Towards 3D self-assembled rolled multiwall carbon nanotube structures by spontaneous peel off

• Jonathan Quinson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1865–1872, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.168

• clarity, cross section images of MWCNT forests were obtained by simply cleaving the silicon wafer after MWCNT growth, in order to expose the inside of the MWCNT forests for both Raman and SEM. This was simply achieved by applying mechanical pressure on the edge of the silicon wafer. EDS mapping and

Scanning transmission imaging in the helium ion microscope using a microchannel plate with a delay line detector

• Eduardo Serralta,
• Nico Klingner,
• Olivier De Castro,
• Michael Mousley,
• Santhana Eswara,
• Serge Duarte Pinto,
• Tom Wirtz and
• Gregor Hlawacek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1854–1864, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.167

• isolation valve closed) at a sample chamber pressure of 2 × 10−7 mbar, we measured a dark-count rate of 80 cps. The delay line readout has a specified maximum count rate of 5 Mcps for randomly distributed events. However, in practice, the count rate is limited by the non-random nature of the transmitted

• Orion NanoFab chamber, with a reduced travel range. The images presented in this work in transmission mode, unless stated differently, were taken while operating the microscope at 30 kV acceleration voltage, with a 10 μm aperture, in spot control 6 (crossover position of −247 mm) and gun gas pressure of

• based on their gray levels. For this image we used 30 kV acceleration voltage, with a 5 μm aperture, in spot control 5, a gun gas pressure of 1.3 × 10−6 mbar, and 300 μs pixel dwell time. The sample comprises a 20 nm thick silicon nitride membrane used as a support layer. A 20 nm thick layer of silicon

Unravelling the interfacial interaction in mesoporous SiO₂@nickel phyllosilicate/TiO₂ core–shell nanostructures for photocatalytic activity

• Bridget K. Mutuma,
• Xiluva Mathebula,
• Isaac Nongwe,
• Bonakele P. Mtolo,
• Boitumelo J. Matsoso,
• Rudolph Erasmus,
• Zikhona Tetana and
• Neil J. Coville

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1834–1846, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.165

• infrared (FTIR) spectrometer with measurements between 600 cm−1 and 4000 cm−1. The XPS analyses were obtained with a Kratos Axis supra spectrometer using an Al Kα source. Photocatalytic test A glass reactor equipped with a 100 W high-pressure mercury lamp (Sol 2A, Newport 94022A model) was used and the

Electron beam-induced deposition of platinum from Pt(CO)₂Cl₂ and Pt(CO)₂Br₂

• Aya Mahgoub,
• Hang Lu,
• Rachel M. Thorman,
• Konstantin Preradovic,
• Titel Jurca,
• Lisa McElwee-White,
• Howard Fairbrother and
• Cornelis W. Hagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1789–1800, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.161

• distance) in all deposition experiments. This allows for some thermal expansion of the needle when the GIS is heated. After installing each precursor-filled GIS, its crucible temperature was determined. The desired temperature should generate a pressure rise that is sufficient for deposition without

• exceeding the maximum pressure allowed in the SEM chamber (approximately 10−4 mbar). A silicon substrate was used for all deposition experiments, patterned such that circular areas of pristine silicon are surrounded by black silicon (obtained by reactive ion etching). The black silicon area aids in focusing

• introducing the Pt(CO)2X2 precursor into a chamber (base pressure of 3 × 10−9 mbar) furnished with a PHI 610 Scanning Auger Microprobe system (LaB6 filament). The precursor was heated to 85–90 °C (Pt(CO)2Br2) or approx. 80 °C (Pt(CO)2Cl2) and leaked through an UHV-compatible leak valve equipped with a

Molecular dynamics modeling of the influence forming process parameters on the structure and morphology of a superconducting spin valve

• Alexander Vakhrushev,
• Aleksey Fedotov,
• Vladimir Boian,
• Roman Morari and
• Anatolie Sidorenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1776–1788, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.160

• and pressure for the deposited atoms was not regulated. The deposited atoms are given an initial velocity of approximately 0.1 Å/ps (or 10 m/s) towards the substrate surface. Subsequently, the speed of these atoms gradually decreases due to the energy exchange with the substrate surface atoms and the

Mapping of integrated PIN diodes with a 3D architecture by scanning microwave impedance microscopy and dynamic spectroscopy

• Rosine Coq Germanicus,
• Peter De Wolf,
• Florent Lallemand,
• Catherine Bunel,
• Serge Bardy,
• Hugues Murray and
• Ulrike Lüders

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1764–1775, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.159

• polysilicon layer, both deposited by low-pressure chemical vapour deposition (LPCVD). Figure 6 shows the mappings obtained on the cross section of the bottom of a deep trench, showing the ∂C/∂V phase, ∂C/∂V amplitude, sMIM-R, and sMIM-C responses. The signature of the ∂C/∂V phase (Figure 6a) clearly reveals

Direct observation of the Si(110)-(16×2) surface reconstruction by atomic force microscopy

• Tatsuya Yamamoto,
• Ryo Izumi,
• Kazushi Miki,
• Takahiro Yamasaki,
• Yasuhiro Sugawara and
• Yan Jun Li

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1750–1756, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.157

• were performed using noncontact atomic force microscopy (NC-AFM) under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions, where the frequency modulation AFM (FM-AFM) method was used. The pressure was maintained below 3 × 10−11 Torr and the temperature was held at 78 K. As a probe, a commercially available Si

• shows an AFM image of a 16×2 reconstruction with sudden protrusions on L-P3 sites (defined in Figure 2a). The direction of fast scan was left to right, and that of slow scan was top to bottom. It can be ruled out that there were adsorbates on L-P3 sites because the pressure was kept below 3 × 10−11 Torr

Seebeck coefficient of silicon nanowire forests doped by thermal diffusion

• Shaimaa Elyamny,
• Elisabetta Dimaggio and
• Giovanni Pennelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1707–1713, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.153

• is squeezed between two aluminum blocks maintained at different temperatures TH = THot and TC = TCold. Given the surface A of the sample, the squeezing pressure has been set to 20 MPa for all measured samples. A third block THRef is maintained at the same temperature as TH (within ±0.1°), so that the

• the contacts ℜCA = (1.8 ± 0.6) × 10−5 m2·K/W. It has been assumed that the contact thermal resistance ℜCA was the same for all the samples, since it depends on the mechanical pressure, which has been set to 20 MPa during all measurements. The thermal resistance of the contacts ℜCA is fundamental for

Out-of-plane surface patterning by subsurface processing of polymer substrates with focused ion beams

• Serguei Chiriaev,
• Luciana Tavares,
• Vadzim Adashkevich,
• Arkadiusz J. Goszczak and
• Horst-Günter Rubahn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1693–1703, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.151

• of the cells in rows 1 and 2 in Figure 4a and confirmed by AFM imaging in Figure 4b. These effects are attributed to the accumulation of gases from radiolysis at the Au film/PMMA interface and to the pressure that becomes, at a certain fluence and at certain places, sufficiently high to delaminate

The influence of an interfacial hBN layer on the fluorescence of an organic molecule

• Christine Brülke,
• Oliver Bauer and
• Moritz M. Sokolowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1663–1684, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.149

• out in an ultrahigh-vacuum chamber with a base pressure of 2.3 × 10−10 mbar. The Cu(111) sample could be heated up to 1100 K via a tungsten filament and electron bombardment and cooled down to 20 K by using liquid helium. The hBN layer was grown by dosing the precursor borazine [(HBNH)3] into the

Piezoelectric sensor based on graphene-doped PVDF nanofibers for sign language translation

• Shuai Yang,
• Xiaojing Cui,
• Rui Guo,
• Zhiyi Zhang,
• Shengbo Sang and
• Hulin Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1655–1662, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.148

• . Nowadays, pressure and bending angle sensors are mainly based on signals caused by a changing force [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. Plenty of measurement methods, using different materials and different principles, have been proposed in recent years [26]. Although these sensors can detect various

• ][45][46][47][48]. In the era of smart sensing, there is an increasing need for self-powered pressure and bending sensing systems [49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64]. In this study, we propose a flexible self-powered piezoelectric sensor (PES) based on graphene (GR)-doped

• PVDF nanofibers. The fiber properties after electrospinning were measured, and a potential application of the PES in the translation of sign language was successfully demonstrated. The designed PES shows a high sensitivity regarding both pressure and bending. In particular, a stable angle mapping under

Amorphized length and variability in phase-change memory line cells

• Nafisa Noor,
• Sadid Muneer,
• Raihan Sayeed Khan,
• Anna Gorbenko and
• Helena Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1644–1654, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.147

• capped by silicon nitride [24]. All cells were approx. 130 nm in width, WGST, approx. 470 nm in length between the metal contacts, LGST, and approx. 50 nm in thickness, tGST (SEM image in inset of Figure 2a). The as-fabricated cells were annealed in a Janis ST-500-UHT probe station at a pressure of

Oxidation of Au/Ag films by oxygen plasma: phase separation and generation of nanoporosity

• Abdel-Aziz El Mel,
• Said A. Mansour,
• Mujaheed Pasha,
• Atef Zekri,
• Janarthanan Ponraj,
• Akshath Shetty and
• Yousef Haik

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1608–1614, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.143

• morphology typical of sputtered thin films at a low pressure and temperature. When the samples were submitted to oxidation for three minutes, there were no significant changes in film thickness or morphology in comparison to the control case (Figure 3a,b). However, when the oxidation time was increased to 15

• % of silver and gold, respectively, as determined by EDS. The deposition time was 15 min, the deposition pressure was fixed at 10 mTorr and the distance between the substrate and the targets was ≈10 cm. All deposition processes were carried out on single crystal silicon wafers at a 30 rpm rotation

• the morphological evolution happening at the surface of the films as a function of the oxidation time: (a, b) 3 min, (c, d) 15 min and (e, f) 30 min. For all the samples the electrical power was fixed at 100 W and the pressure was fixed at 3 Pa. Scale bar: 2 µm. Cross-section SEM images showing the

Electrokinetic characterization of synthetic protein nanoparticles

• Daniel F. Quevedo,
• Cody J. Lentz,
• Adriana Coll de Peña,
• Yazmin Hernandez,
• Nahal Habibi,
• Rikako Miki,
• Joerg Lahann and
• Blanca H. Lapizco-Encinas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1556–1567, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.138

• pressure-driven techniques, allow for intraparticle spatial control of the material composition through layer-by-layer techniques, no previous synthetic schemes were able to synthesize anisotropic protein nanoparticles with distinct hemispheres [5][11][12]. To address this issue, we have adapted

• aggregates. This low-conductivity medium has a limited buffer capacity. A sample of suspended SPNPs (1–5 µL) was injected into a device before the electrodes were inserted and the pressure was equalized. In order to determine the trapping voltage of one particular type of SPNPs, a range of increasing voltage

• . With the new sample, each time a new voltage was applied, the system was returned to a neutral pressure. Voltage values were decreased by 100 V increments until a smooth trapping band was no longer observed. Fabrication process of synthetic protein nanoparticles (SPNPs). (a) A representation of the

Cu₂O nanoparticles for the degradation of methyl parathion

• Juan Rizo,
• David Díaz,
• Benito Reyes-Trejo and
• M. Josefina Arellano-Jiménez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1546–1555, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.137

• is attributed to the technique used for dehydration (lyophilization) before the NMR spectra were obtained. In other words, during the lyophilization process when water is removed by lowering the temperature and pressure followed by an increase in temperature so that water is removed by sublimation

Adsorption and self-assembly of porphyrins on ultrathin CoO films on Ir(100)

• Feifei Xiang,
• Tobias Schmitt,
• Marco Raschmann and
• M. Alexander Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1516–1524, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.134

• vacuum (UHV) at a base pressure of 8 × 10−11 mbar. STM images were taken using a custom-built low-temperature UHV STM operated at liquid-nitrogen temperature (80 K). We used etched tungsten tips and the bias voltage is the potential of the sample with respect to the tip. Co-DPP (1, PorphyChem SAS, 98

Controlling the electronic and physical coupling on dielectric thin films

• Philipp Hurdax,
• Michael Hollerer,
• Larissa Egger,
• Georg Koller,
• Xiaosheng Yang,
• Anja Haags,
• Serguei Soubatch,
• Frank Stefan Tautz,
• Mathias Richter,
• Alexander Gottwald,
• Peter Puschnig,
• Martin Sterrer and
• Michael G. Ramsey

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1492–1503, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.132

• them with scanning probe techniques. Generally, however, studies with orbital resolution tend to focus on very low coverages, where only charged species will be present. Experimental All experiments were performed under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions with a base pressure of ≤3 × 10−10 mbar. The Ag

• pressure of 10−6 mbar, followed by slow cooling (approximately 2.5 °C/min). This is the accepted procedure that provides epitaxial MgO(100) films with high structural quality [19][34]. One ML of MgO is defined as a single atomic layer (i.e., half a unit cell of crystalline bulk MgO), corresponding to a

Self-assembly and spectroscopic fingerprints of photoactive pyrenyl tectons on hBN/Cu(111)

• Domenik M. Zimmermann,
• Knud Seufert,
• Luka Ðorđević,
• Tobias Hoh,
• Sushobhan Joshi,
• Tomas Marangoni,
• Davide Bonifazi and
• Willi Auwärter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1470–1483, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.130

• design and surface organization. Experimental STM and STS All scanning-probe experiments were performed in a custom-designed UHV system hosting a CreaTec low-temperature STM (CreaTec Fischer & Co. GmbH, createc.de) and providing a base pressure below 1 × 10–9 mbar. The monocrystalline Cu(111) substrate

• coverage of the pyrene modules was deposited by organic molecular beam epitaxy from thoroughly degassed quartz crucibles held at 450–500 K. During deposition, the Cu(111) surface was kept at rt, and the pressure remained below 2 × 10–9 mbar. The STM images were acquired in constant current mode, with the

Antimicrobial metal-based nanoparticles: a review on their synthesis, types and antimicrobial action

• Matías Guerrero Correa,
• Fernanda B. Martínez,
• Cristian Patiño Vidal,
• Camilo Streitt,
• Juan Escrig and
• Carol Lopez de Dicastillo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1450–1469, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.129

• pressure at which the ball mills are subjected to in a grinder. By using this technique, Kim et al. have discussed how ZnO NPs can be developed with sizes ranging from 20 to 30 nm [26]. The microwave-thermal method [27][28][29][30] allows small particles to be obtained with a narrow size distribution from

• living organisms [70][71]. Moreover, the physical-based synthesis methods require expensive equipment, high temperature and high pressure, which makes it an unprofitable and unscalable method [10]. On the other hand, the chemical methods use and generate toxic chemicals that can cause dangerous effects

• synthesis" or "nanoparticle biosynthesis" methods, has arisen. In addition to their ecologically friendly nature, these techniques also present a higher performance, less energy costs (temperature and pressure), and they are profitable, biocompatible, safe, and easy to expand on a larger scale [72][74

One-step synthesis of carbon-supported electrocatalysts

• Sebastian Tigges,
• Nicolas Wöhrl,
• Ivan Radev,
• Ulrich Hagemann,
• Markus Heidelmann,
• Thai Binh Nguyen,
• Stanislav Gorelkov,
• Stephan Schulz and
• Axel Lorke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1419–1431, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.126

• illustrated in Figure 1. For details on the experimental procedures, see the Experimental section. A typical CNW sheet of a sample processed at 8 Pa chamber pressure, 60 sccm argon carrier gas flow rate, and 350 °C substrate temperature is shown in a bright-field transmission electron microscope (TEM

• properties of the support Figure 4 shows the influence of the carrier gas flow rate (a), pressure (b), and substrate temperature (c) on the CNW morphology. The wall density, as well as the growth rate, was found to increase with increasing gas flow rate, decreasing pressure and increasing substrate

•  1) and carrier gas flow rates (Table 2). At a low substrate temperature of 350 °C, the platinum loading and degree of oxidation of both the whole Pt/CNW layer and the Pt-NPs alone largely depend on process pressure and carrier gas flow rate. The Pt loading was found to increase with decreasing

Analysis of catalyst surface wetting: the early stage of epitaxial germanium nanowire growth

• Owen C. Ernst,
• Felix Lange,
• David Uebel,
• Thomas Teubner and
• Torsten Boeck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1371–1380, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.121

• possibility to further process the obtained particles as nanocatalysts is verified. The importance of a persistent thin communication wetting layer between the particles and its effects on particle size and number is also clarified here. In particular, the intrinsic reduction of the Laplace pressure of the

• grow germanium nanowires on different substrates is described. Keywords: dewetting; germanium; interfacial energy; Laplace pressure; nanostructure; nanowire; Ostwald ripening; wetting layer; Introduction Wetting phenomena as well as the formation and movement of droplets are essential for numerous

• again. The mean droplet diameter remains constant over the entire temperature range. This effect can be explained by droplet re-evaporation. The vapour pressure of bulk gold at 550 °C is between 10−11 and 10−13 mbar [24] and it becomes even higher on highly curved surfaces, such as droplets. Small

Impact of fluorination on interface energetics and growth of pentacene on Ag(111)

• Qi Wang,
• Meng-Ting Chen,
• Antoni Franco-Cañellas,
• Bin Shen,
• Thomas Geiger,
• Holger F. Bettinger,
• Frank Schreiber,
• Ingo Salzmann,
• Alexander Gerlach and
• Steffen Duhm

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1361–1370, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.120

• in situ under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions. The analysis chamber (base pressure: 3 × 10−10 mbar) contained a VG Scienta EW4000 HAXPES hemispherical photoelectron analyzer, which was mounted at 90° relative to the incident X-ray beam. The reflectivity and photoelectron core level spectra of all

• (base pressure: 3 × 10−10 mbar) for substrate preparation, thin film evaporation and analysis. LEED was performed using a Micro-Channel-Plate LEED (OCI BDL800IR-MCP). Photoelectron spectroscopy experiments were performed using a SPECS PHOIBOS 150 analyzer and monochromatized He I radiation (21.22 eV

Effect of localized helium ion irradiation on the performance of synthetic monolayer MoS₂ field-effect transistors

• Jakub Jadwiszczak,
• Pierce Maguire,
• Conor P. Cullen,
• Georg S. Duesberg and
• Hongzhou Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1329–1335, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.117

• ). Prior to testing, the devices were outgassed at a pressure of approx. 10−5 mbar for 12 h to minimize surface adsorbates. Helium ion irradiations were carried out at a beam energy of 30 keV and He gas pressure of 2 × 10−6 Torr, using a Zeiss Nanofab microscope. The fabricated MoS2 FETs were placed in the

Magnetohydrodynamic stagnation point on a Casson nanofluid flow over a radially stretching sheet

• Ganji Narender,
• Kamatam Govardhan and
• Gobburu Sreedhar Sarma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1303–1315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.114

• viscosity, ρf is the fluid density, α represents the thermal diffusivity, Cp represents a constant pressure for a specific heat value, k0 denotes a chemical reaction coefficient, (ρcp)f represents the heat capacity, DB represents the Brownian diffusion coefficient, Q0 represents the volumetric heat

Structure and electrochemical performance of electrospun-ordered porous carbon/graphene composite nanofibers

• Yi Wang,
• Yanhua Song,
• Chengwei Ye and
• Lan Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1280–1290, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.112

• . This is due to the fact that large mesoporous holes are more suitable for rapid ion diffusion at a high-load current density. This way, the specific surface area generated by these pores is effectively utilized [39]. At relatively high pressure values (P/P0 > 0.5), there was an evident hysteresis loop

• due to capillary condensation in the mesopores, which also indicated a high mesoporous content [40]. At relatively low pressure levels (P/P0 < 0.1), the amount of nitrogen adsorbed on the sample was almost insignificant, which indicated the existence of negligible micropores. Moreover, the increased

• nitrogen adsorption at a high relative pressure (P/P0 > 0.8) illustrated that the sample had a certain amount of macropores, which was beneficial to the kinetic process during the contact between the electrolyte and the electrodes, providing a better electrolyte-buffer base [41]. The PSD curves shown in