The systemic effect of PEG-nGO-induced oxidative stress in vivo in a rodent model

• Qura Tul Ain,
• Samina Hyder Haq,
• Abeer Alshammari,
• Moudhi Abdullah Al-Mutlaq and
• Muhammad Naeem Anjum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 901–911, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.91

• delivery in clinical use remains unclear. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have the potential to cause tissue destruction [35] and play an important role in the pathology of certain human diseases including atherosclerosis [36], rheumatoid arthritis [37], cancer [38], and neurodegenerative diseases [39

Ceria/polymer nanocontainers for high-performance encapsulation of fluorophores

• Kartheek Katta,
• Dmitry Busko,
• Yuri Avlasevich,
• Katharina Landfester,
• Stanislav Baluschev and
• Rafael Muñoz-Espí

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 522–530, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.53

• free-radical scavengers in biomedical applications as a potent therapeutic option for the treatment of disorders generated by reactive oxygen species, such as neurodegenerative disorders, retinal disorders and cancer [43][44][45]. In this work, we report the process of armoring anionically

Comparative biological effects of spherical noble metal nanoparticles (Rh, Pd, Ag, Pt, Au) with 4–8 nm diameter

• Alexander Rostek,
• Marina Breisch,
• Kevin Pappert,
• Kateryna Loza,
• Marc Heggen,
• Manfred Köller,
• Christina Sengstock and
• Matthias Epple

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2763–2774, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.258

• after unintended exposure [10][11][12][13][14]. Noble metal nanoparticles such as Au, Pt, Pd, and Rh have distinct catalytic properties in biology, and have been reported to show several enzyme-like activities in vitro, including reactive oxygen species scavenger activity [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22

Size-selected Fe₃O₄–Au hybrid nanoparticles for improved magnetism-based theranostics

• Maria V. Efremova,
• Yulia A. Nalench,
• Eirini Myrovali,
• Anastasiia S. Garanina,
• Ivan S. Grebennikov,
• Polina K. Gifer,
• Maxim A. Abakumov,
• Marina Spasova,
• Makis Angelakeris,
• Alexander G. Savchenko,
• Michael Farle,
• Natalia L. Klyachko,
• Alexander G. Majouga and
• Ulf Wiedwald

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2684–2699, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.251

• detection by 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCFDA). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by cells was also investigated during hyperthermia in vitro experiments. In this case, unfixed cells (exposed to AMF and control cells) were washed twice with HBSS supplemented with 2 mM L-glutamine

• -44 and MNP-25 samples (Figure S2), T2-weighted MRI-images of the NP solutions in water and 2% agarose (Figure S3), hydrodynamic size of NPs in water (Table S1), a cell viability study by MTS assay (Table S2), apoptosis/necrosis activation (Figures S4 and S6) as well as reactive oxygen species

• tested by several methods. Standard MTS assay (Figure 7, Table S2, Supporting Information File 1) was conducted to investigate the NP cytotoxicity. These results are supplemented with apoptosis/necrosis activation (Figures S4 and S6, Supporting Information File 1) and production of reactive oxygen

Enhanced antineoplastic/therapeutic efficacy using 5-fluorouracil-loaded calcium phosphate nanoparticles

• Shanid Mohiyuddin,
• Saba Naqvi and
• Gopinath Packirisamy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2499–2515, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.233

• observed in FE-SEM micrographs. The up-regulated proapoptotic and down-regulated antiapoptotic gene expressions were further confirmed with semiquantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were quantified via flow cytometry

• cell death involves the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) molecules (e.g., O2−, OH·, H2O2) [44]. The elevated level of ROS species interferes with the normal metabolism of the cells by disrupting cell structures such as lipids, proteins and DNA [45]. This increased oxidative

• . In its reduced state, CellROX deep red has no or little fluorescence. Upon oxidation by reactive oxygen species, the increased bright red fluorescence emission of CellROX deep red dye can be easily quantified by fluorescence via flow cytometry [46]. The finding was quite interesting whereby 5.1% of

Review on nanoparticles and nanostructured materials: history, sources, toxicity and regulations

• Jaison Jeevanandam,
• Ahmed Barhoum,
• Yen S. Chan,
• Alain Dufresne and
• Michael K. Danquah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1050–1074, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.98

• reactions associated with NPs and NSMs and the regulations implemented by different countries to reduce the associated risks are also discussed. Keywords: nanomaterial classification; nanomaterial history; nanotoxicity; oxidative stress; reactive oxygen species; regulations; Review Introduction

• containing metals have the capability of damaging lung tissues by producing reactive oxygen species [43]. A case study shows that the quality of air in Asia and North America is heavily disturbed during every spring season due to dust storms occurring in the Gobi desert [52][53]. More recently, Shi et al

Comparative study of antibacterial properties of polystyrene films with TiO_x and Cu nanoparticles fabricated using cluster beam technique

• Vladimir N. Popok,
• Cesarino M. Jeppesen,
• Peter Fojan,
• Anna Kuzminova,
• Jan Hanuš and
• Ondřej Kylián

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 861–869, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.80

• formation of the particles with semiconducting properties required for the catalytic formation of reactive oxygen species. Cu NPs are used as deposited. Partial NP embedding into polystyrene is realised in a controllable manner using thermal annealing in order to improve surface adhesion and make the

• through mechanisms based on (i) metal ion selectivity (replacement of original metals leading to cellular dysfunction); (ii) metal reduction potential (generating or catalysing the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) damaging cellular proteins, lipids and DNA) and (iii) direct nanoparticle (NP

Noble metal-modified titania with visible-light activity for the decomposition of microorganisms

• Maya Endo,
• Zhishun Wei,
• Kunlei Wang,
• Baris Karabiyik,
• Kenta Yoshiiri,
• Paulina Rokicka,
• Bunsho Ohtani,
• Agata Markowska-Szczupak and
• Ewa Kowalska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 829–841, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.77

• ), could also decompose bacterial cells under visible-light irradiation, possibly due to an enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species and the intrinsic properties of silver. Gold-modified samples were almost inactive against bacteria in the dark, whereas significant bactericidal effect under visible

• LSPR of gold with a probable electron transfer from gold NPs to the conduction band (CB) of titania and subsequent reduction of oxygen resulting in the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). It is also possible that bacteria could be easier adsorbed on positively charged (electron-deficient) gold

Mechanistic insights into plasmonic photocatalysts in utilizing visible light

• Kah Hon Leong,
• Azrina Abd Aziz,
• Lan Ching Sim,
• Pichiah Saravanan,
• Min Jang and
• Detlef Bahnemann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 628–648, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.59

• sunlight to synthesize the LPSR-induced photocatalyst through the electron formation and mobility mechanism. Thus, the fabricated photocatalyst exhibited pronounced efficiency in generating reactive oxygen species [50][51]. In general, this specific deposition mechanism functions similar to that of TiO2

• electron transfer until a Fermi equilibrium was achieved. The schematic of the mechanism of the bimetallic Au/AgBr-Ag heterostructure and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation reaction as reported by Purbia et al. is depicted in Figure 7 [103]. Another such similar finding was reported on the

• vapour under aerobic conditions, whereby photocatalysis involving oxygen (O2) and water (H2O) as reaction species is vital. The species to which oxygen converts with high reactivity are generally called reactive oxygen species (ROSs) and four such major ROSs are recognized, namely hydroxyl radical (•OH

Influence of the preparation method on the photocatalytic activity of Nd-modified TiO₂

• Patrycja Parnicka,
• Paweł Mazierski,
• Tomasz Grzyb,
• Wojciech Lisowski,
• Ewa Kowalska,
• Bunsho Ohtani,
• Adriana Zaleska-Medynska and
• Joanna Nadolna

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 447–459, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.43

• influenced by surface hydroxyl groups helping to generate reactive oxygen species, such as hydroxyl radicals. The photocatalytic degradation of toluene was carried out under LED irradiation (λmax = 415 nm). A high photocatalytic activity was exhibited by all the neodymium-modified photocatalysts (Figure 6c

• through the other forms of reactive oxygen species such as O2•−, HO2• and H2O2 [8][23]. In order to better understand which reactive oxygen species may be important in the photocatalytic process, the photocatalytic activity tests in aqueous solution have been carried out in the presence of Nd-TiO2 and

• photocatalytic activity of the obtained Nd-TiO2 samples was studied in two model processes, namely decomposition of phenol in aqueous solution and degradation of gaseous toluene. In addition, to determine which reactive oxygen species participate in the degradation mechanism, a hydroxyl radical test using

CdSe nanorod/TiO₂ nanoparticle heterojunctions with enhanced solar- and visible-light photocatalytic activity

• Fakher Laatar,
• Hatem Moussa,
• Halima Alem,
• Lavinia Balan,
• Emilien Girot,
• Ghouti Medjahdi,
• Hatem Ezzaouia and
• Raphaël Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2741–2752, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.273

• , respectively). This originates (i) from the high amount of dye and/or the photodegradation intermediates adsorbed at the photocatalyst surface and (ii) from the decrease of the light penetration in the reactor due to the high absorption of RhB and thus to the decreased amount of reactive oxygen species

• radicals able to oxidize RhB. To estimate which of these reactive oxygen species plays a key role in the photodegradation of RhB under visible light irradiation, experiments were carried out by adding t-BuOH and p-benzoquinone, used as •OH and O2•− radicals scavengers, respectively (Figure 11c). As can be

Comparing postdeposition reactions of electrons and radicals with Pt nanostructures created by focused electron beam induced deposition

• Julie A. Spencer,
• Michael Barclay,
• Miranda J. Gallagher,
• Robert Winkler,
• Ilyas Unlu,
• Yung-Chien Wu,
• Harald Plank,
• Lisa McElwee-White and
• D. Howard Fairbrother

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2410–2424, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.240

• oxygen or water. In these techniques, the electron beam dissociates gas phase reactants to yield reactive oxygen species, which then convert deposited carbon into volatile compounds such as CO and CO2 [16][17][18][19]. Villamor et al. [20] observed that either by post deposition electron beam processing

• min nA−1μm−2. The results were consistent with extremely fast inward diffusion of the water molecules through the carbon matrix, after which the incorporated water was dissociated by electron irradiation to produce reactive oxygen species. Cross-sectional TEM data revealed that purification does not

• ], where purification is ascribed at least in part to a laser-induced oxidation process. In this technique, the reactive oxygen species are produced from gas phase reactants, such as oxygen, that are deliberately introduced. Sequential cycles of electron-induced deposition are followed by laser-induced

Evaluating the toxicity of TiO₂-based nanoparticles to Chinese hamster ovary cells and Escherichia coli: a complementary experimental and computational approach

• Alicja Mikolajczyk,
• Natalia Sizochenko,
• Ewa Mulkiewicz,
• Anna Malankowska,
• Michal Nischk,
• Przemyslaw Jurczak,
• Seishiro Hirano,
• Grzegorz Nowaczyk,
• Adriana Zaleska-Medynska,
• Jerzy Leszczynski,
• Agnieszka Gajewicz and
• Tomasz Puzyn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2171–2180, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.216

• release of ions from the TiO2 surface, the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the subsequently induced oxidative stress [4][46]. For example, according to Li et al. [4] and Qiu et al. [47], the cytotoxicity of Au NPs occurs via the generation of ROS and the peroxidation of lipids. Katsumiti

Uptake and intracellular accumulation of diamond nanoparticles – a metabolic and cytotoxic study

• Antonín Brož,
• Lucie Bačáková,
• Pavla Štenclová,
• Alexander Kromka and
• Štěpán Potocký

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1649–1657, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.165

• express chemical toxicity based on the production of reactive oxygen species. Figure 2 shows the results of a cell mitochondrial activity test (upper row) and counting of the cell nuclei (lower row) after 7 days of cultivation for three different concentrations of 10, 100 and 1000 µg/mL (3, 30, 300 µg/cm2

• reactive oxygen species. Alternatively, it could have been caused just by mechanical obstruction of the cell adhesion and division by ND agglomerates, as confirmed by live-cell imaging. A similar effect was also observed in human osteoblast-like MG 63 cells cultured in a medium with multiwalled carbon

• impaired the radio-resistance of cancer cells and potentiated radiation-caused DNA damage and the generation of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species [47]. Thus, the positive charge of our as-received DNDs could, at least partly, explain their more pronounced cytotoxic effect than that observed in negatively

Luminescent supramolecular hydrogels from a tripeptide and nitrogen-doped carbon nanodots

• Maria C. Cringoli,
• Slavko Kralj,
• Marina Kurbasic,
• Massimo Urban and
• Silvia Marchesan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1553–1562, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.157

• interesting method to control fluorescence quenching upon application of a specific trigger, and to introduce new physical and optical properties of interest [7][8]. Such systems can be useful in several applications, such as bacteria detection [9], sensing of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and screening for

A nanocomplex of C₆₀ fullerene with cisplatin: design, characterization and toxicity

• Svitlana Prylutska,
• Svitlana Politenkova,
• Kateryna Afanasieva,
• Volodymyr Korolovych,
• Kateryna Bogutska,
• Andriy Sivolob,
• Larysa Skivka,
• Maxim Evstigneev,
• Viktor Kostjukov,
• Yuriy Prylutskyy and
• Uwe Ritter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1494–1501, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.149

• induced by extensive reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation [56][57]. According to Kaeidi et al. [58], preconditioning with mild oxidative stress may enhance some endogenous defense mechanisms and stimulate cellular adaptation to subsequent severe oxidative stress after the treatment with Cis. C60

A top-down approach for fabricating three-dimensional closed hollow nanostructures with permeable thin metal walls

• Carlos Angulo Barrios and
• Víctor Canalejas-Tejero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1231–1237, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.124

• the thin-shelled nanocages may be due to two mechanisms: pore flow and diffusion. Voids (pores) are generally formed in deposited thin films independent of the deposition method [9]. These voids typically range from one to tens of nanometers, and therefore could allow reactive oxygen species to flow

• through the walls. These oxygen species might also diffuse through the oxidized metal and the grain boundaries existing in the metal film [10]. In any case, the thinner the shell, the larger the amount of reactive oxygen species able to penetrate into the cage. Further investigations into the thin-shell

• , metal shells on planar substrates has been presented. The proposed method employs conventional top-down processes to hollow-out metal-coated, organic resist nanostructures by an oxygen-plasma process. The permeability of the thin metal coating is key to allow reactive oxygen species to remove the

Metal oxide nanostructures: preparation, characterization and functional applications as chemical sensors

• Dario Zappa,
• Angela Bertuna,
• Elisabetta Comini,
• Navpreet Kaur,
• Nicola Poli,
• Veronica Sberveglieri and
• Giorgio Sberveglieri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1205–1217, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.122

• dry air [15]: The role of water vapour also needs to be taken into account [16][17][18], but its effect on the sensing mechanism strongly depends on the used material. For example, it has been demonstrated that for SnO2, humidity competes with reducing gases for the same reactive oxygen species, and

ZnO nanoparticles sensitized by CuInZn_xS_2+x quantum dots as highly efficient solar light driven photocatalysts

• Florian Donat,
• Serge Corbel,
• Halima Alem,
• Steve Pontvianne,
• Lavinia Balan,
• Ghouti Medjahdi and
• Raphaël Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1080–1093, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.110

• range by the photocatalyst but also acts to decrease electron/hole recombination. Interestingly, the ZnO/ZCIS composite was found to produce increased amounts of H2O2 and singlet oxygen 1O2 compared to ZnO, suggesting that these reactive oxygen species play a key role in the photodegradation mechanism

• . The activity of the ZnO/ZCIS composite is retained at over 90% of its original value after ten successive photocatalytic runs, indicating its high stability and its potential for practical photocatalytic applications. Keywords: heterojunction; photocatalysis; quantum dots; reactive oxygen species

• the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated at the surface of the ZnO/ZCIS catalyst and to the increased amount of incident photons absorbed by the dye (filter effect) and thus to the decreased amount of light available for the production of ROS. The influence of the catalyst loading (15, 30 or 60 mg

Needs and challenges for assessing the environmental impacts of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs)

• Michelle Romero-Franco,
• Hilary A. Godwin,
• Muhammad Bilal and
• Yoram Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 989–1014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.101

• , tissue, organ or organism as a proxy of pulmonary retention); uptake and biodistribution (e.g., evidence of alveolar uptake and subsequent distribution through the pulmonary system); and cellular (e.g., membrane damage including cationic phagolysosome damage, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS

High performance Ce-doped ZnO nanorods for sunlight-driven photocatalysis

• Bilel Chouchene,
• Tahar Ben Chaabane,
• Lavinia Balan,
• Emilien Girot,
• Kevin Mozet,
• Ghouti Medjahdi and
• Raphaël Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1338–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.125

• by the Orange II molecules in solution (filter effect), thus decreasing the amount of light available for the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) at the surface of the photocatalyst. Influence of salts and molecules on the photocatalytic efficiency The performance of Ce:ZnO rods for the

Viability and proliferation of endothelial cells upon exposure to GaN nanoparticles

• Tudor Braniste,
• Ion Tiginyanu,
• Tibor Horvath,
• Simion Raevschi,
• Serghei Cebotari,
• Marco Lux,
• Axel Haverich and
• Andres Hilfiker

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1330–1337, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.124

• influences cells to generate reactive oxygen species that play a role in cell killing under high nanoparticle concentrations even though the material is chemically stable [27][28]. The topography of the surface on which endothelial cells are cultivated seems to be less important than the surface chemistry

Hierarchical coassembly of DNA–triptycene hybrid molecular building blocks and zinc protoporphyrin IX

• Rina Kumari,
• Sumit Singh,
• Mohan Monisha,
• Sourav Bhowmick,
• Anindya Roy,
• Neeladri Das and
• Prolay Das

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 697–707, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.62

• are biologically highly relevant molecules and their biocompatibility is notable. Porphyrin derivatives are widely used as photosensitizers in PDT to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). Reportedly, Zn PpIX can interact with dsDNA in “outside stacking mode”. Therefore, the rationale to use Zn PpIX

• monitoring the oxidation of DHR 123 (non-fluorescent) into R 123 (fluorescent) by reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated from Zn PpIX under UV light irradiation. In this study, 1 nmol of DHR 123 was added to 2 mL aqueous solution of Zn PpIX (10 µM, 20 nmol) mixed in dark and irradiated with a UV lamp. The

Tight junction between endothelial cells: the interaction between nanoparticles and blood vessels

• Yue Zhang and
• Wan-Xi Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 675–684, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.60

• monocytes could be caused by QDs through reactive oxygen species (ROS)- and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs)-dependent mechanisms [78]. SiO NPs were also found leading to strong ER stress and UPR induction, oxidative stress, activation of MAPK signalling and down-regulation of p53 [79]. Moreover, a

Unraveling the neurotoxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles: focusing on molecular mechanisms

• Bin Song,
• Yanli Zhang,
• Jia Liu,
• Xiaoli Feng,
• Ting Zhou and
• Longquan Shao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 645–654, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.57

• , dysregulated neurotransmitters, and synaptic plasticity. Oxidative stress mechanism Oxidative stress (OS) is defined as the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or/and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) at a rate much high than the elimination rate after the organism encounters harmful stimulus. OS can