Utilizing the surface potential of a solid electrolyte region as the potential reference in Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Nobuyuki Ishida

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1558–1563, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.129

• measurement The KPFM measurements were performed at room temperature using a commercial atomic force microscope (Park Systems, NX10) placed in an Ar flow glove box (O2: <1 ppm, H2O: <1 ppm). We used Cr/Pt-coated Si cantilevers (Budget Sensors, Multi75E-G) with a nominal resonance frequency of 75 kHz and a

Structural studies and selected physical investigations of LiCoO₂ obtained by combustion synthesis

• Monika Michalska,
• Paweł Ławniczak,
• Tomasz Strachowski,
• Adam Ostrowski and
• Waldemar Bednarski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1473–1482, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.121

• analysis, (ii) morphology (size and distribution of grains) by using SEM, (iii) specific surface area (SSA) by carrying out Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) measurements, (iv) oxidation states of metals by measuring electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and (v) electrical parameters (thermal dependencies of

• resonance (EPR) experiments were performed using an X-band ELEXSYS E500 (Bruker, Germany) spectrometer. The samples were placed in a Super High Sensitivity Probehead (Bruker, Germany) cavity and in a cryostat where the temperature was determined and stabilized using an Oxford temperature controller ITC503S

Coherent amplification of radiation from two phase-locked Josephson junction arrays

• Mikhail A. Galin,
• Vladimir M. Krasnov,
• Ilya A. Shereshevsky,
• Nadezhda K. Vdovicheva and
• Vladislav V. Kurin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1445–1457, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.119

• mutual coupling between the arrays both on the same chip and on different chips and at different separations between the arrays. We reported significant coherent amplification of radiation emission when both arrays are brought to the same cavity mode resonance. A coherent gain factor, that is, the ratio

Facile preparation of Au- and BODIPY-grafted lipid nanoparticles for synergized photothermal therapy

• Yuran Wang,
• Xudong Li,
• Haijun Chen and
• Yu Gao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1432–1444, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.118

• specificity and minimal invasiveness, it has attracted a great deal of attention as complementary modality for conventional cancer therapy options [1]. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) can absorb light and generate heat from light absorption because of the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) phenomenon and the tunable

• etherate (BF3·OEt2) and 2,4-dimethylpyrrole were freshly purified by distillation under reduced pressure. Synthesis and characterization of BDP All chemical reagents were obtained from commercial suppliers and used without further purification. 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and 13C NMR spectra were

Double-layer symmetric gratings with bound states in the continuum for dual-band high-Q optical sensing

• Chaoying Shi,
• Jinhua Hu,
• Xiuhong Liu,
• Junfang Liang,
• Jijun Zhao,
• Haiyan Han and
• Qiaofen Zhu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1408–1417, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.116

• resonance. We find that the artificial bound states in the continuum (BIC) and Fabry–Pérot BIC (FP-BIC) can be induced by optimizing structural parameters of DLSG. Interestingly, the artificial BIC is governed by the spacing between the two rectangular dielectric gratings, while the FP-BIC is achieved by

• optical field; nonlinear optics; optical sensing; Introduction High quality (Q) factor resonance in nanophotonics has attracted considerable attention in the past decades due to its wide applications in narrow-band filters [1], nonlinear optics [2], optical sensors [3] and lasers [4]. To date, most

• researchers have focused their interests on the single high-Q resonance of various structures and proposed different types of structures to achieve high-Q-factors, such as metallic structures based on surface plasmon resonances [5][6], Mie resonance-based dielectric structures [7][8], and high-contrast

LED-light-activated photocatalytic performance of metal-free carbon-modified hexagonal boron nitride towards degradation of methylene blue and phenol

• Nirmalendu S. Mishra and
• Pichiah Saravanan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1380–1392, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.114

• a Shimadzu TOC-L CSH analyser. The surface area and pore characteristics were characterized by a Micromeritics (3FLEX 3500) gas sorption analyser. The surface charge was analysed through a Zeta-Meter 4.0 (Zeta-Meter, Inc, USA). The electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) experiments were performed by

Supramolecular assembly of pentamidine and polymeric cyclodextrin bimetallic core–shell nanoarchitectures

• Alexandru-Milentie Hada,
• Nina Burduja,
• Marco Abbate,
• Claudio Stagno,
• Guy Caljon,
• Louis Maes,
• Nicola Micale,
• Massimiliano Cordaro,
• Angela Scala,
• Antonino Mazzaglia and
• Anna Piperno

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1361–1369, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.112

• classifying them in plasmonic NPs (size > 5 nm) and nanoclusters (size < 5 nm). When dimensions exceed 5 nm, NPs exhibit a unique optical phenomenon called localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) which represents the collective oscillation of conduction band electrons after interaction between NPs and an

• metallic Au NPs, the new diagnostic resonance at 8.30 ppm was detected in 1H NMR spectra of nanoG (Figure 3A, green trace). According to the literature, this signal suggests the formation of formic acid as a decomposition product during the gold reduction process in the carbohydrate/Au(III) system [25]. To

Studies of probe tip materials by atomic force microscopy: a review

• Ke Xu and
• Yuzhe Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1256–1267, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.104

• nanoclusters while their fluorescence quantum yields and stability are improved to a larger extent. Gold-silver bimetallic nanoclusters (AuAgNCs) exhibit enhanced luminescence efficiency and photostability due to Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) and synergistic effects. Zhang et al. [27] synthesized

• chloramphenicol based on a vesicular quantum dot-gold colloid composite probe. They successfully developed a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) based on chloramphenicol (CAP) detection in food. Vesicular nano tracers were prepared by labeling single-stranded DNA-binding proteins on single-stranded

Design of surface nanostructures for chirality sensing based on quartz crystal microbalance

• Yinglin Ma,
• Xiangyun Xiao and
• Qingmin Ji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1201–1219, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.100

• resonance [10], Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) [11], UV–vis absorption spectrometry [12], mass spectrometry (MS) [13], titration microcalorimetry [14], high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [15], gas chromatography (GC), capillary electrophoresis (CE) [16], and electrochemical chiral

• outstanding sensing properties, with real-time, sensitive and selective chiral detection, high durability, and easy recovery. To understand the chiral recognition between calixarenes and analytes, Zoya I. Kazantseva et al. combined QCM and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR) techniques to study

Nonlinear features of the superconductor–ferromagnet–superconductor φ₀ Josephson junction in the ferromagnetic resonance region

• Aliasghar Janalizadeh,
• Ilhom R. Rahmonov,
• Sara A. Abdelmoneim,
• Yury M. Shukrinov and
• Mohammad R. Kolahchi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1155–1166, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.97

• characteristics of a φ0 Josephson junction in the ferromagnetic resonance region. We show that at small values of the system parameters damping, spin–orbit interaction, and Josephson-to-magnetic energy ratio, the magnetic dynamics is reduced to the dynamics of a scalar Duffing oscillator driven by the Josephson

• oscillations. The role of the increasing superconducting current in the resonance region is clarified. Shifting of the ferromagnetic resonant frequency and the reversal of its damping dependence due to nonlinearity are demonstrated by the full Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert–Josephson system of equations and in its

• relation, preventing it from being antisymmetric. Such Josephson junctions are named φ0 junctions [1], and examples, such as MnSi and FeGe, exist. The second one is the nonlinear property of the system, which makes for an anomalous resonance behavior [14]. We couple such a Josephson junction to the model

Rapid fabrication of MgO@g-C₃N₄ heterojunctions for photocatalytic nitric oxide removal

• Minh-Thuan Pham,
• Duyen P. H. Tran,
• Xuan-Thanh Bui and
• Sheng-Jie You

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1141–1154, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.96

• conversion, DeNOx index, apparent quantum efficiency, trapping tests, and electron spin resonance measurements were carried out to understand the photocatalytic mechanism of the materials. The high reusability of the MgO@g-C3N4 heterojunction was shown by a five-cycle recycling test. This study provides a

• test, electron spin resonance (ESR) measurements, and other methods. This work might be helpful for the development of MgO@g-C3N4 heterojunction materials. Experimental Synthesis of MgO/g-C3N4 For the synthesis of g-C3N4, 30 g of urea was ground manually for 30 min and then placed in a 100 mL crucible

A cantilever-based, ultrahigh-vacuum, low-temperature scanning probe instrument for multidimensional scanning force microscopy

• Hao Liu,
• Zuned Ahmed,
• Sasa Vranjkovic,
• Manfred Parschau,
• Andrada-Oana Mandru and
• Hans J. Hug

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1120–1140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.95

• scanning tunneling microscope (STM) can be transformed into a tuning fork-based AFM simply by replacing the rigid STM tip by a tuning fork with an attached tip and by adding an extra pre-amplifier and a PLL to drive the tuning fork oscillation and measure shifts in its resonance frequency arising from the

• tip–sample interaction. However, because of the macroscopic size of the tuning fork, the high stiffness of the sensor goes together with a low resonance frequency typically around 30 kHz. This substantially limits the minimally measurable tip–sample interaction force gradients such that very small AFM

• operational environments. For AFM performed under ambient conditions, microfabricated cantilevers can, for example, be operated in different oscillation modes [15] or at multiple frequencies [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] to simultaneously map different sample properties. Further, the high resonance

Recent advances in green carbon dots (2015–2022): synthesis, metal ion sensing, and biological applications

• Aisha Kanwal,
• Naheed Bibi,
• Sajjad Hyder,
• Arif Muhammad,
• Hao Ren,
• Jiangtao Liu and
• Zhongli Lei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1068–1107, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.93

• source). They showed that luminous impurities formed as byproducts during the synthesis of CDs mostly contribute to fluorescence emission by eliminating the molecular fluorophores [133]. By using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy

Spindle-like MIL101(Fe) decorated with Bi₂O₃ nanoparticles for enhanced degradation of chlortetracycline under visible-light irradiation

• Chen-chen Hao,
• Fang-yan Chen,
• Kun Bian,
• Yu-bin Tang and
• Wei-long Shi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1038–1050, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.91

• experiment and electron spin resonance (ESR) experiment suggest that the electron transfer path between Bi2O3 and MIL101(Fe) accords with the Z-type transfer mechanism. The possible photocatalytic degradation pathways were investigated via the analysis of the intermediate products in the degradation process

• (CHIQ660D, Chenhua Instrument, China). Electronic paramagnetic resonance signals were recorded with an electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometer (Brooke A300, Germany). Results and Discussion Characterization Figure 1 shows the XRD pattern of the synthesized MIL101(Fe), Bi2O3, and BOM-20 composite. The

Numerical study on all-optical modulation characteristics of quantum cascade lasers

• Biao Wei,
• Haijun Zhou,
• Guangxiang Li and
• Bin Tang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1011–1019, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.88

• standard 35-stage In0.52Al0.48As/In0.53Ga0.47As type-I four-level Fabry–Perot QCL based on a two-phonon-resonance design [27]. Current injection efficiency is defined as the ratio of current to total current injected into the upper subband of the QCL in the active region, which is close to 56%. The QCL

Effects of focused electron beam irradiation parameters on direct nanostructure formation on Ag surfaces

• Jānis Sniķeris,
• Vjačeslavs Gerbreders,
• Andrejs Bulanovs and
• Ēriks Sļedevskis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1004–1010, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.87

• micromechanical oscillators via EB irradiation which contradicts the model of EB-induced carbonization as a simple process of adding carbon mass to the irradiated area [32]. Doubly clamped beams made of Au85Pd15 were irradiated by EB and their resonance frequency increased with exposure time and beam current due

• to EB-induced carbonization. However, changing the position of the EB along the oscillator did not affect their resonance frequency, which should be the case if carbonization was happening locally. There is a potential for carbon and carbon-metal based nanostructured systems to be used in different

Comparing the performance of single and multifrequency Kelvin probe force microscopy techniques in air and water

• Jason I. Kilpatrick,
• Emrullah Kargin and
• Brian J. Rodriguez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 922–943, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.82

• governing the performance of single and multifrequency Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) techniques in both air and water. Metrics such as minimum detectable contact potential difference, minimum required AC bias, and signal-to-noise ratio are compared and contrasted both off resonance and utilizing the

• in the response of the lever proportional to the quality factor of that mode, Qn, where n is the mode number [36][55]. KPFM techniques can be applied off resonance (ω ≠ ωn), where ∝ 1/kn, where kn is the spring constant of the n-th eigenmode. More generally, KPFM techniques are applied at, or close

• significant SNR enhancements over off-resonance techniques, higher spatial resolution due to reduced influence of the cantilever to the electrostatic forces [17][60][63], and higher bandwidth than side-band techniques [10][58]. All modes of KPFM can in principle be applied in any of these scenarios. In

Numerical modeling of a multi-frequency receiving system based on an array of dipole antennas for LSPE-SWIPE

• Alexander V. Chiginev,
• Anton V. Blagodatkin,
• Dmitrii A. Pimanov,
• Ekaterina A. Matrozova,
• Anna V. Gordeeva,
• Andrey L. Pankratov and
• Leonid S. Kuzmin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 865–872, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.77

• frequency channel at the level of 0.5 is 45 GHz. At 220 GHz there is a spurious resonance that can be suppressed with a low-pass filter. Auxiliary frequency channels of the LSPE-SWIPE The cells are located within a circle with a diameter of 4.5 mm; while one half of the circle is occupied by cells for 210

Self-assembly of C₆₀ on a ZnTPP/Fe(001)–p(1 × 1)O substrate: observation of a quasi-freestanding C₆₀ monolayer

• Guglielmo Albani,
• Michele Capra,
• Alessandro Lodesani,
• Alberto Calloni,
• Gianlorenzo Bussetti,
• Marco Finazzi,
• Franco Ciccacci,
• Alberto Brambilla,
• Lamberto Duò and
• Andrea Picone

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 857–864, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.76

• range (filled electronic states) a strong resonance centered at about −2.60 eV is present, which we attribute to HOMO states, in excellent agreement with UPS measurements (−2.56 eV). In the positive energy range (empty states) of the STS spectrum the LUMO peak is visible at 1.15 eV, resulting in an

Ultrafast signatures of magnetic inhomogeneity in Pd_1−xFe_x (x ≤ 0.08) epitaxial thin films

• Andrey V. Petrov,
• Sergey I. Nikitin,
• Lenar R. Tagirov,
• Amir I. Gumarov,
• Igor V. Yanilkin and
• Roman V. Yusupov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 836–844, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.74

• ferromagnetic resonance techniques (the latter two, because of the large scale, yield volume-averaged signals). Resonant magnetic small-angle X-ray scattering applied to Pd1−xFex alloy films with x = 0.03–0.07 revealed static magnetic fluctuations on the lateral scale of about 100 nm attributed to the magnetic

Optimizing PMMA solutions to suppress contamination in the transfer of CVD graphene for batch production

• Chun-Da Liao,
• Andrea Capasso,
• Tiago Queirós,
• Telma Domingues,
• Fatima Cerqueira,
• Nicoleta Nicoara,
• Jérôme Borme,
• Paulo Freitas and
• Pedro Alpuim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 796–806, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.70

• analyzer had a pass energy of 20 eV. Atomic force microscopy The surface topographies of graphene were investigated by a Bruker Dimension Icon atomic force microscope (AFM), using PPP-NCH (NanosensorsTM) cantilevers with a tip radius smaller than 20 nm, a force constant of 42 N/m, and 250 kHz resonance

Gelatin nanoparticles with tunable mechanical properties: effect of crosslinking time and loading

• Agnes-Valencia Weiss,
• Daniel Schorr,
• Julia K. Metz,
• Metin Yildirim,
• Saeed Ahmad Khan and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 778–787, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.68

• same day. AFM measurements were carried out with a JPK NanoWizard® 3 AFM (JPK Instruments, Berlin, Germany) using the MLCT cantilever tip D (Bruker France Nano Surfaces, Wissembourg, France) with a nominal resonance frequency of 15 kHz and a spring constant of 0.03 N/m. Before each measurement, the

Direct measurement of surface photovoltage by AC bias Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Masato Miyazaki,
• Yasuhiro Sugawara and
• Yan Jun Li

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 712–720, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.63

• force This signal is measured with a lock-in amplifier and compensated by VAC control, yielding the SPV value. To improve the sensitivity, ωm is usually tuned to the second (first) resonance frequency of the cantilever, while the first (second) resonance frequency is assigned to the AFM measurement [29

• ]. Since these resonance frequencies are commonly in the kilohertz to megahertz range, the time scale of the measured SPV is from microseconds to milliseconds, which is much faster than that measured by classical KPFM, which measures the slow SPV response of the order of seconds to hours because of the

Tunable high-quality-factor absorption in a graphene monolayer based on quasi-bound states in the continuum

• Jun Wu,
• Yasong Sun,
• Feng Wu,
• Biyuan Wu and
• Xiaohu Wu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 675–681, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.59

• energy conversion, while narrow-band absorbers [9][10][11][12] have great potential in sensing and monochromatic light detecting. An example is the application of narrow-band absorbers in refractive index sensing [13]. When the absorbers are surrounded by gas or liquid, the resonance wavelength will

• proposed to enhance the absorption in graphene monolayers, such as coherent perfect absorption effect [46], critical coupling effect [47], guided mode resonance effect [48], metal Tamm plasmon polaritons effect [49], and graphene Tamm surface plasmons effect [50]. In addition, the quasi-BICs mentioned

• structures without graphene monolayer for angles of 0°, 0.1°, 0.5°, 1.0°, 1.5°, and 2.0° in Figure 4a. Clearly, with the successively reduction of the incident angle from 2.0° to 0°, the bandwidth of the Fano resonance peak decreases rapidly. At θ = 0°, the bandwidth has completely vanished, indicating an

Quantitative dynamic force microscopy with inclined tip oscillation

• Philipp Rahe,
• Daniel Heile,
• Reinhard Olbrich and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 610–619, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.53

• -dependent shift in frequency, Δf(zp), of the sensor excitation frequency fexc that results when phase resonance for the sensor oscillation is maintained throughout the measurement [19]. The resulting curve Δf(zp) is a convolution of the covered part of the force curve and a kernel depending on the