Review of time-resolved non-contact electrostatic force microscopy techniques with applications to ionic transport measurements

• Aaron Mascaro,
• Yoichi Miyahara,
• Tyler Enright,
• Omur E. Dagdeviren and
• Peter Grütter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 617–633, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.62

• larger number of averages, the same signal-to-noise ratio can be achieved, however the cantilever resonance frequency will ultimately determine the minimum τPLL. Empirically we have found that the minimum PLL response time achievable is τPLLmin ≈ 10 × 1/f0. The highest resonance frequency cantilevers

• sample is metallic (see discussion below). The authors also derived similar ratios for both the sub-resonant and super-resonant schemes, allowing them to directly compare the time resolution and signal-to-noise ratio of each. Validation measurement As a validation measurement, they applied electrical

• the IMP spacing (δ). The signal-to-noise ratio is significantly lower in this case, requiring a much smaller value of δ and, in turn, longer averaging times. Note that since the time resolution is proportional to δ (Equations 15 and 16 in [20]), using a smaller δ values actually results in better time

Quantification and coupling of the electromagnetic and chemical contributions in surface-enhanced Raman scattering

• Yarong Su,
• Yuanzhen Shi,
• Ping Wang,
• Jinglei Du,
• Markus B. Raschke and
• Lin Pang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 549–556, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.56

• ). Correspondingly, we observe similar CE values, independent of excitation fluence, within the range of powers investigated, limited by the signal-to-noise-ratio for low powers, and thermal effects at high powers. The dashed lines are linear fits to the data with CE = 1.9 × 10−9 × (Power)4 + 13 for 785 nm and CE

Site-controlled formation of single Si nanocrystals in a buried SiO₂ matrix using ion beam mixing

• Xiaomo Xu,
• Thomas Prüfer,
• Daniel Wolf,
• Hans-Jürgen Engelmann,
• Lothar Bischoff,
• René Hübner,
• Karl-Heinz Heinig,
• Wolfhard Möller,
• Stefan Facsko,
• Johannes von Borany and
• Gregor Hlawacek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2883–2892, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.267

• , compared to the 25 eV SiO2 plasmon-loss peak, due to its better signal-to-noise ratio. The NC diameter was evaluated using Otsu thresholding [38] in Fiji [39]. The calculation of the projected Si thickness d (Equation 7) from the Si plasmon-loss filtered images was performed in the following way. The

Charged particle single nanometre manufacturing

• Philip D. Prewett,
• Cornelis W. Hagen,
• Claudia Lenk,
• Steve Lenk,
• Marcus Kaestner,
• Tzvetan Ivanov,
• Ahmad Ahmad,
• Ivo W. Rangelow,
• Xiaoqing Shi,
• Stuart A. Boden,
• Alex P. G. Robinson,
• Dongxu Yang,
• Sangeetha Hari,
• Marijke Scotuzzi and
• Ejaz Huq

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2855–2882, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.266

• the lines were broken at a line dose of 0.04 nC·cm−1, which is equivalent to 25 ions per nanometre, i.e., a signal-to-noise ratio of 5:1. The line discontinuity is caused by shot noise producing missing pixels. Thus 6 nm represents the current limit of 1:1 dense features using SHIBL to expose HM-01A

Effective sensor properties and sensitivity considerations of a dynamic co-resonantly coupled cantilever sensor

• Julia Körner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2546–2560, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.237

• . However, the co-resonantly coupled system’s frequency shift response to an external interaction is only one aspect. The other equally important aspect is the detectability, i.e., how well the oscillatory state of a dynamic-mode cantilever sensor can be detected. That is limited by the signal-to-noise

• ratio (SNR) for frequency, amplitude and phase measurements. It mainly depends on the cantilever’s quality factor which directly influences the phase noise and resolution of the resonance peak [19]. With decreasing cantilever dimensions, the quality factor usually decreases, hence, detectability

Intrinsic ultrasmall nanoscale silicon turns n-/p-type with SiO₂/Si₃N₄-coating

• Dirk König,
• Daniel Hiller,
• Noël Wilck,
• Birger Berghoff,
• Merlin Müller,
• Sangeeta Thakur,
• Giovanni Di Santo,
• Luca Petaccia,
• Joachim Mayer,
• Sean Smith and
• Joachim Knoch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2255–2264, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.210

• respective energy values as extracted from the spectra (dashed lines). The light green and cyan lines show the background fit of the amorphous Si3N4-matrix. The lower signal-to-noise ratio for Si-NWells embedded in Si3N4 as compared to SiO2 is comprehensively evaluated and discussed in Supporting Information

Filling nanopipettes with apertures smaller than 50 nm: dynamic microdistillation

• Evelyne Salançon and
• Bernard Tinland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2181–2187, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.204

• small and large angles, would therefore be highly desirable. It would help to improve the spatial resolution in scanning conductance experiments, in optimizing the signal-to-noise ratio during single-molecule delivery and in straining long-molecule stretching during translocation. Small nanopipette

Know your full potential: Quantitative Kelvin probe force microscopy on nanoscale electrical devices

• Amelie Axt,
• Ilka M. Hermes,
• Victor W. Bergmann,
• Niklas Tausendpfund and
• Stefan A. L. Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1809–1819, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.172

• this mode as AM-KPFM off resonance (AM off res). This mode is implemented on older AFM systems, where the auxiliary lock-ins were limited in terms of the maximum frequency they could measure. The biggest drawback of this method is the lower signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) resulting from the off-resonance

Sulfur-, nitrogen- and platinum-doped titania thin films with high catalytic efficiency under visible-light illumination

• Boštjan Žener,
• Lev Matoh,
• Giorgio Carraro,
• Bojan Miljević and
• Romana Cerc Korošec

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1629–1640, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.155

• high signal-to-noise ratio, preventing an unambiguous attribution of the peak tailing at higher/lower energies, which are attributed to the absorption of other nitrogen species [46]. On the other hand, the presence of Ti–N bonds can be clearly ruled out [46][48]. In the sample S3_N0.5+1%Pt, the Pt 4f7

Cathodoluminescence as a probe of the optical properties of resonant apertures in a metallic film

• Kalpana Singh,
• Evgeniy Panchenko,
• Babak Nasr,
• Amelia Liu,
• Lukas Wesemann,
• Timothy J. Davis and
• Ann Roberts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1491–1500, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.140

• ] and enhanced coupling to plasmonic cavities by emitters such as quantum dots [36]. One way to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio of transmission measurements is to study the collective optical properties of an array of apertures, choosing the periodicity to minimize both the effects of diffraction and

Excitation of nonradiating magnetic anapole states with azimuthally polarized vector beams

• Aristeidis G. Lamprianidis and
• Andrey E. Miroshnichenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1478–1490, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.139

• useful applications in biosensing, i.e., in the detection of molecules that interact strongly once exposed to magnetic field hotspots, which nanoparticles in a magnetic anapole state can offer in their near field. Moreover, the signal-to-noise ratio of an MRI machine, that is defined as the ratio of the

Room-temperature single-photon emitters in titanium dioxide optical defects

• Kelvin Chung,
• Yu H. Leung,
• Chap H. To,
• Aleksandra B. Djurišić and
• Snjezana Tomljenovic-Hanic

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1085–1094, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.100

• , this is a unique feature to the nanopowder and is not evident in the other single emitters presented in this study. Figure 6b is the spectrum of the defect, which shows red emission with a peak around 629 nm. The low signal-to-noise ratio was counteracted by increasing the exposure time at each step

Lyapunov estimation for high-speed demodulation in multifrequency atomic force microscopy

• David M. Harcombe,
• Michael G. Ruppert,
• Michael R. P. Ragazzon and
• Andrew J. Fleming

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 490–498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.47

• , they provide an increased signal-to-noise ratio. The MF-LYAP can be seen to perform comparably to the LIA when tuned to similar measurement bandwidth settings. When imaging with higher harmonics, the off-mode rejection of each channel was tuned to suppress the large fundamental frequency. Imaging a PS

The nanofluidic confinement apparatus: studying confinement-dependent nanoparticle behavior and diffusion

• Stefan Fringes,
• Felix Holzner and
• Armin W. Knoll

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 301–310, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.30

• 35,000 detected positions obtained from 7 immobilized particles. This precision is in agreement with simulated particles [26] with a similar signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of ≈20. We like to point out that we measure the same SNR using raw images similar to that in Figure 2b, but for moving particles we can

Bombyx mori silk/titania/gold hybrid materials for photocatalytic water splitting: combining renewable raw materials with clean fuels

• Stefanie Krüger,
• Michael Schwarze,
• Otto Baumann,
• Christina Günter,
• Michael Bruns,
• Christian Kübel,
• Dorothée Vinga Szabó,
• Rafael Meinusch,
• Verónica de Zea Bermudez and
• Andreas Taubert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 187–204, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.21

• anatase (004) reflection. Therefore, an unambiguous assignment of the observed reflection is not possible. Measurements for longer times and higher count rates for improvement of the signal to noise ratio were thus done from 35–47° (Figure S5a, Supporting Information File 1). The Au (200) reflection at

Strategy to discover full-length amyloid-beta peptide ligands using high-efficiency microarray technology

• Clelia Galati,
• Natalia Spinella,
• Lucio Renna,
• Danilo Milardi,
• Francesco Attanasio,
• Michele Francesco Maria Sciacca and
• Corrado Bongiorno

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2446–2453, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.243

• region [24][25] for a chosen range of frequencies. In addition, a high signal-to-noise ratio due to the low background autofluorescence of the material is obtained [26]. A high purity of the material involved, chemical inertness and stability and atomic flatness of the surface are other important

Substrate and Mg doping effects in GaAs nanowires

• Perumal Kannappan,
• Nabiha Ben Sedrine,
• Jennifer P. Teixeira,
• Maria R. Soares,
• Bruno P. Falcão,
• Maria R. Correia,
• Nestor Cifuentes,
• Emilson R. Viana,
• Marcus V. B. Moreira,
• Geraldo M. Ribeiro,
• Alfredo G. de Oliveira,
• Juan C. González and
• Joaquim P. Leitão

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2126–2138, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.212

• can be related to contributions from reflections in WZ and ZB segments in the nanowires, but also from the ZB planes in the epilayer underneath the nanowires. The signal-to-noise ratio is lower for sample A in comparison with sample B. In order to quantify the change of the relative intensities of

• higher temperatures. The behavior of C5 can be explained by an increase of the uncertainty of the peak energy estimation in PL spectra having low signal-to-noise ratio. In the case of sample B, C5 follows roughly . Regarding C3, no shift is observed for T 100 K and for T 200 K the behavior is followed

Preparation and characterization of polycarbonate/multiwalled carbon nanotube nanocomposites

• Claudio Larosa,
• Niranjan Patra,
• Marco Salerno,
• Lara Mikac,
• Remo Merijs Meri and
• Mile Ivanda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2026–2031, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.203

• spectrometer, Bruker, Madison, USA. The samples were analyzed in attenuated total internal reflection absorbance mode, with an aperture diameter of 3 mm and a spectral resolution of 4 cm−1. For an optimal signal-to-noise ratio, 64 scans were averaged per sample spectrum and apodized. All the spectra were

Imidazolium-based ionic liquids used as additives in the nanolubrication of silicon surfaces

• Patrícia M. Amorim,
• Ana M. Ferraria,
• Rogério Colaço,
• Luís C. Branco and
• Benilde Saramago

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1961–1971, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.197

• (S 2p3/2 + S 2p1/2), which is superposed to the Si 2s plasmon loss. Comparison was, therefore, based on the S 2s peaks. In both samples, the signal to noise ratio is very poor (Figure 7b). Anyway, the smoothed data (full black lines) show different S 2s peaks in the sample treated with PEG + [EMIM

Optical techniques for cervical neoplasia detection

• Tatiana Novikova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1844–1862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.186

• attention should be paid to the selection of the laser excitation wavelength. The improvement of the signal-to-noise ratio can be achieved by using ultrashort-pulsed laser sources (stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS)) or metal nanoparticles (surface-enhanced

Evaluation of quantum dot conjugated antibodies for immunofluorescent labelling of cellular targets

• Jennifer E. Francis,
• David Mason and
• Raphaël Lévy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1238–1249, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.125

• -Ab. A Qdot 625-Ab concentration of 20 nM was used, as it has been shown that a high concentration of Qdot-Abs improves specific labelling and signal-to-noise ratio [21]. Initially, to assess the labelling efficiency of Qdot-Abs, the extracellular matrix (ECM) protein fibronectin was dual labelled

• fixation gave better signal-to-noise ratio and specific Qdot 625 labelling of β-tubulin (Figure 3B), without the need for further permeabilisation, there was non-specific labelling observed for talin and SC35. Size limiting access to the nucleus: We suspected that the size of the commercial Qdot 625-Ab and

Structural properties and thermal stability of cobalt- and chromium-doped α-MnO₂ nanorods

• Romana Cerc Korošec,
• Polona Umek,
• Alexandre Gloter,
• Jana Padežnik Gomilšek and
• Peter Bukovec

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1032–1042, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.104

• and thus the signal-to-noise ratio. Energy calibration was established by putting the sample between the first and the second ionization chamber and the corresponding metal foil between the second and the third chambers. At least two repeated spectra were taken for each sample to check stability of

Functional dependence of resonant harmonics on nanomechanical parameters in dynamic mode atomic force microscopy

• Federico Gramazio,
• Matteo Lorenzoni,
• Francesc Pérez-Murano,
• Enrique Rull Trinidad,
• Urs Staufer and
• Jordi Fraxedas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 883–891, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.90

• , which implies a very low signal to noise ratio. To overcome this difficulty, A6 is acquired at each point of the AFM image (256 × 256 points) and then it is calculated by averaging all the values obtained at the image. In this way, the time evolution of the value of A6 is expressed in terms of

Synthesis of coaxial nanotubes of polyaniline and poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) by oxidative/initiated chemical vapor deposition

• Alper Balkan,
• Efe Armagan and
• Gozde Ozaydin Ince

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 872–882, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.89

• originating from the Si(100) planes. Each measurement took 4 h for an adequate signal-to-noise ratio. Thickness of the films on Si wafer and glass substrates was measured with a spectroscopic ellipsometer (M-2000, J. A. Woollam) at 65, 70, and 75° within a range of 300–800 nm. For electrical characterization

Relationships between chemical structure, mechanical properties and materials processing in nanopatterned organosilicate fins

• Gheorghe Stan,
• Richard S. Gates,
• Qichi Hu,
• Kevin Kjoller,
• Craig Prater,
• Kanwal Jit Singh,
• Ebony Mays and
• Sean W. King

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 863–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.88

• kHz. This offers improved sensitivity over the OPO IR laser source used in previous investigations [32] and thus provides a better signal-to-noise ratio for the low thermal expansion of the organosilicate material. The oscillation amplitude of the probe at this frequency was then plotted versus the