Is the Ne operation of the helium ion microscope suitable for electron backscatter diffraction sample preparation?

• Annalena Wolff

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 965–983, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.73

The role of convolutional neural networks in scanning probe microscopy: a review

• Ido Azuri,
• Irit Rosenhek-Goldian,
• Neta Regev-Rudzki,
• Georg Fantner and
• Sidney R. Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 878–901, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.66

Interface interaction of transition metal phthalocyanines with strontium titanate (100)

• Reimer Karstens,
• Thomas Chassé and
• Heiko Peisert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 485–496, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.39

• are visualized in Figure 1. LEED measurements (see below) gave no evidence for the appearance of occasionally discussed surface reconstructions after our preparation procedures [26][27]. In Figure 1a a TiO2-terminated surface is shown, where Ti4+ (light blue) and O2− (red) ions form the outmost (top

Atomic defect classification of the H–Si(100) surface through multi-mode scanning probe microscopy

• Jeremiah Croshaw,
• Thomas Dienel,
• Taleana Huff and
• Robert Wolkow

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1346–1360, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.119

• electronic and structural behaviour of the Si(100) surface [18]. The addition of hydrogen to surface silicon atoms saturates all available bonds [19] and three surface reconstructions are commonly observed. The 2 × 1 phase – frequently used in hydrogen lithography, and can be prepared in situ resulting in

• combination of the previous two, consisting of alternating 2 × 1 dimers and 1 × 1 dihydrides [21][22]. With continued study, it became apparent that the complexity of possible surface reconstructions and surface defects extended well beyond those initially observed. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview

• reconstructions of the exposed next-layer silicon atoms, similar to what was found on the unterminated surface [73]. The formation of two dimer bonds – orthogonal compared to the top layer dimers (model in Figure 2g-7,8) –corresponds to the bright variation (Figure 2g), and H-termination of all exposed sites in

3D superconducting hollow nanowires with tailored diameters grown by focused He⁺ beam direct writing

• Rosa Córdoba,
• Alfonso Ibarra,
• Dominique Mailly,
• Isabel Guillamón,
• Hermann Suderow and
• José María De Teresa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1198–1206, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.104

• to 8.9 µm. Transmission electron microscopy experiments indicate that the nanowires have a microstructure of large grains with a crystalline structure compatible with the face-centered cubic WC1−x phase. In addition, 3D electron tomographic reconstructions show that the hollow center of the nanowires

• nanopipettes, as demonstrated in 3D reconstructions of electron tomography experiments. Finally, these 3D hollow NWs exhibit superconductivity below 6.8 K (Tc), as well as high upper critical magnetic fields µ0Hc2 ≈ 14.7 T, and large critical current densities Jc ≈ 0.15 MA/cm2. Results and Discussion Growth of

Silver-decorated gel-shell nanobeads: physicochemical characterization and evaluation of antibacterial properties

• Marta Bartel,
• Katarzyna Markowska,
• Marcin Strawski,
• Krystyna Wolska and
• Maciej Mazur

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 620–630, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.49

• propidium iodide fluorophores according to the protocol and incubated in the dark for 30 min before the CLSM analyses. The reconstructions of the biofilm images were performed using the NIS-Elements interactive software. The percentage of red-stained cells was quantified with the BioFilmAnalyzer software

Current measurements in the intermittent-contact mode of atomic force microscopy using the Fourier method: a feasibility analysis

• Berkin Uluutku and
• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 453–465, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.37

• analysis has also been implemented for AFM force reconstructions within the so-called intermodulation AFM method, developed by Haviland and co-workers, where the cantilever is typically excited simultaneously at two different frequencies, while various intermodulation products are recorded with a

• have not been recorded and carry out a more accurate reconstruction of the current. It should be noted that this is possible due to the fact that all Fourier coefficients in the reconstructions discussed are real, such that if the fundamental harmonic is assigned a phase of zero, then all other

Kelvin probe force microscopy work function characterization of transition metal oxide crystals under ongoing reduction and oxidation

• Dominik Wrana,
• Karol Cieślik,
• Wojciech Belza,
• Christian Rodenbücher,
• Krzysztof Szot and
• Franciszek Krok

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1596–1607, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.155

• between air-annealed SrTiO3 terminations of ≈10 meV [41]. However, for the case of heavily reduced SrTiO3(100) the only observed termination is TiO2, given the step uniform heights of ≈4 Å. The second possible origin of the observed variation is the presence of multiple surface reconstructions

Imaging the surface potential at the steps on the rutile TiO₂(110) surface by Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Masato Miyazaki,
• Huan Fei Wen,
• Quanzhen Zhang,
• Yuuki Adachi,
• Jan Brndiar,
• Ivan Štich,
• Yan Jun Li and
• Yasuhiro Sugawara

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1228–1236, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.122

• low coordination and unique charge distribution [16][17][18][19]. In the case of TiO2, steps act as preferential sites for the adsorption of molecules and metal clusters [20][21][22], as active sites for catalytic reactions [23][24][25], and as the central elements of surface reconstructions [26][27

In situ AFM visualization of Li–O₂ battery discharge products during redox cycling in an atmospherically controlled sample cell

• Kumar Virwani,
• Younes Ansari,
• Khanh Nguyen,
• Francisco José Alía Moreno-Ortiz,
• Jangwoo Kim,
• Maxwell J. Giammona,
• Ho-Cheol Kim and
• Young-Hye La

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 930–940, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.94

• these redox materials at the micrometer and nanometer scales. Gewirth et al. [2] reviewed the use of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) investigations of phenomena such as reconstructions, restructuring and adsorption of ions. Phenomena such as under-potential

Nanoscale optical and structural characterisation of silk

• Meguya Ryu,
• Reo Honda,
• Adrian Cernescu,
• Arturas Vailionis,
• Armandas Balčytis,
• Jitraporn Vongsvivut,
• Jing-Liang Li,
• Denver P. Linklater,
• Elena P. Ivanova,
• Vygantas Mizeikis,
• Mark J. Tobin,
• Junko Morikawa and
• Saulius Juodkazis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 922–929, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.93

• complex materials and to detect crystalline regions. Figure 1 and Figure 2a show 3D reconstructions of the Bombyx mori silk fibers bundled together and their X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern, respectively. The period d corresponds to the most pronounced peaks at the diffraction angle 2θ, given by Bragg’s

Intuitive human interface to a scanning tunnelling microscope: observation of parity oscillations for a single atomic chain

• Sumit Tewari,
• Jacob Bakermans,
• Christian Wagner,
• Federica Galli and
• Jan M. van Ruitenbeek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 337–348, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.33

• can be confirmed by the observation of parity oscillations. Obtaining the positions of the background substrate atoms Standard STM images of the Au(111) surface can provide the information about the crystallographic directions from the herringbone reconstruction (herringbone reconstructions have a 120

Two-dimensional semiconductors pave the way towards dopant-based quantum computing

• José Carlos Abadillo-Uriel,
• Belita Koiller and
• María José Calderón

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2668–2673, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.249

• ]. Some gaps are also known experimentally from transport and optical measurements [21][22][23]. The size and nature (direct or indirect) of the gap depends on the number of layers [29], the distance between them [28], and the nature of the substrate or atomic reconstructions [30]. Properties of these

Atomistic modeling of tribological properties of Pd and Al nanoparticles on a graphene surface

• Alexei Khomenko,
• Miroslav Zakharov,
• Denis Boyko and
• Bo N. J. Persson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1239–1246, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.115

• different temperatures, and showed how the static friction and contact stiffness depend on the contact area. They observed “contact aging” due to stress-aided, thermally activated atomic rearrangement processes. The term “contact aging” [6] is related to time-dependent atomic reconstructions at the

Towards 3D crystal orientation reconstruction using automated crystal orientation mapping transmission electron microscopy (ACOM-TEM)

• Aaron Kobler and
• Christian Kübel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 602–607, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.56

• results in an incomplete picture, which can lead to misinterpretation. Hence, a full 3D reconstruction is desirable to relate the internal structure of a volume (crystallite and phase boundaries) to properties (electrical, magnetic, mechanical, thermal). 3D reconstructions using X-ray diffraction (XRD

Coexistence of strongly buckled germanene phases on Al(111)

• Weimin Wang and
• Roger I. G. Uhrberg

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1946–1951, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.195

• energy electron diffraction and core-level photoelectron spectroscopy. Experimental results show that a germanium layer can be formed at a relatively high substrate temperature showing either (3×3) or (√7×√7)R±19.1° reconstructions. First-principles calculations based on density functional theory suggest

• clearly reveals the coexistence of (3×3) and (√7×√7) periodicities. We find that these two reconstructions coexist with different relative intensities depending on the Ge deposition rate. At a higher rate, e.g., ≈0.55 ML/min the (√7×√7) spots appear clearly in the LEED pattern. When Ge is deposited at a

• lower rate, e.g., ≈0.37 ML/min, (3×3) spots dominate, see Figure 1b. Considering the theoretical value for the germanene lattice (3.92–4.06 Å) and the Al(111) surface lattice (2.864 Å) the (2×2) germanene on (√7×√7) Al(111) has less mismatch than on (3×3) Al(111). Furthermore, these two reconstructions

Structural model of silicene-like nanoribbons on a Pb-reconstructed Si(111) surface

• Agnieszka Stępniak-Dybala and
• Mariusz Krawiec

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1836–1843, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.185

• substrate because the results of the DFT calculations of [45][46] were very promising in view of silicene formation. We started from the thinnest Pb substrates, which are and reconstructions of Pb on Si(111). Our STM studies on the Pb-reconstructed Si(111) surface revealed that deposited Si atoms form

Modeling of the growth of GaAs–AlGaAs core–shell nanowires

• Qian Zhang,
• Peter W. Voorhees and
• Stephen H. Davis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 506–513, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.54

• proposed in [14][15]. The mobility of Ga atoms on the {110} facets is difficult to measure. However, the measurement in [6] gives a diffusion of Ga that is ten times larger than that of Al atoms, i.e., . The diffusivities of Al and Ga are likely functions of surface reconstructions and thus can be

Precise in situ etch depth control of multilayered III−V semiconductor samples with reflectance anisotropy spectroscopy (RAS) equipment

• Ann-Kathrin Kleinschmidt,
• Lars Barzen,
• Johannes Strassner,
• Christoph Doering,
• Henning Fouckhardt,
• Wolfgang Bock,
• Michael Wahl and
• Michael Kopnarski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1783–1793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.171

• anisotropies of the surface, originating, e.g., from specific surface reconstructions [1][5], give rise to a RAS signal. The surface sensitive RAS signal carries information about the current growth or etch front, respectively. As mentioned above, to monitor a monocrystalline surface with RAS, it is

• analyze interferometric data and, hence, etch depth or rate, but also to gain information on other material properties of interest. Information on surface morphology of a monocrystalline semiconductor sample can be extracted – either on an atomic scale due to specific surface reconstructions [3][5][37][38

Microscopic characterization of Fe nanoparticles formed on SrTiO₃(001) and SrTiO₃(110) surfaces

• Miyoko Tanaka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 817–824, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.73

• ]. In these fields, particle morphology and interface structure are of utmost importance because they predominantly determine the properties of the material. Thus, a lot of effort is put into controlling them by adjusting, for instance, the compositions of substrates, reconstructions, surface patterns

• reconstructions and buffer layers, and using ion bombardment [11][12][13][14][15]. For example, Silly et al. successfully controlled shapes of nanoparticles by tuning the reconstruction of a STO(001) substrate and the substrate temperature during deposition [12]. Sun et al. also controlled shapes of nanoparticles

Lower nanometer-scale size limit for the deformation of a metallic glass by shear transformations revealed by quantitative AFM indentation

• Arnaud Caron and
• Roland Bennewitz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1721–1732, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.176

• images of indents on Pt(111) and Pt57.5Cu14.7Ni5.3P22.5 metallic glass, respectively. As confirmed in all reconstructions performed over several months, the tip is a stable three-sided pyramid that we assume is the corner of a single diamond nano-grain. The angle of each side with regard to the basis of

High sensitivity and high resolution element 3D analysis by a combined SIMS–SPM instrument

• Yves Fleming and
• Tom Wirtz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1091–1099, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.110

• reconstructions do not consider the sample surface topography, because these protocols and the applied software assume a flat sample surface as well as a cube-like analysed volume [6]. In reality, samples exhibit a surface roughness, which is also changed during the ion bombardment, because parameters such as

• is widely used in the SIMS field. The 3D SIMS-AFM surface reconstructions are visualised using the SPIP™ software by Image Metrology [15], the ParaView software tool [16] as well as the MayaVI 2 software tool [17]. Results and Discussion PS/PVP polymer blend An annealed polystyrene (PS

• superposed and compiled into a 3D surface mapping. 52Cr16O− (a) and 27Al16O− (b) secondary ion intensity recorded by the NanoSIMS instrument during the analysis of nickel-based super-alloy. The corresponding 3D SIMS-SPM reconstructions nicely show the correlations between the chemical composition and the

Overview about the localization of nanoparticles in tissue and cellular context by different imaging techniques

• Anja Ostrowski,
• Daniel Nordmeyer,
• Alexander Boreham,
• Cornelia Holzhausen,
• Lars Mundhenk,
• Christina Graf,
• Martina C. Meinke,
• Annika Vogt,
• Sabrina Hadam,
• Jürgen Lademann,
• Eckart Rühl,
• Ulrike Alexiev and
• Achim D. Gruber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 263–280, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.25

• 2D optical sectioning of the slide and even 3D reconstructions of complex tissues and single cells [98]. Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) is a highly innovative and promising method which has been recently used in various biomedical and

• yet become a standard technique for histopathological examinations. It is primarily used for detailed analysis of subcellular structures, such as the cytoskeleton [115]. Importantly, this technique also allows for 3D reconstructions of information within the cell at a higher resolution level with all

Accurate, explicit formulae for higher harmonic force spectroscopy by frequency modulation-AFM

• Kfir Kuchuk and
• Uri Sivan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 149–156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.14

• used are /ℓ = 0.1 (a), /ℓ = 1 (c), /ℓ = 10 (d). (b) depicts magnification of the dashed frame marked in (a). Generalized damping coefficient of a viscous interaction (solid red line) and its reconstructions. Blue circles depict reconstruction using the second harmonic. Green diamonds depict

Advanced atomic force microscopy techniques II

• Thilo Glatzel,
• Ricardo Garcia and
• Thomas Schimmel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2326–2327, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.241

• surface reconstructions and nanoscale geometries. New functionality is achieved by combinations of nanoscale materials or by structuring their surfaces. The unrivaled tools for measurements of all kind of nanoscale properties are scanning probe microscopy (SPM) techniques, which were triggered by the