -deposited Sb2S3 by pneumatically spraying aqueous solutions (tartaric acid added as complexing agent to prevent hydrolysis [10], akin to studies by Rajpure et al. [11]) or methanolic solutions of SbCl3. Following, we studied the effect of the Sb/S precursor molar ratio in solution on ultrasonically sprayed

Nanoporous water oxidation electrodes with a low loading of laser-deposited Ru/C exhibit enhanced corrosion stability

• Sandra Haschke,
• Dmitrii Pankin,
• Vladimir Mikhailovskii,
• Maïssa K. S. Barr,
• Adriana Both-Engel,
• Alina Manshina and
• Julien Bachmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 157–167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.15

• high activity (current per mass of noble metal) for electrocatalytic water oxidation. Results and Discussion Laser-induced deposition of planar hybrid Ru/C films According to previous studies on the one-step laser-induced deposition method of AuAg/C composite, the choice of organometallic precursor

• , microscope cover glasses provided with approx. 700 nm of heat-treated indium tin oxide (ITO, which serves as the electrical contact in subsequent electrochemical measurements) are placed for laser-induced coating on a microcuvette filled with the precursor solution. An unfocused He-Cd laser beam irradiates

• of Ru and C in the deposited film (see Figure S1 in Supporting Information File 1). This is the first demonstration of Ru/C hybrid material generated by laser-induced deposition. Furthermore, this represents the first use of a commercially available precursor in this method, which simplifies the

pH-mediated control over the mesostructure of ordered mesoporous materials templated by polyion complex micelles

• Emilie Molina,
• Mélody Mathonnat,
• Jason Richard,
• Patrick Lacroix-Desmazes,
• Martin In,
• Philippe Dieudonné,
• Thomas Cacciaguerra,
• Corine Gérardin and
• Nathalie Marcotte

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 144–156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.14

• inorganic precursor and hydrolysis and condensation of the silica precursor. Bearing this in mind, the lack of a well-defined periodic structure of MSU-X may be imputed to the type of silica precursor generally used, namely alkoxysilanes like tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), whose rate of hydrolysis and

• mesopores to be obtained up to pH 6.5. Interestingly, this relatively inexpensive silica precursor and the rather environmentally friendly synthesis route employed (neutral pH conditions, low temperature, short synthesis and aging times) open up new opportunities for batch and continuous mode large-scale

New micro/mesoporous nanocomposite material from low-cost sources for the efficient removal of aromatic and pathogenic pollutants from water

• Emmanuel I. Unuabonah,
• Robert Nöske,
• Jens Weber,
• Christina Günter and
• Andreas Taubert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 119–131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.11

• for the future. However, more studies still need to be conducted to ascertain this. Conclusion This study introduces the newest generation of the HYCA material, namely, 2Z-HYCA, two low-cost precursor sources, kaolinite clay and Carica papaya seeds, synthesized without the need for alkali activation

Wet chemistry route for the decoration of carbon nanotubes with iron oxide nanoparticles for gas sensing

• Hussam M. Elnabawy,
• Juan Casanova-Chafer,
• Badawi Anis,
• Mostafa Fedawy,
• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Carla Bittencourt,
• Ahmed S. G. Khalil,
• Eduard Llobet and
• Xavier Vilanova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 105–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.10

• drying oven at 80 °C for 4 hours. For the decoration of carbon nanotubes, iron(III) nitrate nonahydrate was used as the iron precursor. 50 mg of the acidic-activated carbon nanotubes were added to 50 mL of solvent together with a corresponding amount of Fe(NO3)3·9H2O salt. Different solvents, methanol

• be used in the production of iron-loaded CNT samples for further analysis, including the production of gas sensors. Once the best solvent was identified, it was necessary to determine the effect of the amount of iron oxide precursor employed on the decoration results (i.e., density and homogeneity of

• increases, more iron precursor will be able to reach and interact with a larger number of defects on the MWCNTs side walls. Therefore, the density of the formed iron nanoparticles will increase. However, the average particle size of those nanoparticles will be the same because the side defects have the same

Surface plasmon resonance enhancement of photoluminescence intensity and bioimaging application of gold nanorod@CdSe/ZnS quantum dots

• Siyi Hu,
• Yu Ren,
• Yue Wang,
• Jinhua Li,
• Junle Qu,
• Liwei Liu,
• Hanbin Ma and
• Yuguo Tang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 22–31, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.3

• QDs A selenium precursor was prepared by reducing 19.4 mg of selenium powder with 40 mg of sodium borohydride (NaBH4) in 1 mL of nitrogen-saturated DI water at room temperature. The mixture was stirred for 1–2 h until it became colorless. MPA-CdSe QDs were synthesized by the previously reported method

• . Briefly, 366 mg of CdCl2, 440 μL of MPA, and 50 mL of nitrogen-saturated water were loaded into a three-necked flask under stirring. The pH was adjusted to 10 by dropwise addition of sodium hydroxide solution. The Se precursor was then injected into the mixture under nitrogen atmosphere, and the reaction

Zn/F-doped tin oxide nanoparticles synthesized by laser pyrolysis: structural and optical properties

• Florian Dumitrache,
• Iuliana P. Morjan,
• Elena Dutu,
• Ion Morjan,
• Claudiu Teodor Fleaca,
• Monica Scarisoreanu,
• Alina Ilie,
• Marius Dumitru,
• Cristian Mihailescu,
• Adriana Smarandache and
• Gabriel Prodan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 9–21, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.2

• states and VB/CB” (valence band/conduction band) “by adjusting the position of bandgap to obtain an optimized narrow value” [23]. Thus, using a solution-based single-source precursor (Er-doped KSnF3), oxygen-vacancy-rich nanocrystals of co-doped Er and F SnO2 were obtained at low temperature with an

• the undoped reference sample is the only one where the clear signature of a stannous oxide phase can be observed, even when the amount of tin precursor and oxygen used for their synthesis is the same as that used for the ZTOst sample, where SF6 was used as a sensitizer instead C2H4. Due to the better

• slightly cools the flame due to its endothermal decomposition. This consequently creates a hotter reaction zone – and as in the case of the ZTOst sample synthesis without the zinc precursor, this favors the SF6 decomposition with fluorine release. The presence of an increased Zn content is observed in the

Femtosecond laser-assisted fabrication of chalcopyrite micro-concentrator photovoltaics

• Franziska Ringleb,
• Stefan Andree,
• Berit Heidmann,
• Jörn Bonse,
• Katharina Eylers,
• Owen Ernst,
• Torsten Boeck,
• Martina Schmid and
• Jörg Krüger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 3025–3038, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.281

• of the islands. By optimizing the growth conditions, it was possible to determine parameters (ca. 500 °C substrate temperature and 0.3 Å/s deposition rate) at which suitable indium island (precursor) dimensions were achieved [17]. Figure 7 displays the result of the optimization process for an array

• production of precursor structures for CIGSe microabsorbers is the so-called laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT). In this method, a single laser pulse is used to transfer a part of a donor film located on a transparent substrate onto an acceptor substrate in a spatially structured manner. Prior to the

• electrical and high thermal conductivity, the photoresist SU8 was used for this purpose. In order to apply the photoresist, a precursor solution was distributed evenly on the sample via spin coating (Figure 12b). Subsequently, this solution was photochemically converted into SU8 and cured by means of thermal