Fabrication of nano/microstructures for SERS substrates using an electrochemical method

• Jingran Zhang,
• Tianqi Jia,
• Xiaoping Li,
• Junjie Yang,
• Zhengkai Li,
• Guangfeng Shi,
• Xinming Zhang and
• Zuobin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1568–1576, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.139

• ] fabricated micro/nanostructures on the surface of Au-coated single crystal silicon. By changing the etching time and current, micro/nanostructures with different size scales and geometric shapes (such as hexagons and pentagons) were obtained. Compared with other geometries, the hexagonal micro/nanostructure

Adsorption and self-assembly of porphyrins on ultrathin CoO films on Ir(100)

• Feifei Xiang,
• Tobias Schmitt,
• Marco Raschmann and
• M. Alexander Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1516–1524, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.134

• assembly changed between (b) and (c). (a) 1 on 2BL CoO deposited at 200 K and imaged at 80 K. The molecules appear as round features unless close to a neighboring molecule or substrate defect. This indicates that 1 rotates around its central Co ion at time scales that are fast with respect to the STM

Helium ion microscope – secondary ion mass spectrometry for geological materials

• Matthew R. Ball,
• Richard J. M. Taylor,
• Joshua F. Einsle,
• Fouzia Khanom,
• Christelle Guillermier and
• Richard J. Harrison

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1504–1515, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.133

• and 56Fe mass images after 20 min of rastered beam exposure on the sample; c) raw and processed 90Zr and 56Fe mass images after 240 min of rastered beam exposure on the sample. Initial maps were 512 × 512 pixels, covering a field of view of 70 µm. The scales show the absolute number of ions detected

Protruding hydrogen atoms as markers for the molecular orientation of a metallocene

• Linda Laflör,
• Michael Reichling and
• Philipp Rahe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1432–1438, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.127

• molecules are marked by a green dumbbell. (a) Experimental STM image (U = 4 V, It = 2 pA). (b–e) Experimental constant-height NC-AFM data (f0 = 24363 Hz, Q0 ≈ 6000, A0 = 0.27 nm). Frequency shift ranges are shown below each image (inverted colour scales are used). A four pixel averaging filter was applied

On the frequency dependence of viscoelastic material characterization with intermittent-contact dynamic atomic force microscopy: avoiding mischaracterization across large frequency ranges

• Enrique A. López-Guerra and
• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1409–1418, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.125

• correspondence principle, was introduced by Efremov et al. [34], which they applied to living cells. In contrast to the discrete nature of the Generalized Maxwell model, which allows the use of arbitrary parameters at different time scales modeled by different spring–damper combinations, they focused primarily

• , Figure 4b again confirms the expectations, indicating that the difference in indentation between the two materials is smaller than at 70 kHz (notice that Figure 4a and Figure 4b have different horizontal scales). A calculation using Equation 2 indicates that the storage modulus for material 1

• principle possible to access short time scales (high frequencies) even with conventional experimental setups. However, this principle only applies to thermo-rheologically simple materials, such as certain types of simple polymers [16][18][45]. There may also emerge experimental complexities related to

Superconductor–insulator transition in capacitively coupled superconducting nanowires

• Alex Latyshev,
• Andrew G. Semenov and
• Andrei D. Zaikin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1402–1408, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.124

• standard procedure [29] and proceeding to bigger and bigger scales Λ, we eventually arrive at the following RG equations for the QPS fugacities y1 and y2: where λ11 and λ22 are diagonal elements of the matrix (Equation 15). Note that here we restrict our RG analysis to the lowest order in y1,2 which is

Analysis of catalyst surface wetting: the early stage of epitaxial germanium nanowire growth

• Owen C. Ernst,
• Felix Lange,
• David Uebel,
• Thomas Teubner and
• Torsten Boeck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1371–1380, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.121

• calculations. Hamaker constants correspond to the susceptibility of particles to an electric field of very small length scales generated by the particles themselves [28]. For this reason, these constants are used to determine energy and force values in van der Waals interactions. A more detailed description of

Atomic defect classification of the H–Si(100) surface through multi-mode scanning probe microscopy

• Jeremiah Croshaw,
• Thomas Dienel,
• Taleana Huff and
• Robert Wolkow

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1346–1360, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.119

• , as indicated by the height scales in the constant current STM images in Figure 2k-1,2. In the constant height STM image of Figure 2k-3, it shows only a slight increase in conductivity localized to a single atomic site, suggesting that the Si atom on one side of the dimer is perhaps replaced by this

An atomic force microscope integrated with a helium ion microscope for correlative nanoscale characterization

• Santiago H. Andany,
• Gregor Hlawacek,
• Stefan Hummel,
• Charlène Brillard,
• Mustafa Kangül and
• Georg E. Fantner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1272–1279, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.111

• - and time-scales. Conclusion We have demonstrated the integration of an atomic force microscope into a helium ion microscope. Correlative measurements of AFM topography with He ion imaging and modification demonstrate the feasibility of this integration. The complementarity of the two methods in terms

Thermophoretic tweezers for single nanoparticle manipulation

• Jošt Stergar and
• Natan Osterman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1126–1133, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.97

• Nobel prize in 2018, seem like a perfect tool for such manipulations. Still, since the gradient force scales with the volume of the trapped object, only particles larger than about a few hundred nanometers in diameter can be easily trapped and manipulated in practice. A contrast in the index of

• easily compensated either by lowering the heating laser power (and consequently decreasing ∇T) or by increasing the feedback frequency, as the average distance the particle moves during one “kick” scales with ∝ST∇T/f. Figure 3c shows the dependence of the trap stiffness (calculated using Equation 1) on

• different length scales. First, the fine position of the particle inside the microscope field-of-view (FOV) can be achieved by trapping the particle and then moving the desired trap center. Larger movement exceeding the FOV can be easily reached by translating the sample mount in the microscope while the

Applications of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in drug and therapeutic delivery, and biotechnological advancements

• Maria Suciu,
• Corina M. Ionescu,
• Alexandra Ciorita,
• Septimiu C. Tripon,
• Dragos Nica,
• Hani Al-Salami and
• Lucian Barbu-Tudoran

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1092–1109, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.94

• also proved that different cells respond to hyperthermia treatment at different time scales [142]. However, there are in vivo hyperthermia experiments that showed that the best size range for SPION is between 15 and 50 nm, and that cubic nanoparticles have the highest surface absorption rate [143]. The

Wet-spinning of magneto-responsive helical chitosan microfibers

• Dorothea Brüggemann,
• Johanna Michel,
• Naiana Suter,
• Matheus Grande de Aguiar and
• Michael Maas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 991–999, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.83

• Bremen - City University of Applied Sciences, Neustadtswall 30, 28199 Bremen, Germany Advanced Ceramics, University of Bremen, Am Biologischen Garten 2, 28359 Bremen, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.11.83 Abstract Helical structures can be found in nature at various length scales ranging from the molecular level

Extracting viscoelastic material parameters using an atomic force microscope and static force spectroscopy

• Cameron H. Parvini,
• M. A. S. R. Saadi and
• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 922–937, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.77

• due to a lack of resolution (for small time scales) or limitations on the experiment length (long time scales) these additional terms will introduce significant error in the parameters extracted. Furthermore if the parameter set obtained is extrapolated for new loading conditions, it will incorrectly

• response of the material at short timescales; the second is the characteristic time (τn), which scales the third parameter, the characteristic compliance (Jn), such that it contracts on a specific timescale corresponding to the n-th branch of the generalized Voigt model. By inserting Equation 7 into

• ; Fconv,wrap: Scales the output of subref by the time step dt, adds the glassy compliance term, and re-samples the result to logarithmic scaling. This is the function provided to lsqcurvefit(). Because lsqcurvefit() calculates the cost internally, it is not necessary to define a function for this purpose

Measurement of electrostatic tip–sample interactions by time-domain Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Christian Ritz,
• Tino Wagner and
• Andreas Stemmer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 911–921, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.76

• effect is amplified when a significant change in the capacitance gradient is present. To reduce the impact of this component onto the height measurement, the modulation amplitude Uac must be minimized. Since the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) scales with Uac, this is only possible to a certain extent

Light–matter interactions in two-dimensional layered WSe₂ for gauging evolution of phonon dynamics

• Avra S. Bandyopadhyay,
• Chandan Biswas and
• Anupama B. Kaul

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 782–797, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.63

• , calculated from the slope of the low-energy edge of the excitonic mode of the PL spectra. The theory of spectral line shape in the Raman spectrum predicts a Lorentzian distribution of a collected signal in a dispersive medium, where the full-width-half-maximum (FWHM) scales as 1/τ, and not surprisingly, τ is

Quantitative determination of the interaction potential between two surfaces using frequency-modulated atomic force microscopy

• Nicholas Chan,
• Carrie Lin,
• Tevis Jacobs,
• Robert W. Carpick and
• Philip Egberts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 729–739, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.60

• such issues. For example, the adsorption of self-assembled monolayers on contacting surfaces is one method by which the surface can be modified to reduce the detrimental impacts of adhesion, friction and wear [15][16][17]. The nanometer length scales over which these processes modify surface

• pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) or a KBr crystal to negate the effects of varying scales of roughness, which [12] suggests should be a contributing factor. Qualitatively, there is a general mismatch in behavior when comparing the majority of experimental results with the LJ F(z) curves. In particular, the LJ F(z

Comparison of fresh and aged lithium iron phosphate cathodes using a tailored electrochemical strain microscopy technique

• Matthias Simolka,
• Hanno Kaess and
• Kaspar Andreas Friedrich

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 583–596, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.46

• signal generation magnitude compared to the Vegard expansion or their time scales are much shorter than the relaxation times for ESM experiments (Maxwell relaxation times) [30][32]. Electrochemical side reactions may create surface features, which, however, are detectable by subsequent scans of the same

Implementation of data-cube pump–probe KPFM on organic solar cells

• Benjamin Grévin,
• Olivier Bardagot and
• Renaud Demadrille

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 323–337, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.24

• –f) and the probe (a, b) signals (shown only for one given delay) are highlighted by half-transparent green and red rectangles, respectively. Note that the time (t) and delay (Δt) scales coincide since the delays are defined with respect to the time origin t = 0 s. However, each data point represents

An advanced structural characterization of templated meso-macroporous carbon monoliths by small- and wide-angle scattering techniques

• Felix M. Badaczewski,
• Marc O. Loeh,
• Torben Pfaff,
• Dirk Wallacher,
• Daniel Clemens and
• Bernd M. Smarsly

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 310–322, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.23

• case g(r) corresponds to a pore size contribution. The representation r·g(r) is more appropriate to illustrate the dominating length scales, as the first moment of g(r) (Porod length, lp) is defined as The r·g(r) curves of the pitch-based sample indicate the filling of mesopores of diameters above ca

• carbon materials. The disorder-induced D band arises from breathing vibrations of carbon rings and the G band resulting from carbon-chain vibrations prove the sp2-hybridized turbostratic microstructure. The G′ band is an overtone, where two phonons are involved. It scales with the number of layers in a

Understanding nanoparticle flow with a new in vitro experimental and computational approach using hydrogel channels

• Armel Boutchuen,
• Dell Zimmerman,
• Abdollah Arabshahi,
• John Melnyczuk and
• Soubantika Palchoudhury

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 296–309, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.22

• different dimension scales of the NPs and the vascular network [18][19][20]. These simulations can essentially be categorized on the basis of details in the physics used to define and model the system [5]. Ab initio quantum mechanical simulations represent the highest level of detail, but are most

• applicable for modeling smaller NP systems or optimizing less detailed simulations due to their increased complexity and computational cost [17]. The coarse grained molecular dynamics simulations can characterize larger systems over time scales greater than 1 ms [21]. These slightly coarser models simulate a

• interactions of molecules and atoms for a specific time scale. Beyond coarse grained models and molecular modeling, dissipative particle dynamics have been used to simulate the hydrodynamic properties of NPs over larger length scales [22][23]. However, even the dissipative particle dynamics models are limited

Anomalous current–voltage characteristics of SFIFS Josephson junctions with weak ferromagnetic interlayers

• Tairzhan Karabassov,
• Anastasia V. Guravova,
• Aleksei Yu. Kuzin,
• Elena A. Kazakova,
• Shiro Kawabata,
• Boris G. Lvov and
• Andrey S. Vasenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 252–262, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.19

• damped oscillatory behavior in a ferromagnetic metal. Hence, since the oscillations are spatially dependent, it is possible to realize a transition from “0” to “π” phase states in S/F/S structures upon changing the F layer thickness [1]. The proximity effect is characterized by the two length scales of

Nonclassical dynamic modeling of nano/microparticles during nanomanipulation processes

• Moharam Habibnejad Korayem,
• Ali Asghar Farid and
• Rouzbeh Nouhi Hefzabad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 147–166, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.13

• scale parameters in governing equations to capture the size effects in nanometer and micrometer scales. The nonclassical theory of modified couple stress employed in this paper includes one material length scale parameter (l) that contributes to the beam model established based on this nonclassical

Molecular architectonics of DNA for functional nanoarchitectures

• Debasis Ghosh,
• Lakshmi P. Datta and
• Thimmaiah Govindaraju

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 124–140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.11

• , while relinquishing the use of traditional silicon-based materials also played a key role. Biomolecular nanolithography is a newer approach to create nanopatterned surfaces using biomolecules as scaffolds [101][102]. The interesting features of this technique are the combination of two separate scales

Nanosecond resistive switching in Ag/AgI/PtIr nanojunctions

• Botond Sánta,
• Dániel Molnár,
• Patrick Haiber,
• Agnes Gubicza,
• Edit Szilágyi,
• Zsolt Zolnai,
• András Halbritter and
• Miklós Csontos

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 92–100, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.9

• emergence of such multiple, coexisting physical time scales is a fundamental ingredient to non-volatile data processing. By utilizing the custom-designed pulsed microwave setup also described in this paper in detail, nanosecond-scale switching times were verified. We emphasize that by the simultaneous

A review of demodulation techniques for multifrequency atomic force microscopy

• David M. Harcombe,
• Michael G. Ruppert and
• Andrew J. Fleming

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 76–91, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.8

• inherently greater demodulation challenges. Strong OMR is required as higher harmonics are separated by nf0, much closer than the approx. 6f0 second eigenmode spacing [61]. In addition, harmonic content from tip–sample interactions scales with approx. 1/n2[13]. Therefore, the signals of interest are detected